Yœl◊ VIII
˙LW[ AW—
LpÆj’˚\
RVÙ¨l◊
UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ̇ LW[m
2015
A•lT˚Pl TÙPËp
R™rR™rR™rR™rR™r
Kerala Reader - Tamil (BT)
Standard VIII
Prepared byState Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, KeralaWebsite: www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail: [email protected] : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869First Edition: 2015Type setting: SCERT Computer Lab
© Government of Kerala • Department of Education
˙R£V ∏Rm
_] LQ U] AßSÙVL _V ˙a
TÙWR TÙdV ÆRÙRÙ
TgNÙT £k’ œ_WÙR UWÙhPÙ
ßWÙÆP EjLX TeLÙ
ÆkßV ∂UÙNX Vÿ]Ù LeLÙ
EfNX _Xß RWeLÙ
RY —T SÙ˙U _Ù˙L
RY —T B£^ UÙ˙L
LÙ˙L RY _V LÙRÙ
_] LQ UeL[ RÙVL _V ˙a
TÙWR TÙdV ÆRÙRÙ
_V ˙a! _V ˙a! _V ˙a!
_V _V _V _V ˙a!
˛ ULÙLÆ CW≈kßWSÙj RÙ·o
EflߢUÙZı
CkßVÙ G]’ SÙ”. CkßVo A˚]Y⁄m G]’ EPu©\k˙RÙo.
G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd°˙\u. ARu Y[m YÙnkR
TpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl ◊LØp SÙu ˘T⁄˚U˘LÙs°˙\u. ARtœjRL SÙu
Guflm SPk’˘LÙs˙Yu.
Gu ˘Tt˙\Ùo, B£¨Vo, Íj˙RÙo CYoL˚[ SÙu Suœ Ußl˙Tu.
GpXÙ⁄P‡m SÙu Ti◊Pu TZœ˙Yu. G]’ SÙh•≤Pÿm SÙh”
UdL∞Pÿm TdߟPu C⁄l˙Tu G] Eflß ·fl°˙\u. AYoL∞u
SXjߤm Y[jߤmRÙu G]’ CuTÿm APe°´⁄d°\’.
UÙQYf ̆ NpYeL˙[!
EVoR≤f ˘Nm˘UÙØ Gu‡m ˘T⁄˚U ˘Tt\’, Sm RÙn˘UÙØj
R™r. TZ˚U YÙnkR ̆ UÙØLfis CXdLQ, CXd°V Y[m ̆ Tt\
˘UÙØ Sm R™r ˘UÙØ˙V Gu\Ùp A’ ™˚LVufl. Aj’˚Q
˘T⁄˚U ̆ Tt\ ̆ UÙØ˚Vd ̊ LVÙ[‹m ̆ UÙØ A±˚Y Y[odL‹m
Eflß’˚QVÙLj R™r TÙPl◊jRLeLs A˚UV ̇ Yi”m. C˚R
U]ßp ̆ LÙi˙P ClTÙPl◊jRLm Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’. R™rf
˘N±‹ ˘Tt\ TÙPpLs, CXd°Vd Lh”˚WLs, LÆ˚RLs,
A˚]j˚RŸm YÙ£ŸeLs, G›’eLs, £kߟeLs, Y[⁄eLs!
EeLs R™r Y[of£dœ Et\’˚QVÙL Cl◊jRLm C⁄dœm G]
Sm◊°˙\u.
YÙrj’LfiPu,
ÿ˚]-Yo Gv. CW-≈k-ßWu SÙVo,
CVdœSo,
UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m,
ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm.
State Council of Educational Research and Training(SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012.
Academic Co-ordinatorDr. Sahaya Dhas D, Research Officer, SCERT.
Textbook Development CommitteeTamil - VIII (BT)
MembersAlbert Iruthayaraj. , HSA, GHSS, Muthalamada, Palakkad.Alli Fathima. K, HSA, GHSS, Chunduvarai, Idukki.Bindu. , HSA, GHSThenari, Palakkad.Buvaneshwari. , HSA, GHSS, Marayoor, Idukki.Dominic Savio. J, HSA, SFXVHSS, Parisakkal, Palakkad.Dr. Jayalakshmi. S, HSA, GHSS, Devikulam, Idukki.Dr. Santhoshkumar. G, HSA, BRC Trainer, Thiruvananthapuram.Glory Jesseela. , HSA, Little flower HS, Munnar, Idukki.Kamaludeen. , HSA, GHSS, Muthalamada, Palakkad.Srinivasan. , HSA, KKMHSS, Vandithavalam, Palakkad.Varghese. , HSA, St.Sabastin HS, Cheenthalar, Idukki.Vijayalakshmi. , HSA, BRC Trainer, Varkala, Idukki.
ExpertsDr. Gomathy Nayagam. E, Guest Lr. University of Madras, Chennai.Dr. Karthikeyan. A, Prof., (Rtd.), Tamil University, Thanjavur.Dr. Nainar M, Reader., (Rtd.), University College, Thiruvananthapuram.Dr. Parasuraman. T, Prof., PILC, Pondichery.Dr. Rajaram. S, Prof.,(Rtd.), Tamil University, Thanjavur.Dr. Ratnasabapathy. P, Prof.(Rtd.), Chennai.Dr. Sethupandian. T, Prof., (Rtd.), M.K.University, Madurai.Dr. Veerappan. P, Prof., (Rtd.), NCERT, Mysore.
ArtistsNandhakumar. C , Chittur, Palakkad.Radha Krishnan. P, Neyardam, TVM.Subin. M.S, Nedumangadu, TVM.
TdLm
1. C≤V YÙr‹ .................................................. 7-- ˛ 20
� LNl◊m C≤l◊m ............................................ 8
� SXm, SXU±Rp................................................ 13
� CXd°Vm ·flm J›dLm........................ 20
2. NÍLf £t©Ls .............................................. 21-- ˛ 37
� AØVÙd ˙LÙXeLs ..................................... 22
� ∫oß⁄jRf £t©Ls ....................................... 26
� SpX U]m .......................................................... 32
3. Æi¡uLs ..................................................... 38-- ˛ 54
� LÙQÙd LßoLs .............................................. 39
� £\°pXÙl T\˚YLs ................................. 46
� A±ÆVp R™r ............................................... 50
˘NÙpXLWÙß ............................................................. 55
˘TÙ⁄[PdLm˘TÙ⁄[PdLm˘TÙ⁄[PdLm˘TÙ⁄[PdLm˘TÙ⁄[PdLm
CkßV AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPmTÙLm 4 A
CkßVd œ•UdL∞u A•lT˚Pd LP˚ULs
51 A ©¨‹d·fl
(A) CkßV AW£V˚X˚Ul◊f NhPj’dœ CQe° J›œR¤m, ARu EV¨V
˙SÙdLeL˚[Ÿm ®flY]eL˚[Ÿm Utflm ˙R£Vd ˘LÙ•˚VŸm ˙R£V
∏Rj˚RŸm UßjR¤m;
(B) Sm SÙh•u Æ”R˚Xl ˙TÙWÙhPjßtœ G›f£Îh•V EVokR GiQeL˚[
˘Sg£p ®fljßl ©uTtflRp;
(C) CkßVÙÆu C˚\VÙi˚U˚VŸm Jtfl˚U˚VŸm ˙So˚U˚VŸm
®˚X®fljßd LÙlTÙtflRp;
(D) CkßV AW— ˙Yi”m˙TÙ’ SÙh˚Pl TÙ’LÙdL‹m SÙh”dLÙLj ˘RÙi”
◊¨V‹m RVÙWÙ´⁄jRp;
(E) NUVm, ˘UÙØ, YhPÙWm, C] ˙Ytfl˚ULs YWm◊ ¡fl°\ ®˚X´p ARtœ
GßWÙL GpXÙ CkßV UdL∞˚P˙VŸm Sp≠QdLj˚RŸm, ˘TÙ’YÙ]
EPu©\l◊ EQo˚YŸm Y[ojRp; ˘Ti˚U´u Ußl◊dœ CØ‹ HtT”j’m
˘NVpL˚[ Æh˘PÙØjRp;
(F) SU’ LX˚Yl TiTÙh•u EVokR UW˚T Ußj’l ˙T‘Rp;
(G) LÙ”Ls, H¨Ls, BflLs, Y]ÆXeœLs Es∞hP CVt˚LVÙ] —tfll◊\f
„Z˚Xl TÙ’LÙj’ ˙UmT”jR¤m, YÙ›m E´oLs ¡’ CWdLm ˘LÙsfiR¤m;
(H) A±ÆVp NÙokR U]lTÙeœ, U≤R˙SVm, ÆNÙ¨j’ A±Ÿm Es[±‹jß\m,
∫oß⁄jRjß\m B°VYt˚\ Y[ojRp.
(I) ˘TÙ’ E˚P˚UL˚[l TÙ’LÙjR¤m Yuÿ˚\˚V Æh˘PÙØjR¤m;
(J) ˘T⁄m ÿVt£Ls NÙR˚]L∞u EVokR T•L˚[ ˙SÙd° C˚PÆPÙUp
ÿu˙]\jRdL Y˚L´p R≤U≤R ·h” SPY•d˚L´u GpXÙl TWl◊L∞¤m
ÿRu˚U ®˚X GnR ÿV¤Rp;
(K) Bfl YVßtœm Tß]Ùuœ YVßtœm C˚PlThP T⁄Yÿs[ Ru œZk˚Rdœ,
ARu ˘Tt˙\Ùo ApX’ TÙ’LÙYXo LpÆdLÙ] YÙnl◊L˚[ HtT”jßd
˘LÙ”jRp;
B°V C˚YV˚]j’m Jq˘YÙ⁄ CkßVd œ•UL≤u A•lT˚Pd
LP˚UL[Ùœm.
7
""˙SÙVt\ YÙr˙Y œ˚\Yt\ ˘NpYm'' GuT’ TZ˘UÙØ. EPp B˙WÙd°Vm GpXÙf
˘NpYeL˚[ ÆP‹m £\kR’. B˙WÙd°VUÙL YÙZ ˙Yi”˘Uu\Ùp Sm EPp
CVdLm Tt±V ˘R∞‹ AY£Vm. U≤Ru —YÙ£dœm LÙt±≠⁄k’ œ•dœm øo Y˚W
GpXÙm —jRUÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. SpX EQ‹l TZdLm, EPtT´t£, Æ˚[VÙh”,
Sp˘XÙ›dLm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d L˚Pl©•dL ˙Yi”m.
ÿRu-̊ Ud Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
� Ti˚PV EQ‹l TZdL YZdLeL˚[ A±k’ œ±l◊˚W RVÙ¨d°\ÙoLs.
� B˙WÙd°Vj˚Rl TÙ’LÙdL CVt˚L EQ‹ ÿ˚\˙V £\kR’ GuT˚R
EQok’ AYt˚\j ˘RÙœj’ Lh”˚W G›’°\ÙoLs.
� —tfll◊\j Án˚U Tt± ÆØl◊Qo‹ ˘Ttfl G›j’ Y•Æp —h•d
LÙh”°\ÙoLs.
� Æ˚[VÙh”, EPtT´t£ ˙TÙu\Yt±u £\l◊L˚[Ÿm ˙R˚YL˚[Ÿm
A±k’ G›’°\ÙoLs. Æ˚[VÙh”, ˙VÙLÙ ˙TÙu\Yt±p D”T”°\ÙoLs.
8
˙Yl©˚X˚Vj ßu]XÙm
Æ⁄m©j ’[£ ßu]XÙm
LÙlTR˚Y˙V EPpSXm
L⁄ßj ßu\Ùp ˘LP≠p˚X
TÙLtLÙ˙VÙ LNl◊jRÙu
TZ°lÛ̇ TÙ]Ùp —˚Yl◊j RÙu
SÙ‹dLÙL YÙZÙ˚U
SXj’d LÙ] YÙrYÙ˙U
˙NÙtfldLÙL YÙrY˙RÙ?
—˚Y˚Vd L⁄ß YÙrY˙RÙ?
·t˚\˘Yp¤m Bt\˚Xd
˘LÙs[XÙœm SÙ LÙjRÙp
SÙ‹f—˚Y˚V Æ⁄m◊Rp
SÙfim ˙SÙnd˙L Æ⁄m◊Rp
·•U°Z ˙Yi•]Ùp
˘LÙgNm APdœ SÙ˚Y˙V
˛ CWÙ. C[eœUWu
R™r ̆ UÙØ ̇ TÙu˙\ £jR U⁄j’Yÿm ̆ RÙu˚UVÙ]’. CRu E´oSÙ•VÙL Æ[eœY’ Sm˚Uf
—t±Ÿs[ RÙYWeL[Ù°V Í≠˚LLs. CqY˚Lj RÙYWeL∞u TÙLeLs SUdœ EQYÙL‹m
U⁄kRÙL‹m TVuT”°u\]. CmU⁄k’ EP≠p TdL Æ˚[‹ G˚RŸm EiPÙdLÙ’. ˙SÙ˚V
Uh”m ˙TÙdœm Ru˚UŸ˚PV’. CYt˚\d ·flm J⁄ TÙPp.
CWÙ. C[eœUWu
˘Tt˙\Ùo ˛ WÙUo, YÙZYkRm˚U. Lu≤VÙœU¨ UÙYhPjߤs[ YÙZYkRÙu◊Wj˚Rf
˙NokRYo. 30.1.1930 Bm Bi” ©\kRÙo. R™ZÙ£¨VÙWÙLl T¶VÙt± Kn‹ ˘Tt\Yo.
"CY⁄Y˚PV R≤jR™r CVdLm' G‡m Ëp R™rSÙ” AW— T¨£˚]l ˘Ttfls[’.
LNl◊m C≤l◊m
EPpSXm
9
TZeLÙXf £jR U⁄j’Yÿm, BŸo˙YRÿm SÙ
A±Vd·•V —˚YL˚[ Bfl Y˚LL[ÙLl
©¨d°u\]. BŸo˙YRm, EP≠u Bfl ÿd°V
RÙ’dLfiPu Cf—˚YL˚[j ˘RÙPo◊T”jß,
EPp Y[of£´p Cf—˚YL∞u TeœL˚[
Æ[dœ°u\’. C≤l◊, ◊∞l◊, EYol◊, LNl◊,
LÙol◊, ’Yol◊ B°V CkR Bfl—˚YL∞u
Ti◊L˚[Ÿm EPp SXjßtœ AYt±u
TeœL˚[Ÿm Tt±f Ntfl ƨYÙLl TÙodLXÙm.
U≤R EPp WjRm, R˚N, ̆ LÙ›l◊, G¤m◊, SWm◊,
E™røo, Í˚[ B°V H› ÿd°V RÙ’dL˚[d
˘LÙi” VÙdLlThP’. Cßp HZÙY’ RÙ’YÙ]
Í˚[ N¨YW CVeL, ÿRp Bfl RÙ’dLs
RœkR A[Æp C⁄jRp AY£Vm. CkR Bfl
RÙ’dLfim, Bfl —˚YLfiPu ∏rd LiPYÙfl
˘RÙPo◊T”jRl Th”s[].
’Yol◊ ˛ CWjRj˚Rl ˘T⁄dœ°u\’.
C≤l◊ ˛ R˚N˚V Y[od°u\’.
◊∞l◊ ˛ ˘LÙ›l©˚] YZeœ°u\’
LÙol◊ ˛ G¤m◊L˚[ Y[od°u\’.
LNl◊ ˛ SWm◊L˚[l TXlT”j’°u\’
EYol◊ ˛ E™rø˚Wf —WdLf ˘Nn°u\’.
AkRdLÙX U⁄j’Y ÿ˚\Lfim, EQ‹
ÿ˚\Lfim CR˚] A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi˙P
C⁄k’ YkR]. EPp RÙ’˚Yl ˘T⁄dL, NUu
Afl —˚Y A⁄g—˚Y
˘NnV ARtœ Ht\YÙfl EQ‹ Y˚LL˚[j
RVÙ¨j’ YkR]o. CR˚]d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi”˛
RÙu EQ˙Y U⁄k’, U⁄k˙R EQ‹ Gufl
˘NÙpYÙoLs.
’Yol◊f—˚Y
C’ AßL Æ⁄l◊, ˘Yfll◊ LÙhPlTPÙR —˚Y.
EPp B˙WÙd°Vjßtœ ™L‹m ELkR —˚Y.
AßL ÆVo˚Y˚Vd Lh”lT”j’°u\’.
CWjRl ˙TÙd°˚]d œ˚\dL YpX’. Y´tfll
˙TÙd°˚]f N¨ ˘NnY’.
C’ AßLUÙ´u, C[˚U´p ÿ’˚U
˙RÙt\j˚R Ei”Ædœm. YÙn EXok’ ˙TÙLf
˘NnŸm, NW[UÙLl ˙T—Y˚Rl TÙßdœm. YÙR
˙SÙnLs ˙RÙu\ YØYœdœm.
YÙ˚ZdLÙn, UÙ’˚[, UÙY”, AY˚W, Ajßd-
LÙn ÿR≠V LÙnL∞p Cf—˚Y APe°Ÿs[’.
C≤l◊f —˚Y
U≤RoL[Ùp AßLm Æ⁄mTlT”Y’. U]ßtœ
Uh”UpXÙUp EP¤dœm EP]• EtNÙLj˚Rj
RWd·•V —˚Y´’. œZk˚RL∞u Y[of£dœ
™L‹m ER‹°u\’.
C’ AßLUÙ´u EPpR[o‹, ˙NÙo‹, AßLj
ÁdLm, C⁄Up, EPp G˚P ·”Rp ˙TÙu\
£dLpLs TX‹m ˙RÙu\ YÙnl◊ Es[’.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� EPpSXm Gu\ TÙP≠u ˚UVd L⁄j˚Rf —h• SVm EQoj’eLs.
� LNl◊f —˚YŸ˚PV EQ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TVoL˚[l Th•V≠”eLs.
� N˚UdLl TVuT”m C˚XL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jßd œ±l◊ G›’eLs.
10
TZY˚LLs, E⁄˚[, LÙWh ˙TÙu\ °Zeœ
Y˚LLs, A¨£, ˙LÙ’˚U ˙TÙu\ RÙ≤VeLs
Utflm L⁄m◊ ˙TÙu\ Ri” Y˚Lj
RÙYWeL∞¤m C≤l◊f —˚Y AßL A[Æp
APe°Ÿs[’.
◊∞l◊f —˚Y
EQÆtœ ˙U¤m ⁄£ ˙Nodœm J⁄ —˚Y´’.
T£ŸQo˚Yj Ái”m. EQo‹ SWm◊L˚[
Y¤l˘T\f ˘Nn°u\’. CRVjßtœm,
˘N¨UÙ]jßtœm ™L‹m SpX’.
C’ AßLUÙ´u, RÙL EQo‹ AßL¨dœm.
TtL˚[l TÙßdœm. ˘Sg˘N¨fNp, CWjRd
˘LÙßl◊, A¨l◊ ˙TÙu\ ˘RÙkRW‹Ls R⁄m.
EP˚Xj R[Wf ˘NnŸm.
G¤™f˚N, ◊∞jR∏˚W, RdLÙ∞, ◊∞, UÙeLÙn,
R´o, ̇ UÙo, SÙojReLÙn ̇ TÙu\Yt±p Cf—˚Y
AßLm Es[’. Ch≠, ˙RÙ˚N B°VYt±¤m
◊∞l◊ Ei”.
LÙWf—˚Y
T£ŸQo˚Yj ˙RÙtflÆlT˙RÙ” ApXÙUp,
˘N¨UÙ]jßtœm ˘T¨’m ER‹°u\’. EPp
C˚[dL‹m, EP≠p Es[ AßLlT•VÙ]
ø˚W ˘Y∞˙Vt\‹m ˘Nn°u\’. CWjRf
—jßL¨l◊f ˘Nn°u\’. ˙RÙp ˙SÙnLfidœ
SpX˘RÙ⁄ TX˚]j R⁄°u\’.
AßLlT•VÙ] LÙWm, EPp G¨fN˚X HtT”j’m.
EPp „h˚P AßL¨j’, ÆVo˚Y˚V AßLm
—WdLf ˘NnŸm. œPp ◊iLs ˙RÙu\ AßL
YÙnl◊ A∞dœm.
˘YeLÙVm, ™[LÙn, Cg£, Èi”, ™[œ, L”œ
˙TÙu\Yt±p AßLlT•VÙ] LÙWf—˚Y
APe°Ÿs[’.
LNl◊f —˚Y
AßLm ˘YfldLlT”m —˚YVÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m,
AßLm Su˚Ul TVdœm —˚YL∞p C’‹m
Jufl. Ut\ —˚YL˚[ A±V C’ ˘T¨’m
ER‹°u\’. £\kR ˙SÙnGßol◊f NdßVÙLf
˘NVpT”°u\’. RÙL EQo˚Yd Lh”lT”j’
°u\’. EPp G¨fNp, A¨l◊L∞p C⁄k’
®YÙWQm R⁄°u\’. LÙnfN˚Xj R¶d°u\’.
CWjRf —jßL¨l◊ ˘Nn°u\’.
C’ AßLUÙ´u, EP≠u øo œ˚\k’ ˙TÙLf
˘NnŸm. ˙U≤ Y\i” L•]jRu˚Uj ˙RÙu\
˙S¨”m. G¤m◊L˚[l TÙßdœm. A•dL• UVdLm
EiPÙœm. EfNdLhPUÙnf —V®˚]Yt\
®˚Xdœf ˘NpX YØYœdœm.
TÙLtLÙn, —iPdLÙn, LjR¨dLÙn, ˘YkRVm,
Èi”, Gs, ˙YlTmÈ, KUm ÿR≠VYt±p
CkRf —˚Y ™œßVÙn Es[’.
EYol◊f—˚Y
RÆodL CVXÙR —˚Y C’, A[˙YÙ” C⁄dœ
UÙ´u A˚]YWÙ¤m Æ⁄mTlT”m Jufl.
E™rø˚Wf —WdLf ˘Nn°u\’. Ut\f
—˚YL˚[f NUu˘NnV ER‹°u\’. EQ‹f
˘N¨UÙ]jߤm Teœ Y°d°u\’.
C’ AßLUÙ´u ̇ RÙp R[oÆ˚] Ei”Æj’,
—⁄e°l ˙TÙLf ˘NnŸm. ˙RÙp ÆVÙßL˚[Ÿm
˙RÙu\f ˘Nn°u\’.
EPp „h•˚] AßLlT”jßf £fl Lh•Ls,
T⁄dLs ˙RÙu\ YØYœdœm.
∏˚WjRi”, YÙ˚ZjRi”, ÿs[e°, ÈN¶dLÙn,
—˚WdLÙn, ¿odLeLÙn ÿR≠VYt±p Cf—˚Y
AßLUÙn C⁄d°u\’.
Tj-ß-̈ ˚Lf ˘Nnß
11
SÙm Gp˙XÙ⁄m SU’ ≈”L∞p ÿt\m
C⁄kRÙp YÙ˚Zd LuflL˚[ S”Y’
YZdLm. H˘]≤p A’ GkR CPjߤm
YÙ˚Z´˚X EQ‹
Y[⁄m. ˙U¤m SUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ]
˙SWeL∞p C˚X ˘YhPXÙm RÙ˙]. ÆWR
SÙhLs Gu\Ùp SÙm Aeœm Ceœm YÙ˚Z
C˚X˚Vj ˙R•j ߨVj ˙R˚Y´p˚X˙V.
EP˙] ˘Yh• G”dLXÙmRÙ˙]. YÙ˚Zd
œ˚X G”dLXÙm. YÙ˚Z SÙo G”dLXÙm
Gufl ®˚\V TVu YÙ˚Z UWjRÙp
°˚Pdœm GuTR]Ùp ™œßVÙL Gp˙XÙW’
≈”L∞¤m YÙ˚Z˚V Y[olT’i”. YÙ˚Z
´˚X TÙWmT¨VUÙL EQ‹T¨UÙ\j R™Zo
L[Ù°V SU’ Æ⁄k˙RÙmTp LXÙfNÙWjßp
ÿR≠Pm Y°d°\’. SÙm EQ‹L˚[
YÙ˚Z´˚X´p T¨UÙflm˙TÙ’ Aßp
J⁄ÆR UQm ˙RÙuflm. ARtœ Smÿ˚PV
T£´˚]j Ái”m œQm Ei”. CR]Ùp
RÙu SÙm CqÆ˚X´p NÙl©h” Y⁄°˙\Ùm.
YÙ˚Z C˚X´p ˘RÙPok’ EQ‹
Eh˘LÙi” YkRÙp ˙RÙp T[T[lTÙœm.
EPp SXm ˘Tflm. UkRm, Y≠˚Ud œ˚\‹,
C˚[l◊ ˙TÙu\ TÙßl◊Ls øeœm. AZp
G]lT”m ©jRÿm R¶Ÿm, YÙ˚Z
C˚X´p NÙl©”YRÙp C[S˚W YWÙUp,
øiP SÙhLfidœ ÿ• L⁄lTÙL C⁄dœm.
YÙ˚Z´˚X J⁄ °⁄™ SÙ£≤VÙœm.
EQÆp Es[ Sf—d °⁄™L˚[ AØdœm
Ru˚U ˘LÙiP’. CR]Ùp ˙SÙ´u± øiP
B˙WÙd°Vj˚R A∞d°\’ . YÙ˚Z
´˚X´u ˙Up Es[ Tf˚NVm (œ˙[Ù
˙WÙ©p) EQ˚Y G∞ßp ∫WQU˚PVf
˘Nn’YPu Y´tfll ◊i˚Q Btflm
Ru˚U ˘LÙiP’. Suœ T£˚Vj Ái”m.
YÙ˚Z´˚X´p EiTYoLs ˙SÙ´u±
øiP B˙WÙd°Vj’Pu YÙrYÙoLs.
12
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� "Afl—˚Y EQ‹m B˙WÙd°Vÿm' Gu\ R˚Xl©p ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹d œ±l◊ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
� EQY⁄k’m ÿ˚\ Tt±f £flœ±l◊ G›’eLs.
� B˙WÙd°Vm, EQ‹l˘TÙ⁄hLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] TZ˘UÙØLs, ˘TÙu˘UÙØLs ßWh”eLs.
� N˚UdLÙUp NÙl©Pd ·•V LÙnL±L˚[ G›’eLs.
œZk˚RLs, UÙQY, UÙQÆLs UßV EQ‹
˘LÙi” ˘NpX YÙ˚Z C˚X TVu™dL’.
YÙ˚ZUWjßp C⁄k’ SÙm TX TVuL˚[l
˘Ttfl Y⁄°u˙\Ùm. Aßp YÙ˚Z C˚X´u
TVuTÙ” ÿd°Vm. æ ÆTjß≠⁄k’
¡iPYoL˚[Ÿm YÙ˚Z C˚X´u ¡’
T”dL ˚YjRÙp Aßp Es[ Tf˚NVm
ædLÙVjßu A¨fN˚Xl ˙TÙdœm.
13
SX-UÙ] Es-[m, ßP-UÙ] Gi-Qm ®˚\-YÙ]
YÙrd-̊ L, U°r-YÙ] SÙh-Ls C˚Y Jq-̆ YÙ⁄
U≤-R-≤u Æ⁄lTm G]-XÙm.
˙SÙVt\ YÙr‹ Sm U°r-Æu A•l-T˚P
B°-Æh-P-’. EPp-S-Xm J⁄ ˘NÙj’. A’˙Y
U≤R≤u U°rf£VÙ] YÙrd˚LdLÙ]
A•lT˚PVÙ°\’.
˙SÙVt\ YÙr‹ SÙm YÙZ ˙Yi-”m Gu-TÙo
Ys-[-XÙo. ™Lf £\kR OÙ≤-L-fim, ÿt-flm ’\kR
’\-Æ-L -fim-·P EPp G‡m BX-Vj˚R
Efl-ß-VÙLl ©¶-Vt-\-RÙ-Ll TÙ’-LÙl-T’ ˙R˚Y
G]d Li-P-]o.
EPp -S-Xm SU’ Cu-±-V-̊ U-VÙR ˘Np-Ym.
U≤R Y[m Gufl ˘NÙp-¤m-̇ TÙ’ EPp-S-X-ÿm
ARu Ae-L-UÙ-°-\-’. U≤-R-S-Xm Gu-‡m ˘T⁄m
˘Np-Yj-ßp E[-˙Uu-˚U, Bu-¡L Y[m,
Nÿ-RÙV Sp EQo‹ B°-V˚Y APe-œ-°u-\].
C˚Y A˚]j-’m GkR U≤R≤Pm J⁄ ˙NWd
LÙQd -°-̊ Pd-°u-\˙RÙ AY-≤-Pm ÿ›-̊ U-VÙ]
U≤R Y[m —Po Æ”-°-\-’.
U≤-R -≤u EPp-S -Xj˚R C]m LÙh-”m
AmNe-Ls TX. AYt˚\ Cq-YÙfl Y¨˚Nl-
T-”j-R-XÙm. YV’, C]-˙Yt-fl-˚U, YÙ≤-˚Xj
RÙd-Lm, EQ-‹-ÿ-̊ \, T¶-VÙt-flm „Zp, ≈h-•p
Es[ YN-ß, ©¶-L-∞u RÙd-Lm ,E-Pt-T-´t-£,
—t-flf-„Zp, Ud-L-∞u EPp-S-Xm ˙T‘m AW-—j-
’-̊ \. ˙SÙn-R-”l-◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y U≤R SX ˙Um-
TÙh-•u £\l◊ Am-Ne-L-[Ù-Lj L⁄’RlT”°u\].
S-Xm, SXU±Rp
BWmT —LÙ -RÙ -Wm ˙T‘m ÿVt-£-´p
AW-£-]-¨u œ±d-˙LÙs Ud-L-∞u A•l-T˚P
EPp-S-Xm ̇ TQp Gu-T-̇ R. C˚Rf NÙj-ß-V-UÙdL
AW— ©u-Y-⁄m YØ-L-∞p ÿVt-£-L˚[ ˙Ut-
˘LÙi” Y⁄-°u-\-’.
1, A•l-T-̊ Pf —LÙ-RÙ-W-ÿm øo Æ®˙VÙ-L-ÿm
2. TÙ’-LÙd-Ll-ThP œ•-øo
3. UXm, œl-̊ T, NÙd-L˚P B°-V-Yt˚\ ALtflRp
4. RÙn-̇ Nn SXm LÙj-Rp
EPp-S-Xm ˙T‘-̇ YÙm
14
˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßp ̊ LlTkRÙhPjßp ◊Lr˘Tt\
ShNjßW ≈WWÙLj ßLrkRYo ß⁄. ¥m™ _Ùow.
LiÊo UÙYhPjßp ˙TWÙÓo Gu\
°WÙUjßp 1955 Bm Bi” UÙof UÙRm 8 Bm
˙Rß _Ùow ˙_ÙNl©tœm ˙U¨ _Ùo¥tœm
UL]ÙLl ©\kR CY˙W CkßVÙÆu ÿRp
˙R£V ˚LlTkRÙhP Æ˚[VÙh” ≈Wo BYÙo.
˚LlTkRÙhPjßp GiT’L∞p EXLjßp Tj’
£\kR 'Shot' A•lTYoL∞p J⁄YWÙL ¥m™
_Ùow ˙Rok˘R”dLlThPÙo. CjRÙ≠´p "°[l'
˚LlTkRÙhPjßp Teœ˘Tt\ ¥m™ _Ùow
Ru‡˚PV YÙrSÙ∞˙X˙V N¨jßW SÙVLWÙLj
ßLrkRÙo. 1987 Bm Bi” SYmTo 30Bm
˙RßVufl CjRÙ≠ SÙh•p J⁄ YÙL] ÆTjßp
CYo UWQUPkRÙo. CkßV ˙R£Vd ˚Ll
TkRÙhPd œ›Æp Efll©]WÙL C⁄kR CYo
Tp˙Yfl B£V ˙TÙh•L∞p ÿd°V CPm
˘Tt\Ùo. 1956Cp S˚P˘Tt\ B£V
Æ˚[VÙh”l ˙TÙh•´p ˘YiLXl TRdLm
˚L˙RokR ˚LlTkRÙ[o
¥m™ _Ùow
5. FhP EQ-‹-ÿ-̊ \-Ls. ̆ RÙtfl ̇ SÙnj-R-”l◊.
Cm-ÿ-Vt-£-L-∞p ̆ Yt± °hP ̇ Yi-”-UÙ-́ u
CYt-±p A˚]j’j RWl◊ Ud-L -∞u
Te˙Lt◊m ™L-‹m Cu-±-V-̊ U-VÙ-R-’.
—LÙ-RÙ-Wm Gu\ ˘NÙp-≠p Án˚U Gu\ L⁄j’
˘RÙd-°-Ÿs-[-’. —j-R˙U —LÙ-RÙ-WÙm. EP˚X Es-
[j-̊ R, ≈h˚P, ≈h-•u —t-fll-◊\j˚R, ˙Y˚X-
˘Nn-Ÿm CPj-̊ R, E˚P˚V Cl-T• Au-\Ù-Pm
Sm-̊ Uf NÙok-ß-⁄d-œm A˚]j-̊ R-Ÿm —j-R-UÙL
˚Yl-T’ ™L AY-£-V-UÙ-œm. CR-]Ùp ˘RÙtfl-
˙SÙn-Ls TW-‹-Y’ R”d-Ll-T”-°u-\-’.
©¶-Ÿt-\-Y-̈ u EP-≠-≠-⁄k’ ̆ Y∞-Y-⁄m ̇ SÙnd
-°⁄™Ls —t-fll-◊-\j-ßp Es[ ©\ E´o-L˚[j
RÙd-œ-Y-RÙp ˙SÙn TW-‹-°-u\-’.
LÙN˙SÙnd °⁄-™-Ls LÙt-±p LXk’ —YÙ-£l
-T-Y-̈ -Pm Ck-̇ SÙ-̊ Vj ˙RÙt-fl-Æd-°u-\-].
G]˙Y A•l-T-̊ Pf —LÙ-RÙ-Wm ̇ T‘-Rp RÆodL
ÿ•-VÙ-R-’. —LÙ-RÙ-Wm ̇ TQp Gu-T’ TÙ’-LÙd-Ll-
ThP Ri-Ωo ˘Tfl-Rp, LØl-©-Pf —j-Rm, LØ-‹l
˘TÙ⁄s ALt-\p, L£‹ øod œh˚P ALt-\p,
—LÙ-RÙW ÿ˚\-́ p ≈”-Ls Lh-Pp, EQ‹- ÿ-̊ \-
L-∞p LY-]m, R≤-S-To —j-Rm ˙TÙu\ Ti◊
ÿ˚\-L-∞p LY-]m Es-[-Pd-°-V-RÙ-œm.
A•l-T-˚Pf —LÙ-RÙ-Wm S≠-‹-flm˙TÙ’ LÙX-WÙ,
˚PTÙn-”, YÙk-ß, ̇ Tß, YÙRm, Ug-Ns LÙUÙ-̊ X,
N⁄U ˙SÙn-Ls. LÙNÙ-˙SÙn, ˘RÙ›-˙SÙn, œPt-
◊›d-Ls ˙TÙu\ ˘LÙ•V ˙SÙn-Ls ’ -̈R-UÙ-Ll
TW-‹-°u\].
˛ N. Cu]Ù£ÿj’
˘Yu\ CkßV Æ˚[VÙh”d œ›Æp CY⁄m
Efll©]WÙL C⁄kRÙo. CYW’ ®˚]YÙLj
ß⁄Y]kR◊Wjßp ¥m™ _Ùow Es[L
15
Æ˚[VÙh” ˚URÙ]m ˙LW[ AWNÙp
A˚UdLlTh”s[’.
ß]ÿm S˚PlT´t£
˙Ut˘LÙsYRÙp HtT”m Su˚ULs
TX. AYt±u Th•Vp C˙RÙ...
SÙm◊ UiPXm —fl—fllT˚PŸm.
SÙ[Ù™pXÙf —Wl©Ls ◊j’Qof£
˘Tflm.
AßLlT•VÙ] L˙XÙ¨L˚[ G¨dL
ER‹°\’.
ÿ’œ SWm◊L˚[ EflßVÙdœ°\’.
A•Y´tflj ˘RÙl˚T˚Vd
œ˚\d°\’.
Íh”L˚[ CXYÙdœ°\’.
G¤m◊Lfidœ EflßV∞d°\’.
LÙpL˚[Ÿm, EP˚XŸm EflßVÙL ˚Yd°\’.
˘LÙ›l©u A[˚Yd œ˚\d°\’.
UÙW˚Pl◊, NodL˚W ˙SÙn ATÙVj˚Rd œ˚\d°\’.
EPp U]f˙NÙo˚Yd œ˚\d°\’.
SpX ÁdLm YW ER‹°\’.
Li TÙo˚Y˚Vd ·o˚UlT”j’°\’.
ÿ˚\VÙL S˚PlT´t£ ˙Ut˘LÙsYRu ÍXm SXUÙL YÙZXÙm.
≈i U⁄j’Yf ˘NX˚Yj RÆodLXÙm. ÿlT’ YV’dœ ˙UtThPYoLs ß]ÿm 40
®™PeLs S˚PlT´t£ ˙Ut˘LÙiPÙp ·Pl ˙TÙ’UÙ]’.
˛ ß]UXo
S˚Pl T´t£˙V SpX T´t£
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� EPpSXm E[ SXj˚Rd LÙdœm Gu\ R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W G›’eLs.
� ¥m™ _Ùow AYoL∞u YÙrd˚Ld œ±l©u A•lT˚P´p Ru ÆYWl Th•Vp
RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
¥m™ _Ùow Utflm N˙LÙRWoLfidœm ˚Ll
TkRÙhPj˚R ÿRu ÿR≠p Ltflj RkRYo
CYoL∞u Rk˚RVÙYÙo.
16
˙VÙLÙN]m Ko A±ÿLm
CkßVd L˚XL∞p ˙VÙLÙdL˚X TZm˘T⁄m
L˚XVÙLl ˙TÙt\lT”°\’. TpXÙ´Wm
Bi”Lfidœ ÿu ˙RÙu±V CdL˚Xdœ
G›j’ Y•Ym ˘LÙ”j’, ˙VÙL „jßWm
A˚Uj’ E´Ïh• ®˚X ˘T\f ˘NnRYo
IkRÙ´Wm Bi”Lfidœ ÿu YÙrkR TRgN≠
ÿ≤Yo BYÙo. G]˙Y AYo ˙VÙLÙÆu
Rk˚R Gufl A˚ZdLlT”°\Ùo. ˙VÙLÙdL˚X
TRgN≠ ˙VÙLm G]‹m A˚ZdLlT”°\’.
"˙VÙLÙ' Gu\ YP˘UÙØf˘NÙp¤dœ C˚QjRp,
Jufl ˙NojRp Gufl ˘TÙ⁄s. EP˙XÙ” E´o
C˚Qk’ ®tL ˙Yi”m, E´˙WÙ” U]m
JuflTP ˙Yi”m. U]j˚R C˚\ ®˚X˙VÙ”
C˚QlT˙R ˙VÙLm GuT’ A±OoL∞u
Æ[dLUÙœm. C˚\®˚Xj ˘R∞Æp C⁄k’
˘LÙi”, C˚\ ®VßL˚[ EQok’ AYt±tœ
ÿWiTPÙ’, AYt˚\ Ußj’, AYt±tœ
C˚NYÙL YÙrR˙X ˙VÙLm GuT’ £\l◊
Æ[dLm Bœm. ˙VÙLjßp ˘Yt± ˘TflYRtœ
BN]l T´t£Ls ER‹°u\].
˙VÙLÙdL˚X˚V Gh”l ©¨‹L[ÙLl TRgN≠
ÿ≤Yo YœjRÙo. A˚Y CVUm, ®VUm,
BN]m, ©WÙQÙVÙUm, ©WjßVÙLÙWÙ, RÙWQÙ,
ßVÙ]m, NUÙß G]lT”m. Aßp Íu\ÙY’
AeL˙U EP˚Xf N¨ ˘NnŸm ˙VÙLÙN]m. C’
ßVÙ]m ˘NnV EP˚Xj RVÙo ˘NnY’Pu
˙SÙn A‘LÙUp LÙd°\’.
Ceœ GpXÙ YVß]⁄m G∞ßp ̆ NnŸm BN]eLs
Uh”m ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. CkR BN]eLs
EP˚X CfldL™u± ˚YdL ER‹°\’. ˙U¤m
CkR BN]eL˚[f ˘Nn’Æh” ßVÙ]m
˘NnŸm ˘TÙ›’ U]m G∞ßp J⁄˚UlT”m.
˙VÙLÙN]jßu ˘TÙ’YÙ] Su˚ULs
1. Sm Æ⁄lTjßtœ Ht\YÙfl GkR YVߤm
EP˚X Y˚[dœm Ru˚U˚V ClT´t£´u
ÍXm ˘T\XÙm.
2. U] A˚Ußdœm Ru]m©d˚L ˘LÙsY
Rtœm YÙrÆp ̆ Yt± ̆ T\‹m BN]eLs
ER‹°u\].
3. ˙SÙn YWÙUp R”dL‹m YkR ˙SÙnL˚[d
œQlT”jR‹m BN]eLs ER‹°u\]
4. —YÙN UiPXm, CWjRKhP UiPXm,
∫WQ UiPXm, SWm◊ UiPXm B° V˚Y
∫WÙL CVeL ER‹°\’
5. EP¤dœm Es[jßtœm AßL Bt\˚Xd
˘LÙ”j’ Eflß˚VŸm ◊jRQof£˚V-
Ÿm A∞d°\’.
6. SÙ[™pXÙf —Wl©L∞u (Endocrine glands)
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ∫W˚Uj’m SWm◊L˚[
FdLlT”jߟm C[˚U ø•dL ER‹-
°\’.
7. EP¤dœ AZLÙ] Y•Yj˚Rd ˘LÙ”d°\’.
8. C[˚U LÙj’ Y˙VÙßLj˚Rj Rs∞l
˙TÙP ER‹°\’
9. EP¤dœm, E´⁄dœm, U]jßtœm
Sp≠QdLm (Co-ordination) EiPÙL
Efl’˚Q ◊¨°\’.
BN] Æßÿ˚\Ls
LÙXm
AßLÙ˚X ˘Yflm Y´t±¤m, UÙ˚X
˙SWeL∞p EQ‹ EiP ©u SÙuœ U¶ ̇ SWm
LØj’m BN]eL˚[f ˘NnVXÙm. (AßLÙ˚X
˘NnY˙R £\lTÙœm) øo, LÙ©, º œ•jRÙp
A˚WU¶ ˙SWm LØj’f ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
CPm
—jRUÙ], A˚UßVÙ] CPm BN]m ˘NnV
Ht\’. ß\kR˘Y∞ Utflm SpX LÙt˙\ÙhPUÙ]
CPUÙL C⁄jRp SXm. BN]eL˚[ HRÙY’
J⁄ ƨl©u ¡’ C⁄k’ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
B˚PLs
BN]m ̆ NnŸm˘TÙ›’ B˚PLs R[oYÙL‹m
˙VÙLÙ
17
YNßVÙL‹m C⁄jRp ˙Yi”m. BiLs
A˚W ®dLo, T≤VuL˚[ ET˙VÙ°dLXÙm.
˘TiLs NpYÙoL¡v, —•RÙo A¶k’ ̆ LÙi”
˘NnVXÙm. T⁄jß B˚PVÙL C⁄lT’ SXm.
8 YVß≠⁄k’ 80 YVßtœ ˙U¤m BN]eLs
˘NnVXÙm. U]˚R J⁄®˚XlT”jßf ˘NnV
˙Yi”m. CRV TX≈]m, CWjR A›jRm
Es[YoLs NoYÙeLÙN]m, aÙXÙN]m ̇ TÙu\
A›jRm Es[ BN]eL˚[f ˘NnVd·PÙ’.
EQ‹
EQ‹ Nj’s[RÙL‹m, NÙj≈L EQYÙL‹m
C⁄jRp SXm.
—YÙNm
˙VÙLÙN]eL∞p ÿu˙]Ùd°d œ≤Ÿm ˙TÙ’
—YÙNj˚R ˘Y∞˙Vt±Ÿm, ©u˙]Ùd°
Y˚[Ÿm˙TÙ’ —YÙNj˚R Es˙[ C›j’m
˘NnV ˙Yi”m. C’ BN]eLfidœl
˘TÙ’YÙ] Æßÿ˚\VÙœm. CRV ̇ SÙn, C”l◊
Y≠ Es[YoLs ©u˙]Ùd° Y˚[V ̇ YiPÙm.
L›j’Y≠, ÿ’œY≠ Es[YoLs ÿu˙]Ùd°
Y˚[V ˙YiPÙm. GkR BN]j˚Rf
˘NnŸm˙TÙ’m Íd°u YØVÙL Uh”m
—YÙ£dL ˙Yi”m.
TÙo˚Y
BWmTd LÙXjßp BN]eL˚[d Ltfld
˘LÙsfim˙TÙ’ LiL˚[j ß\k’ ˘LÙi”
˘NnVXÙm. ©\œ U]˚R J⁄®˚XlT”jßd
LiL˚[ Í•f ˘NnV ˙Yi”m
U]m
T´t£´u˙TÙ’ U]˚R J⁄ÿLlT”jßf
˘NnRÙp BN]jßu ÿ›lTXu °h”m.
EP˚Xj RVÙoT”j’Rp
BN]eLs ˘NnŸm ÿu◊ EP˚XjRVÙo
®˚Xdœd ˘LÙi”YWf „¨V SUvLÙWm, G∞V
ÿ˚\ ˚LlT´t£, LÙp T´t£Ls ÿR≠V
Yt˚\f ˘NnVXÙm.
YØÿ˚\Ls
£X BN]eL˚[ J⁄ TdLm Uh”m ̆ NnVÙUp
CWi” TdLÿm ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m. ◊ßRÙL
˙VÙLÙN]m ˘NnVYoLfidœj R˚NL∞¤m,
Íh”L∞¤m Y≠ C⁄dœm. ÆPÙUp ˘RÙPok’
˘NnRÙp Y≠ RÙ]ÙLd œ˚\k’ Æ”m. T”j’f
˘NnŸm BN]eLs ˘NnR ©\œ, CP’ TdLm
ß⁄m© YX’ ˚L˚V Fu± G›kß⁄dL
˙Yi”m.
UÙtfl BN]m
˙VÙLÙN]jßp GkR J⁄
BN]m ̆ NnRÙ¤m ARtLÙ]
UÙtfl BN]j˚Rf ˘NnRp
AY£Vm. J⁄ BN]m ̆ NnŸm
˙TÙ’ SWm◊, R˚NL∞p Æ˚\l◊,
CfldLm HtT”m. ˙U¤m J⁄
Tœßdœ AßLUÙLlTÙŸm
CWjR, ˘YlT, LÙt˙\ÙhPm
AkR BN]jßtLÙ] UÙtfl
BN]j˚Rf ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’
NUu B°\’. CP’ LÙ¤dœf
˘NnRÙp A˙R BN]j˚R
YX’ LÙ¤dœm UÙt±f ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m.
ÿ›˚U ˘T\
Ceœ G∞˚UVÙLf ̆ NnŸm BN]eL˙[ CPm
˘Ttfls[]. Cßp Jq˘YÙ⁄ BN]jßtœm
˙R˚YVÙ] UÙtfl BN]ÿm A˚UVl
˘Ttfls[’. CYt˚\f ˘NnRÙ˙X EPp
B˙WÙd°VUÙL C⁄dœm. Jq˘YÙ⁄ BN]j˚RŸm
CWi” ApX’ Íufl ÿ˚\ ˘NnYRÙp
TXuLs AßL¨dœm.
BN]eLs
1. ®u\ ®˚X´p ˘NnŸm BN]eLs
RÙPÙN]m
C⁄ LÙpL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ ˚Yj’d˘LÙi”
®™ok’ ®tL‹m. œßLÙpL˚[ EVojß ®ufl
˘LÙi”, Íf˚N C›j’d ˘LÙi˙P C⁄
˚LL˚[Ÿm TdLYÙh•p R˚Xdœ ̇ Up EVojR
˙Yi”m. Ck®˚X´p 5 ApX’ 6 ̆ SÙ• ̇ SWm
18
C⁄k’ ©\œ Íf˚N Æh”d˘LÙi˙P ̊ LL˚[
TdLYÙh•p C\d° ÆP‹m. œßLÙpL˚[Ÿm
R˚W´p T•V ˚Yj’ ÆP‹m.
Su˚ULs
÷˚W¬Wp Suœ ƨY˚P°\’. UÙo◊l Tœß
R˚NLs Y¤l˘Tfl°u\]. —fl—fllTÙL C⁄dL
ER‹°\’. ˘RÙ˚P Utflm œßLÙp R˚NLs
Y¤l˘Tfl°u\].
Æ⁄fNÙN]m (HL TÙRÙN]m)
˙SWÙL ®tL‹m. CP’ LÙ˚X ˚LL∞u
ERÆVÙp Ád° YX’ ˘RÙ˚P´u Es◊\jßp
˚YdL‹m. LÙp ÆWpLs ∏r ˙SÙd° C⁄jRp
˙Yi”m. Íf˚N C›j’d˘LÙi˙P CWi”
˚LL˚[Ÿm R˚Xdœ ˙Up ·l©V ®˚X´p
˚YdL‹m. ©\œ Íf˚N ÆP‹m. A˚NVÙUp
Ik’ CVpTÙ] —YÙN LÙXm Y˚W ®tL‹m.
©u]o ®˚X Jufldœj ß⁄mT‹m C˙R
˙TÙufl YX’LÙ¤dœf ˘NnV‹m.
Su˚ULs
U] J⁄˚UlTÙ”m, ßPf £kR˚]Ÿm EiPÙœm
YÙR˙SÙn, SWm◊jR[of£ ˙TÙu\ ˙SÙnLs
œQUÙœm.
NdLWÙN]m (TdLYÙh•p)
˙SWÙL ®tL‹m, Íf˚N C›jRT• CP’ ̊ L˚V
˘U’YÙL EVojßj R˚Xdœ C˚QVÙL ˚YdL
˙Yi”m, Es[e˚L Eh◊\UÙLj ß⁄m©
C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. Íf˚N ˘Y∞ÆhPT• YX’
◊\UÙL EP˚X Y˚[dL‹m. Ik’ —YÙN ˙SWm
C⁄kR ©u]o ÿu ®˚Xdœ YW‹m. C˙R
˙TÙufl YX’ ˚Ldœm ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
Su˚ULs
ÿ’œjRi” Y˚[Ÿm Ru˚U ˘Tfl°\’.
LpƒWp, UiΩWp CVdLm ∫WÙ°\’.
EjLPÙN]m
LÙpL∞u TÙReLs È™´p TßV ˚Yj’,
œßLÙpLs C˚Qk’ ˘RÙ˚P´u A•lT
œß´p C⁄dœUÙfl EhLÙW‹m. CWi”
˚LL˚[Ÿm ÿZeLÙ≠u ˙Up ˚YdL‹m.
ÿZeLÙpLs CWi”m TdLYÙh•p ƨkß⁄dL
˙Yi”m.
Su˚ULs
©WmUfN¨Vjßtœ ET˙VÙLUÙ]’. ÍX
ÆVÙß˚Vf N¨ ˘Nn°\’.
19
ߨ˙LÙQÙN]m
CWi” LÙpL˚[Ÿm 2 A• ÁWm C⁄dœUÙfl
ALt± ®tL‹m. C⁄ ˚LL˚[Ÿm TdLYÙh•p
˙U˙X EVojßj ̇ RÙpLfidœ UhPUÙL ̊ Yj’d
˘LÙs[‹m. Íf˚N Æh”d˘LÙi” CP’
TdLm Y˚[k’ CP’˚L ÆWpL˚[ CP’
TdLjßu ˘Y∞l◊\j˚Rj ˘RÙ”UÙfl ˚Yj’d
˘LÙs[ ̇ Yi”m. CkR ®˚X´p £X ÆSÙ•Ls
C⁄dL‹m. Ck®˚X´p ÿLUÙ]’ ˙Up
◊\UÙLj ß⁄lTlTh” YX’˚L ÆWp ÷≤˚Vl
TÙodL ˙Yi”m. ©\œ Íf˚N C›j’d
˘LÙi˙P EP˚X ˙SWÙL ®™ojßl T˚ZV
®˚Xdœ YW˙Yi”m. YX’˚L ÆWp ÷≤VÙp
YX’ TÙRjßu ˘Y∞l◊\j˚Rj ˘RÙ”UÙfl
YXl◊\UÙL Y˚[V ˙Yi”m. Y˚[Ÿm˙TÙ’
Íf˚N Æh”d˘LÙi˙P Y˚[V ˙Yi”m.
Ck®˚X´p £X ÆSÙ•Ls C⁄k’ ¡i”m
Íf˚N C›j’d˘LÙi˙P ®™W ˙Yi”m.
CmUÙߨ Íu±≠⁄k’ Bfl R˚P˚YLs
˘NnVXÙm.
Su˚ULs
ÿ’˘L¤m◊ Su\ÙL Y˚[k’ ˘NVpTÙ”YRÙp
C[˚U˙VÙ” C⁄dL ER‹°\’. ÿ’œj
R˚NLs, SWm◊Ls Y¤lT”°u\]. ÆXÙl
◊\jßp U•l◊ Æ›k’ C⁄dœm F˚[fN˚R
L˚WŸm. L›j’j R˚NŸm L›j˘R¤m◊m
Y¤Y˚PŸm. Ah√]p LWl©Ls Suœ
˘NVpT”m, ˘RÙkß œ˚\Ÿm.
2. EhLÙokR ®˚X´p ˘NnŸm BN]eLs
RiPÙN]m
CWi” LÙpL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ ÿu˙]Ùd°
øh•d ˘LÙs[‹m. C”l©u C⁄◊\ÿm
Es[e˚LLs È™´p T”mT• ÆWpLs
©u˙]Ùd° C⁄dœUÙfl ˚Yj’d ˘LÙs[‹m.
˚LLfim C”l◊m ˙SWÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
Íf˚N Es˙[ C›j’ EPm˚T ˙U˙X
ÁdœRp ˙Yi”m. EPm˚Tj R˚Wdœd
˘LÙi” Y⁄m˙TÙ’ ˘U’YÙL Íf˚N
˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.
Su˚ULs
EP-≠u A˚N-‹-Ls WjR Kh-Pj-̊ Rj Ái• EP-
≠u GpXÙ Efll-◊-L-fid-œm Wj-Rm £\l-TÙLl
˙TÙnf-̇ NW ER-‹-Y-Ru ÍXm EPp ÿ›-Y-’m
£\kR ◊j-’-Qof-£˚Vl ˘T\ ER‹-°u-\-].˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� ˙VÙLÙN] B£¨Vo J⁄Y¨Pm LXk’˚WVÙPp ˘NnYRtLÙ] Æ]Ù®Wp
E⁄YÙdœeLs.
� U]m A˚Uß ˘T\ øeLs ·flm YØÿ˚\L˚[l T¨k’˚WVÙL G›’eLs.
� "Y⁄m ÿu LÙjRp' Gu\ TZ-̆ UÙ-Ø-́ u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p Lh”˚W G›’YRtLÙ] œ±l◊
RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
20
CXd°Vm·flm J›dLm
RYÿ˚PVYo ˘NVpLs
Án˚U E˚P˚U ’¶‹Bm ˘RÙØp ALtflm
YÙn˚U E˚P˚U Y]l◊ Bœm ˛ æ˚U
U]j߇m YÙ´‡m ̆ NÙpXÙ˚U Íuflm
RYjßp R⁄d°]Ùo ̇ LÙs.
˚YL˚\
˚YL˚\ VÙUm ’´p G›k’ RÙu ˘Nn-Ÿm
Sp A\-ÿm Ji ˘TÙ⁄-fim £k-ßj-’, YÙn-Y-ßu
Rk-̊ R-Ÿm RÙŸm ˘RÙ›’ G›L Gu-T-̇ R˛
ÿk-̊ R-̇ VÙo LiP ÿ˚\
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� "YÙrÆp ̆ Yt± ̆ T\ ™L‹m ̇ R˚Y J›dLUÙ?' ̆ NpYUÙ? Gu\ R˚Xl©p S˚P˘T\
C⁄dœm Th•Uu\jßp ˙TN H˙R‡m J⁄ R˚Xl©p œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnŸeLs.
� StTi◊L˚[l ©uTt\ ˙Yi”˘Uufl Y≠Ÿflj’m EflߢUÙØ Ju˚\j RVÙo
˘Nn’ Yœl©p ˘UÙØL.
� U]˚R J⁄ ®˚XlT”j’m YØÿ˚\L˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ•d œ±l◊ G›’eLs.
SpXÙR]Ùo
Tߢ]i ∏rdLQdœ ËpLfis Ju\Ù] "ߨL”Lm' Ë˚Xl T˚PjRYo CYo. NeLm
U⁄ÆV LÙXjßp YÙrkRYo.
˘LÙp-XÙ˚U
˘LÙp-XÙu ˘LÙ˚X ◊ -̈VÙu ˘TÙn-VÙu ©\o ˘TÙ⁄s-̇ Up
˘Np-XÙu, £±-VÙo C]m ̇ NWÙu ̆ NÙp-¤m
U˚\-́ p ̆ NÆ CYu æf ̆ NÙtLi Íe˚L
C˚\-́ p ̆ T -̈VÙtœ C˚Y.
˛ SpXÙR]Ùo
21
AVXYo R˚[´≠⁄k’ Æ”T”Y’ Uh”˙U Æ”R˚XVufl. NÍLd
˙L”L∞≠⁄k’m Æ”T”Y˙R Ei˚UVÙ] Æ”R˚X. NÍLjßp Ui•d °PkR
Ht\jRÙr‹Ls, æiPÙ˚U ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d L˚[k’ NÍLj˚Rf ∫oß⁄jRl
TÙ”Th˙PÙo TXo. AYoL∞u ∫oß⁄jRf £kR˚]d L⁄j’Ls Cuflm
UdL∞˚P˙V ÆØ‹l◊Qo˚YŸm Sp˘XÙ›dLeL˚[Ÿm ˙RÙtflÆdLd
LÙWQUÙL A˚U°u\]. NÍLm UflUXofN£ Tt±V’ CqYXœ.
ÿRu-̊ Ud Lt\p A˚P‹Ls :
� TÙPlTœß œ±l©”m YÙrd˚L Æ›™VeL˚[l TÙWÙh•Ÿm
˙UmT”jߟm G›’°\ÙoLs..
� UflUXof£ SÙVLoLs Tt±V ˘NnßL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ YWXÙtfld œ±l◊
G›’°\ÙoLs.
� NÍL YWXÙtfl ËpL˚[ YÙ£j’ Aufl ®XÆ´⁄kR NÍL Ht\j
RÙr‹L˚[d Lh”˚WVÙL G›’°\ÙoLs.
� L˚R G›’m ß\u ˘Ttfl G›’°\ÙoLs.
22
AØVÙd ˙LÙXeLs
Æ•˘Ys∞Ls
LpÆ, EPpSXm ˙TÙu\ Tp˙Yfl ’˚\L∞p
©\ UÙ®XeLfidœ J⁄ ÿuUÙߨVÙL
Æ[eœ°\’ ˙LW[m. C’ ˘RnYjßu ˘NÙkR
SÙ” Gufl Geœm ˘NÙpXd ˙Lh°˙\Ùm.
B]Ùp C˙R ˙LW[Ui —UÙo C⁄Ëfl
Bi”Lfidœÿu Tp˙Yfl ˙YflTÙ”L∞u
Æ˚[®XUÙL Æ[e°V’ GuT’ Cu˘]Ù⁄
Ei˚U.
NÍLjßp L”˚UVÙ] NÙßUR Ht\jRÙr‹Ls
®XÆ´⁄kR]. ˙UpNÙß´]WÙLd L⁄RlThP
AkRQoLs, AWNoLs, SÙVoLs ÿRXÙ]Yo
Lfidœ GpXÙ E¨˚ULfim C⁄kR]. AYo
L˙[ ®X E˚P˚UVÙ[oL[ÙL‹m C⁄kR]o.
Aufl Gp˙XÙ⁄dœm ˘TÙ’YÙ] J⁄ NhPm
S˚Pÿ˚\´p Cp˚X. ˙UpNÙß UdLfidœ
®XY¨´p N¤˚L A∞dLlThP’. UWQ
RiP˚] ©WUQoLfidœ Cp˚X. B]Ùp
RÙrjRlThPYoLs ™Lf £±V œt\eLfid·P
L”˚UVÙLj Ri•dLl ThP]o. ß⁄h”
ÿRXÙ] NÙRÙWQ œt\eLfidœm
UWQRiP˚] ÆßdLlThP’. AW—
AßLÙ¨Ls Ntflm U≤R˙SVm CpXÙUp
©tT”jRlTh˙PÙ¨Pm ˘LÙÂWUÙL SPk’
˘LÙiP]o. BßYÙ£ UdL˚[ ÆXeœ
L˚[ÆPd ˙LYXUÙL SPjß]o . Au˚\V
Be°X AW— CRt˘LpXÙm EPk˚RVÙL
C⁄kR’.
Tj˘RÙuTRÙm Ët\Ùi•u ˘RÙPdLjßp
A•˚U ÿ˚\Ÿm ˙LW[jßp S˚Pÿ˚\´p
C⁄kR’. ®X E˚P˚UVÙ[oLs ˙Y[Ùi˚U
˙LW[ Æ•˘Ys∞Ls
23
˙Y˚XLfidLÙL A•˚UL˚[ ˚Yjß⁄kR]o.
B”UÙ”L˚[l˙TÙp AYoL˚[ ÆtL‹m
YÙeL‹m ˘NnR]o. A•˚UL˚[d ˘LÙpYRt
LÙ] E¨˚UŸm ®Xl ©W◊Lfidœ C⁄kR’.
RÙrjRlThPYoLs TÙpR⁄m T—dL˚[
Y[odL˙YÙ, SpX B˚PLs A¶V˙YÙ
YÙL]eL∞p TVQm ˘NnV˙YÙ, K” ˙YnkR
≈”L∞p Y£dL˙YÙ, ˘N⁄l◊ A¶V˙YÙ,
œ˚P©•dL˙YÙ, ˘YeLXl TÙjßWeL˚[l
TVuT”jR˙YÙ ·PÙ’. ∏rfNÙß´]WÙLd
L⁄RlThP DZY ̆ TiLs ÿRXÙ˙]Ùo W‹d˚L
A¶Vd·PÙ’ GuT’m Au˚\V NhPm.
SÙVoLs EhThP TX „jßW NÙß´]⁄dœm £X
E¨˚ULs UfldLlThP]. ReL S˚LLs A¶V
‹m, TpXd°p TVQm ̆ NnV‹m, £X œ±l©hP
Y˚L B˚PLs A¶V‹m, R˚XlTÙ˚L
„P‹m, œ˚P©•dL‹m ¡˚N˚YdL‹m
AWNoL∞u A‡Uß ˘T\˙Yi”m Gu\
LhPÙVm C⁄kR’. A‡Uß AqY[‹ G∞ßp
°˚PdLÙ’ GuT’ Cu˘]Ù⁄ ®˚X. NÙRÙWQ
UdL∞P™⁄k’ R±Y¨, ˘NdœY¨, KPY¨,
Y˚XY¨, Yi•Y¨ ÿRXÙ] Y¨Ls Y„≠dLl
ThP]. CR]Ùp ’¶ ˘Sn’m Gi˘Qn
Bh•Ÿm ¡u©•j’m Yi• Kh•Ÿm YÙrkR
Y±VYoLs ˙U¤m Y±VYoL[Ù´]o.
RÙrjRlTh˙PÙo ̆ TÙ’ YØL∞p SPdLd·PÙ’.
˘Np¤m YØ´p ˙UpNÙß´]o GßolThPÙp
AYoL∞u LiL∞p TPÙUp K• U˚\k’
˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. RÙrjRlThPYoL˚[d Li
P±YRtLÙ˙Y C”l◊dœ ˙Up B˚P A¶Vd
·PÙ’ Gu\ NhPj˚R HtT”jß]o. CjR˚LV
YoLs Lp¤UÙ˚X A¶k’ ReLs RÙr˚U˚Vd
LÙh•d˘LÙs[˙Yi”m Gu\ LhPÙVÿm C⁄k
R’. RÙrjRlThPYoLfidœd ˙LÙ´¤dœs
˘NpX˙YÙ C˚\Y˚] YØTP˙YÙ E¨˚U
Cp˚X. æiPÙ˚U Geœm R˚XƨjRÙ•V’.
CR]ÙpRÙu —YÙ™ Æ˙YLÙ]kRo ˙LW[j˚R
"©WÙkRÙXVm' G]d œ±l©hPÙo.
CjR˚LV ˘LÙÂWeL∞≠⁄k’m NÍLf ∫o˙L”
L∞≠⁄k’m ˙LW[m GqYÙfl Æ”R˚X
˘Tt\’? UfldLlThP E¨˚UL˚[ GY˙W‡m
RÙ]ÙL Yk’ RÙ]m ˘Nn’˘LÙ”j’ UdLs
˘T\Æp˚X. AdLÙXjßp ˙RÙu±V
∫oß⁄jRYÙßL∞u æÆWUÙ] ˙TÙWÙhPeLfim
ÆØl◊Qo‹l ©WfNÙWeLfim L˚X CXd°Vl
T˚Pl◊LfimRÙm ˙LW[jßu UflUXof£dœd
LÙWQUÙ´]. AjR˚LV NÿRÙVf ∫oß⁄jR
YÙßLs £X˚W C≤d LÙi˙TÙm.
24
NhPm© —YÙ™Ls
˙LW[jßu NÍL ˙UmTÙh
•tœ ÿd°V TeL∞j
RYo NhPm©—YÙ™Ls.
CYo SÙVo NÿRÙV UdL
∞˚P˙V ®XÆ´⁄kR
ÍP Sm©d˚LL˚[Ÿm
A ] Ù f N Ù W e L ˚ [ Ÿ m
ødœYRtLÙLl TÙ”ThPÙo.
CYW’ CVt˘TVo œgOu ©s˚[ GuTRÙœm.
1853 Cp ©\kRÙo. ©WUQoLfidœ Uh”˙U
C⁄kR £X E¨˚UL˚[ AYo GßojRÙo.
æiPÙ˚U, RÙ≠˘Lh”d LpVÙQm, ßWi”œ∞
ÿRXÙ] A]ÙfNÙWeLfidœ GßWÙL UdL∞˚P˙V
ÆØl◊Qo˚Y HtT”jß]Ùo. cSÙWÙVQ
œ⁄‹Pu C˚Qk’m AYo ˘NVpThPÙo.
CYW’ T˚Pl◊Ls TX‹m NÍL NUj’
Yj˚RŸm U≤R˙SVj˚RŸm G”j’˚WjR].
ß⁄. SÙWÙVQ œ⁄
U≤RœX ˙UmTÙh”d
LÙLl TÙ”ThP OÙ≤Ls
TXo. CYoRm ˙TÙR˚]
Ls NÙßUR ˙TRm LPk
R˚Y. TWm˘TÙ⁄[Ù]
TWUÙjUÙ‹m, E´oL[Ù°V
BuUÙdLfim ®˚XVÙ
]˚Y˘Vuflm, NPl˘TÙ
⁄sLs AØk’˙TÙœm
Ru˚UŸ˚PV˚Y Guflm Rj’YOÙ≤Ls
Li”˚WjR]o.
Tj˘RÙuTRÙm Ët\Ùi•u Cflßl Tœß´¤m
C⁄TRÙm Ët\Ùi•u ÿtTœß´p Cj˙RPp
L∞u YØ ˙LW[j’ UdLfid°˚P˙V ®XÆV
NÙßNUV Ht\jRÙr‹Ls øeLl TÙ”ThPYo
cSÙWÙQœ⁄.
B¤YÙ´p œ⁄˙Rq A˚UjR NUv°⁄Rl
Ts∞´p NÙß ˙YflTÙ•u± A˚]Y⁄dœm
LpÆ YZeLlThP’.
J⁄ _Ùß J⁄ URm, J⁄ ˘RnYm UÙ≤Podœ,
GuT’m _Ùß G’YÙ´‡m UÙ≤Pu L˚Pj˙R\
˙Yi”m GuT’m c SÙWÙVQ œ⁄ EXLUd
Lfidœ G”j’˚WjR Eu]Rd L⁄j’L[Ùœm.
U≤R NÿRÙVj˚RÆh” ÆX°j ߨVÙUp,
NÿRÙVj˙RÙ˙P˙V YÙrk’ UdL∞u En‹dœl
TÙ”ThPYo œ⁄ ˙RYo. NÍLl˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW
ÿu˙]t\U˚PYRtœf NÙß R˚PVÙL C⁄d°\’
GuTR˚]f —h•d LÙh•V ∫oß⁄jRYÙß CYo.
""Ju˙\ œXÿm J⁄Y˙] ˙RY‡m
Su˙\ ®˚]™u SU≤p˚X SÙfi˙U''
Gufl TÙ•V ß⁄ÍXo YÙd°u ˙Uu˚U˚V
S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jßd LÙh•VYo SÙWÙVQ
œ⁄˙RYo.
YdLm Al’pLÙRo ̆ U¸XÆ
NÍLf ∫oß⁄jRf ˘NVp-
TÙ”Ls GuT’ Ck’d-
Lfidœ C˚P˙V Uh”-
Uu± CvXÙ™V, °±v-RY
NÿRÙVeL∞¤m ®Lrk-
R]. LpÆ´p ©u Re° -́
⁄kR ÿvƒmLfidœ
C˚P˙VŸm ∫oß⁄jRj-
ßu A˚XLs G›kR]. CvXÙ™VoL∞u
˙Uu˚UdLÙLl TÙ”ThPYoL∞p œ±l©Pj-
RdLYo YdLm Al’pLÙRo ̆ U¸XÆ. CYo 1873
Cp ©\kRÙo. NÍLjßp NU AkRv’ ˘TflYRt-
LÙL‹m UdLs Suÿ˚\´p YÙrYRtLÙL‹m
˘U¸XÆ AYoLs L•]UÙL E˚ZjRÙo.
CvXÙÿdœ JqYÙR BfNWÙeL˚[d ˚LÆ”
UÙfl EWdLf ˘NÙu]Ùo. A˚]Y⁄m Be°Xd
LpÆ˚V A˚PV ˙Yi”˙LÙs Æ”jRÙo.
ÿvƒm, æ©LÙ G] CWi” Tjߨd˚LLs
BWm©j’f ∫oß⁄jRd L⁄j’L˚[l TWl-
25
˙Yi”˘Uu\ NhPm Aufl C⁄kR’.
AYt˚\j Ád° G±V B˚Q´hPÙo.
ReLfidœ C˚ZdLlThP R˚PL˚[ ¡±,
R˚XlTÙ˚L A¶k’m SpXÙ˚P E”jߟm
BTWQeLs A¶k’m ÆpYi•´p
TVQm ˘Nn’m ˘TÙ’ ÆPeL∞p SPk’m
UfldLlThP E¨˚ULfid LÙLl ˙TÙWÙ•V ≈Wo
AnVuLÙ∞. 1907 Cp "NÙ’_] T¨TÙX]
˙VÙLm' Gu‡m A˚Ul˚T HtT”jß
NUj’YjßtLÙL‹m NÍL øßdLÙL‹m TÙ”ThPÙo.
NÙY\ TÙߨVÙo
NÙY\ AfNu Gu‡m
—⁄dLl ˘TV¨p A±
VlT”m œ¨VÙd˙LÙv
H≠VÙv NÙY\ 1805 Cp
BXl◊˚Z´u TdLjßp
˚L]°¨ Gu‡m CPj
ßp ©\kRÙo. 1829 Cp
°±vRYl TÙߨVÙo
B]Ùo. TÙߨVÙWÙL
C⁄dœm˙TÙ’ NÍLf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m
D”Th•⁄kRÙo. ˙U¤m œ±l©Pj RdL J⁄
LpÆVÙ[WÙL‹m Æ[e°]Ùo. NÙß URf
£kR˚]Lfidœ GßWÙL AYo ˘NVpThPÙo
GuT’m œ±l©PjRdL’. RÙrjRlThP
YoLfim H˚ZLfiUÙ] R≠j UÙQYoLfidœd
LpÆŸm EQ‹m YZe°]Ùo. NÙß´u
˘TVWÙ¤m URjßu ̆ TVWÙ¤m ®˚X˘Tt±⁄kR
Ht\jRÙr‹L˚[ AYo L”˚UVÙLf NÙ•]Ùo.
AdLÙXjßp TÙߨVÙoLfidœ C˚P˙V
CjR˚LV NÍLf ∫oß⁄jRf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ™L
A¨RÙL˙Y LÙQlThP]. GpXÙ Y˚LL∞¤m
LpÆf NÙ˚XLs ˘RÙPeœYRtœm NÙß UR
˙YflTÙ•u± A˚]Y⁄dœm LpÆ˚V
YZeœYRtœm AYo KnÆu±f ̆ NVpTÙhPÙo.
1871 Cp LÙXUÙ]Ùo. 1986 Cp ˙TÙlTÙiPYWÙp
YÙrjRlThPYWÙL A±ÆdLlThPYo NÙY\
TÙߨVÙo.
©]Ùo. ˙U¤m ß⁄ÆRÙe·o ÿvƒm ULÙN˚T
Gu‡m Ko A˚Ul˚T HtT”jß CvXÙ™Vo-
L∞u EVof£dLÙLl TÙ”ThPÙo.
˚YœiP—YÙ™
1809 Cp Cu˚\V Lu≤
VÙœUÙ¨ UÙYhPjßp
NÙ™j˙RÙl◊ Gu\ CPj
ßp ©\kRÙo. CYW’
CVt˘TVo ÿj’dœh•.
R Ù r j R l T h P Y o L fi d
LÙL‹m H˚Z UdLfid
LÙL‹m ˙TÙWÙ•VYo.
AWNÙh£´u AøßL˚[d
L”˚UVÙL GßojRÙo. NÙRÙWQ UdL∞u
˙UmTÙh•tLÙL "NUj’Y NUÙ_m'' Gu˙\Ùo
A˚Ul˚T E⁄YÙd°]Ùo. C’ ˙LW[jßp
˙RÙu±V ÿRp NÍL A˚Ul◊ Bœm.
©tT”jRlTh˙PÙ¨u œ±lTÙL, SÙPÙoœX
UdL∞u E¨˚ULfidLÙL ™Lj æÆWUÙL˙Y
œWp ˘LÙ”jRÙo. L[jßp C\e°l ˙TÙWÙP‹m
˘NnRÙo. 1837Cp CY˚Wj ß⁄ÆRÙe·o AW—
˚L’ ˘Nn’ £˚\´p A˚PjR’. ˙UXÙ˚Pl
˙TÙWÙhPjßtœ FdL U∞jRYoL∞p ÿd°V
UÙ]Yo ˚YœiP —YÙ™.
AnVuLÙ∞
˙LW[ NÍLf ∫oß⁄jRYÙ
ßL∞p ÿd°VUÙLd
œ±l©P ˙Yi•V Cu
˘]Ù⁄Yo AnVuLÙ∞.
CYo 1866 Cp ß⁄Y]k
R◊Wjßu TdLjߤs[
˘YeMÙÚo Gu‡m CPj
ßp ©\kRYo. æiPÙ˚Ud
˘LßWÙL CYo SPjßV
˙TÙWÙhPeLs TX. RÙrjRlThP A˚]j’
NÍLeL∞u EVo‹d LÙL‹m AVWÙ’
TÙ”ThPÙo. æiPlTPÙRYoLs L›jßp Lp¤
UÙ˚XŸm LÙßp C⁄m◊j ’i˚PŸm A¶V
26
∫oß⁄jRf £t©Ls
""®L˘Wufl ˘LÙh” ÿW˙N ˛ CkR
ø¶Xm YÙrTY ˘WpXÙm
RL˘Wufl ˘LÙh” ÿW˙N ˛ ˘TÙnm˚Uf
NÙß Yœl©˚] ˘VpXÙm''
Æ”R˚Xdœm NUj’Yjßtœm ÿW— ˘LÙh•V
TÙWß´u Y¨Ls C˚Y. AVXYo R˚[´≠⁄k’
Æ”T”Y’ Uh”˙U Æ”R˚XVufl. NÍLd
˙L”L∞≠⁄k’m Æ”T”Y˙R Ei˚UVÙ]
Æ”R˚X. SÙh•u YPdœm ˘Rtœm AjRœ £k
R˚]VÙ[oL˚[d ̆ LÙ˚PVÙLj Rkß⁄d°u\].
UWÙh•V ̆ LÙeLi UÙYhPjßp R˙TÙ≠ Gu‡m
£tÒo Es[’. T≤ ÆXLÙR LÙ˚Xl ˘TÙ›ßp
YVp˘Y∞Lfid°˚P˙V Jt˚\V•l TÙ˚R´p
£flYu RÙÆd œßj’ K•]Ùu. ©u]Ù˙X˙V
AYu Rk˚RŸm K•]Ùo. AuflRÙu AkRf
£flY‡dœl Ts∞´u ÿRpSÙs. AR]Ù˙X˙V
Rk˚R ULu C⁄Y⁄sfim A[‹ LPkR U°rf£
˘Ys[m.
Ts∞´p ˙NokR A”jR ˘SÙ•´˙X˙V Af
£flY≤u U°rf£ YœlT˚\˚VÆh” ˘Y∞
˙V±V’. H˘]≤p AY]’ Y⁄˚L˚Vl
Ts∞´p GY⁄m Æ⁄mTÆp˚X. Ru˘]ÙjR
UÙQYoLfiPu N¨NUUÙL EhLÙW‹m AY‡dœ
A‡Uß UfldLlThP’. ARtœ, AY‡˚PV
NÙß˚Vd LÙWQUÙd°]o Lp˘Sg£]o.
AR˚]Ÿm ¡±, AkRf £flYu ̆ RÙPok’ T•dL
A˙R £flYu ImT’ Bi”Lfidœl©u
1947Cp ™”dLÙ] E˚P A¶kR UÙU≤RWÙL
Yk’ ®u\Ùo. CkßVÙ˙Y AY¨u Y⁄˚LdLÙL
SÙPÙfiUu\jßp ·•®ufl GßoTÙojR’.
AYoRÙm AiQp Am˙TjLo. AYo ̊ LL∞p
CkßVÙÆu GßoLÙXj˚R˙V E⁄YÙdœm
CkßV AW£Vp NÙN]f NhPY˚W‹ C⁄kR’.
AiQp Am˙TjLo
Æ⁄m©]Ùu. Ts∞dœ Y⁄m˙TÙ’ ◊jRLl
˚TŸPu EhLÙ⁄YRtœ J⁄ ̇ LÙ¶l˚T˚VŸm
˘LÙi”Y⁄mT• B˚Q´hP’ Ts∞
®⁄YÙLm.
27
AYo NÿRÙV UflUXof£´u ÿu˙]Ù•,
NUj’Yd LÙYXo, EXLf NÙR˚]VÙ[o
Y¨˚N´p ÿu≤tTYo, AW£Vp NhP˙U˚R,
˙R£Vj R˚XYWÙL‹m ßLrkRYo. Tp˙Yfl UR
C] ˘UÙØ NÍLl TZdL YZdLeLs ˘LÙiP
CkSÙh˚P CkßV AW£Vp A˚Ul◊f
NhPjRÙp J⁄e°˚QjRYo.
CYo A˘U¨dLÙÆp ˘LÙXm©VÙ TpL˚Xd
LZLjßp ÿ’L˚XlThPm ˘Tt\Ùo. 1916Cp
CXiP≤p ̆ TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWjßp ÿ˚]Yo ThPm
˘Ttfl ÿm˚T´p ˙TWÙ£¨VWÙLl T¶VÙt
±]Ùo. ¡i”m CXiPu ˘Nufl TÙ¨vPo
ThPm ̆ Tt\Ùo. CkßVÙ ß⁄m©V©u YZdL±Oo
˘RÙØ˚X ˙Ut˘LÙi” H˚ZLfidœd LhPQ
™u± YZdLÙ• øß˚Vl ˘Ttflj RkRÙo.
ÍPSm©d˚LLfim æVTZdLeLfim NÿRÙ
Vj˚R A¨j’d ˘LÙi•⁄kR˙TÙ’, NÿRÙVj
˚Rf NUlT”j’YRtœf £kR˚]VÙ[o TXo
˘T¨’m ˙TÙWÙP ˙Yi•´⁄kR’. U≤R
E¨˚UdLÙL AYoLs G”j’d ˘LÙiP ÿVt
£Ls HWÙ[m. AqY˚L´p Rk˚R ˘T¨VÙo
1924Bm Bi” ˙LW[ÙÆp ˚YdLjßp
SPjßV J”dLlTh˙PÙo BXV÷˚Z‹
ÿVt£Ÿm, 1927Bm Bi” UÙofj ßeLs
C⁄TRÙm SÙs Am˙TjLo UWÙh•Vjßp
ULÙj’d œ[jßp SPjßV RiΩo G”dœm
˙TÙWÙhPÿm U≤R E¨˚UdLÙL ÿR≠p
SPjRl˘Tt\ ˙TÙWÙhPeLs G]XÙm.
A±VÙ˚URÙu A˚]jßtœm ÍXLÙWQm
GuT˚R Am˙TjLo SuœQokRÙo. G]˙Y,
Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m ÿ›U≤R ®˚X˚V A˚PV
LpÆ, ˘NpYm, E˚Zl◊ B°V Íuflm
˙R˚YlT”°u\]. ˘NpYÿm E˚Zl◊m
CpXÙR LpÆ L[o®Xm.
E˚Zl◊m LpÆŸm At\ ˘NpYm ™⁄LjR]m
Gu\Ùo.
◊ßV] £kßlT’m T˚PlT’˙U ◊j’XLm
N˚Udœm £t©L∞u ˙SÙdLm. CkßV SÙh•u
NÙß Gu‡m C⁄˚[ ALt\ YkR A±‹dLßo
Am˙TjLo. NÙß GuT’ œ±l©hP £X „r
®˚Xdœ BhThP U≤R NÍL YÙrÆp RÙ]Ù
L˙Y ˙YÏu± ÆhP Y[of£VÙœm. NÙß
L˚[VlTP ˙Yi•V L˚[ Gufl AYo
L⁄ß]Ùo.
NÍLjßu UÙt\jßtœf £kR˚] Æ˚RL˚[j
Á‹°u\ ◊Wh£L[Ù˙X˙V CkR ˚YVLm YÙr
°\’ Gu\Ùo Am˙TjLo. CkßVl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW
˙UmTÙh•tœf NÙß GuT’ Su˚U RWÙ’,
CkßVoL∞u SXjßtœm U°rf£dœm NÙß
Gu‡m ˙SÙn æeœ Æ˚[Æd°u\’. A’ Ud
L∞˚P˙V J⁄˚UlTÙh˚Pf ∫oœ˚Xj’
ÆhP’. CR˚] AYoLs EQ⁄mT• ˘Nn’
ÆhPÙp ˙TÙ’m, A’˙Y G]dœ ®˚\‹ R⁄m
Gu\Ùo Am˙TjLo.
_]SÙVLjßu Ufl˘TVoRÙu N˙LÙRWj’Ym.
—RkßWm GuT’ —˙Vf˚NVÙL SPUÙ”m E¨˚U,
E´˚WŸm E˚P˚U˚V◊m TÙ’LÙdœm E¨˚U
A’. GpXÙ⁄dœm GpXÙm °˚Pdœm Y˚L´p
GpXÙ U≤RoL˚[Ÿm J˙W UÙߨVÙL SPj
’Y˙R NUj’YUÙœm Gufl _]SÙVLjßtœ
A¨V˘RÙ⁄ Æ[dLm RkRÙo Am˙TjLo.
Am˙TjLo Ko A±‹f —WeLm. CYo A±VÙ
˚U˚V ødL Bt±V T¶Ls ULjRÙ]˚Y.
AiQp Am˙TjLo Ru]XUt\Yo. ™L‹m
BoYj’P‡m Æ˚Wk’m Ru]k R≤V]ÙLf
˘NVpThPYo. RUdœd ̆ LÙ”dLlThP T¶´p
L⁄U˙U LiQÙL C⁄kRYo Gufl CkßVÙÆu
ÿRp œ•VW—j R˚XYo PÙdPo. CWÙ˙NkßW
28
©WNÙj TÙWÙh•Ÿs[Ùo. SÙh•tLÙL AVWÙ’
E˚ZjR AiQp Am˙TjLo 1956Bm Bi”
•NmTo ßeLs B\ÙmSÙs ◊L›Pm◊ Gnß]Ùo.
CkßV AW—, TÙWR Wj]Ù Gu‡m EV¨V
Æ⁄˚R AiQp Am˙TjL⁄dœ 1990Bm
Bi” YZe°l ˘T⁄˚UlT”jßV’.
AiQp Am˙TjLo, CkßV SÙh•u J∞
™œkR GßoLÙXj˚Rl Tt±V L]‹ LiP CXh
£V U≤Ro. RÙm LiP CXh£Vd L]‹L˚[
ÿm˚T ˘Nu\Ùo . ULÙjUÙ L Ùkß´u
Ak®Vj’¶Ls , LpÆ ®flY]eLs ,
A±‹jß\jß]Ùp EflßlT”jßVYo. AYo.
EV¨V Bfi˚Ujß\˚]d ˘LÙiPYo. ·ojR
A±‹ Yu˚U E˚PVYo. U≤R E¨˚UdLÙL
E˚ZjRYo. NÿRÙV˘U‡m UWjßu ˙Y˚Wf
NÙßl ◊›dLs A¨j’ÆPÙUp R”jR Sf—d
˘LÙp≠ U⁄k’ AYo. LpÆ A±Æu±
SÙ” ÿu˙]\ ÿ•VÙ’ Gufl E˚WjRYo.
AYo, NÿRÙVjßp ◊\dL¶dLlThP UdLfid
LÙLj Rm˚U ÿ›˚UVÙL AolT¶j’d
˘LÙiPYo.
˙LW[ LÙkß
—RkßWl ˙TÙWÙhP ≈WoLfidœj R˚XYWÙL
ÿu≤ufl TX ˙TÙWÙhPeL˚[ SPjßVYo.
ÍP Sm©d˚LL˚[Ÿm A]ÙfNÙWeL˚[Ÿm
ALt\ NÍLjßp J⁄ ÆØl◊Qo˚Y HtT”jß
VYo. 1921 Cp UXTÙo LXLm ˙RÙu±Vß≠⁄k’
1971 Cp AYo C\dœmY˚W NÿRÙVjßtLÙL
A˚W Ët\Ùi”L[ÙL AVWÙ’ E˚Zj’, ̇ LW[
LÙkß, Gu\ £\l◊l ˘TV˚W AXeL¨jRYo
RÙm ß⁄.˙L[lTuSÙVo.
˙LÙØd˙LÙ” UÙYhPjßp T˙VÙ∞ Gu\
CPjßp 1890 ̆ NlPmTo ßeLs 9 Bm SÙ[ufl
©\kRÙo. CYW’ ˘Tt˙\Ùo LQÙWuSÙVo ˛
œgNmUÙs BYo. AYo ◊Lr˘Tt\ ˘LÙ´
XÙi• ™`u Lp̨ ̇ TÙu\ CPeL∞p LpÆ
T´u\Ùo. 1912 ÿRp B£¨VÙWÙLl T¶VÙt±V
˙TÙ˙R, —RkßWl ˙TÙWÙhPeL∞p D”ThPÙo.
Aufl ˘TV⁄Pu C˚QkR NÙßl ˘TVoL˚[
A\˙Y ødL ÿtTh”, Ru ˘TV¨¤s[ SÙVo
G‡m NÙßl ˘TV˚W ød°d ˙L[lTu G]
UÙt±]Ùo. YZdL±Oo T•l©tLÙL 1920 Cp
29
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� Am˙TjL¨u A⁄mT¶ Gu\ R˚Xl©p ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
� ˙L[lTu AYoL˚[d ̇ LW[ LÙkß G]d œ±l©•”YRtLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[j ̆ RÙœj’
£flœ±l◊ G›’eLs.
� øeLs A±kR NÍLf £oß⁄jRf ˘NmUpLs GY˙W‡m ÍYo SPjßV
˙TÙWÙhPeL˚[f —h•dLÙh•f £fl Lh”˚W G›’eLs.
øßUu\eLs, T¶Ls CYt˚\l ◊\dL¶dL
Æ”jR A˚\·Y˚X Htfl, Rm T•l˚Tl
TÙß´p ®fljßÆh” Fo ß⁄m©]Ùo. 1921 Cp
Tߢ]h” UÙReL[ÙL SPkR UXTÙo LXLjßu
ÍXm NÿRÙVl ©¨Æ˚] ˙RÙu±tfl. LX-Lj-
ßp B´WdLQdLÙ˙]Ùo UÙiP]o.
æiPÙ˚U´u LÙWQUÙL J”dLlThP
˙PÙ⁄dœf NÙ˚X´p SPdL A‡Uß UfljRRÙp
1924 Cp ˚YdLm ˙TÙWÙhPm ˙RÙu±V’. 1930
Cp SPkR El◊ NjßVÙLd°WLl ̇ TÙWÙhPPj ßp
LÙkß´u A˚\·Yp æÆWU˚PkR’.
CYt±p GpXÙm ˙L[lTu AYoLs ˘T⁄m
Teœ Y°jRÙo. 1931 Cp SYmTo 1 Aufl
ß⁄.˙L[lTu AYoLs R˚X˚U´p œ⁄YÙÎo
NjßVÙd°WLm ’Ye°V’. UXTÙ¨p ©tT”j
RlTh˙PÙ¨u A•˚UjR]j’dœ GßWÙL‹m,
U≤R E¨˚UdLÙ‹m, ÿt˙TÙdœ ˘LÙs˚LŸ˚P
˙VÙ˚W Jufl ˙Noj’ J⁄ CVdLj˚R
HtT”jß]Ùo. Tj’ UÙReL[ÙL S˚P˘Tt\
œ⁄YÙÎo NjßVÙd°WLm, ULÙjUÙ LÙkß´u
R˚X¬hPÙp ÿ•‹dœ YkR’.
1939 Cp R≤U≤R —RkßWm, ˘Y∞SÙh”j
’¶l◊\dL¶l◊, LRo B˚Pl ©WfNÙWm,
U’ JØl◊l ˙TÙWÙhPm, æiPÙ˚U ˙TÙu\
˙TÙWÙhPeL∞¤m AYo Rm˚U D”T”jßd
˘LÙiPÙo. 1942 Cp ˘Ys˚[V˙] ˘Y∞˙Vfl
CVdLjßu ÍXm Rm ˙TÙWÙhPj˚Rj æÆWl
T”jß]Ùo. CdLÙX Lh-Pj-ßp TXÿ˚\ £˚\j
RiP˚] A‡TÆjRÙo.
1948 Cp "Id°V ˙LW[m GeLs ©\l◊¨˚U'
Gu\ ˘TV¨p ˙TÙWÙhPj˚Rd ˙L[lTu BWm
©jRÙo. 1952 Cp ˘TÙu]Ù≤ TÙWÙfiUu\j
˘Rٜߴp ̆ Yt±˘Ttfl, TÙWÙfiUu\ Efll©]
WÙLj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnVlThPÙo. LÙkß´u Rj’Yf
£kR˚]L˚[l ©WfNÙWm ˘NnY˚Rj Rm ÿ›
˙SWlT¶VÙL ˙Ut˘LÙiPÙo. LÙkß´u
No˙YÙRVf NeLm, LRo NeLm, CWÙh•]f NeLm,
Ckßl ©WfNÙWm ̇ TÙu\˚YL˚[j Rm YÙrd˚L
´u œ±d˙LÙsL[ÙL Gi¶]Ùo. Æ”R˚X
CkßVÙÆp °WÙ™Vl T´t£ ®flY]eL˚[
®flÆ]Ùo.
1971 Ad˙PÙTo 5 Cp L”˚UVÙ] ˘Sg—
Y≠ LÙWQUÙLd LÙkß B£WUjßp CVt˚L
Gnß]Ùo.
˛ PÙdPo. ©.˙L. CWÙ_˙NLWu
30
ÿ. ˙UjRÙ
ÿ.˙UjRÙÆu LiΩolÈdLs 25 Tßl◊L˚[Ÿm RÙi• Cu]ÿm
EXÙY⁄m LÆ˚Rj˘RÙœlTÙœm. UW©p ˙YÏu± Y[okR ◊’˚U
Æ⁄hNm GuTRÙp, LmT˚W, C[e˙LÙ˚Y, YsfiY˚W G∞˚UVÙd°
Cu˚\V‹X°p œ±¬”L[ÙL‹m T•UeL[ÙL‹m CYWÙp EXY ÆP
ÿ•kß⁄d°\’.
Eu‡˚PV ˘LÙ•˚V
EVojßl ©•j’d˘LÙs
GRtLÙL
A”jRYo ˘LÙ•dLmTj˚R
AfldLj ’•d°\Ùn?
Eu‡˚PV UÙodLjßp
ÈdL˚[j ÁÆd ˘LÙs!
GRtLÙL
A”jRYo UÙodLjßp
ÿhL˚[l TWl◊°\Ùn?
Eu‡˚PV TPj˚R
B¶´p UÙh•d ˘LÙs!
GRtLÙL
A”jRYo TPjßu ˙Up
B¶ A˚\°\Ùn?
Eu‡˚PV ®˚\L˚[
F˘Weœm ˘NÙp≠d ˘LÙs!
GRtLÙL
A”jRYo œ˚\L˚[
BWÙnf£ ˘Nn°\Ùn?
Eu‡˚PV ˙RÙhPjßp
˙Y≠ ˙TÙh”d˘LÙs!
GRtLÙL
A”jRYo ˙RÙhPjßp
Aj’ ¡fl°\Ùn?
F˚W G›’°\Ùn!
˙T˚W G›’°\Ùn!
Gl˙TÙ’
Ei˚U´p ø VÙ˘Wufl
G›Rl ˙TÙ°\VÙn?
URj˚Rf ˘NÙp°\Ùn!
NÙß˚Vf ˘NÙp°\Ùn!
Gl˙TÙ’
U≤Ru Gufl ø
˘NÙpXl ˙TÙ°\Ùn?
˛ ÿ. ˙UjRÙ
J⁄ ˙LsÆ
31
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� J⁄ ˙LsÆ Gu\ LÆ˚R´u ˚UVd L⁄j˚Rf —h• SVm TÙWÙh”eLs.
� URj˚Rf ˘NÙp°\Ùn NÙß˚Vl ˘NÙp°\Ùn Gl˙TÙ’ U≤Ru Gufl ø ˘NÙpXl
˙TÙ°\Ùn! Gu\ Y¨Ls EQoj’m NÍL ®˚X˚Vf —h•d LÙh• ÆUoN]d Lh”˚W
G›’eLs.
� NÍL Ht\jRÙr‹LfidLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[d LiP±k’ G›’eLs.
C⁄hP˚\´p Es[RPÙ EXLm NÙß
C⁄d°u\˘RuTÙ‡m C⁄d°u\Ù˙]
˛ TÙWßRÙNu
_Ùß Cp˚X, UR™p˚X, T˚Pl◊L∞p ˙YflTÙ•p˚X
˘UÙØUÙfN¨V™p˚X, Uu‡´˘WpXÙm Jufl
˛ œ⁄˙RYo
NÙß L˚[VlTP ˙Yi•V L˚[
˛Am˙TjLo
LiÍ•l TZdL˘UpXÙm
UiÍ•l ˙TÙL˛ Ys[XÙo
˘TÙu˘UÙØLs
H˚Z ˘Vuflm A•˚U ˘Vuflm
GY‡m Cp˚X _Ùß´p
CØ‹ ˘LÙiP U≤R ˘WuT’
Ckß VÙÆp Cp˚X˙V
˛ TÙWßVÙo
32
(B[YkRÙ¨u ≈”. B[YkRÙo SÙtLÙ≠´p
AUok’ ˘NnßjRÙs YÙ£j’d ˘LÙi•⁄d
°\Ùo. Al˙TÙ’ NÙ™SÙRu TRt\j’Pu K•
Y⁄°\Ùo)
NÙ™SÙRu : (Yk’ ˘LÙi˙P TXUÙL)
B[YkRÙo...... B[YkRÙo.....
B[YkRÙo : K.... NÙ™SÙR]Ù? YÙeL.... YÙeL....
NÙ™ : (N≠l◊Pu) Em.... YÙeL YÙeLd
LPu RÙu....
B[ : NÙ™SÙRu, SÙu A˚Rf ̆ NÙpX˙X....
Es˙[ YÙeLu˙]u
NÙ™ : (EhLÙok’ ˘LÙi˙P) HeL B[
YkRÙo, EdLÙo\’ C⁄dLh”m....
EeL˙[ÙP ULu ˘NpYm ˘NnV
\’ EeLfid˙L SpX C⁄dLÙ?
B[ : HeL, NÙ™SÙRu... Gu˙]ÙP ULu
˘NpYm AlT• Gu] ̆ Ng—hPÙu?
ÆYWUÙ ˘NÙu]ÙRÙ˙] ˘R¨Ÿm?
NÙ™ : (˙LÙTj’Pu) ARÙu EeL˚TV
˙]ÙP NLYÙNm. SmU ˘NÙ˚Nh•dœd
˘LÙgNm ·P HjRRÙ Cp˙X.. ˘NÙp
≠h˙Pu.
SÙPÙL UÙkRo
(B[YkRÙo, AYW’ U˚]Æ LUXm, B[YkRÙ¨u ULu ˘NpYm, B[YkRÙ¨u SiTo
NÙ™SÙRu, ˘NpYjßu SiTu ˙UÙLu, PÙdPo Utflm So—Ls)
SpX U]m
LÙh£ 1
◊ßV ˚Nd-°s
33
B[ : øeL Gu] ˘NÙp»eL NÙ™SÙRu?
NÙ™ : SmU LÙX≤ SLW—jßj ˘RÙØXÙ∞
œlTu C⁄dLÙ≤p˙X
B[ : BUÙ.. AkRd œlT‡dœ Gu]
Cl˙TÙ?
NÙ™ : B[YkRÙo, AkRd œlT˙]ÙP
˚TVu C⁄dLÙ˙].... AY˙]ÙP
˙Nok’h” EeL ˚TVu ߨV\’m,
Æ˚[VÙP\’m, Ju]Ù Ts∞d·Pm
˙TÙ\’m.... ˙N... ˙N.. ˘LÙgNm ·P
SpXÙ Cp˙X.
B[Ù : BUÙ... ClTRÙu OÙTLm Y⁄’.
R˚Xƨ ˙LÙXUÙ °ØgN Nh˚P
˙TÙh”d°h” A•dL• Gu˙]ÙP
ULu ̆ NpYj˚Rj ̇ R• J⁄ ̊ TVu
Y⁄YÙ˙].. AY˚]f ̆ NÙp»eL[Ù?
NÙ™ : BUÙ... SÙu ̆ NÙpX YkR˚Rf ̆ NÙp
≠h˙PeL. C≤˙U EeL ˚TVu
AY˙]ÙP ̇ NWÙ˘U Li•f— ̊ YdL
˙Yi•V’ EeL˙[ÙP ˘TÙfll◊.
Sm˙UÙP Rœßdœm AY˙]ÙP
Rœßdœm H¶ YfNÙ¤m GhPÙ
’eL˙[ B[YkRÙo. . . C≤˙U
EeL˙[ÙP ˚TV˚] AkRd œlT
˙]ÙP ULu°h˙P ˙NW‹PÙæeL,
Al˙TÙ SÙu YWh”eL[Ù?
(˙TÙ°\Ùo)
LÙh£ 2
(B[YkRÙo A¤YXLj’dœf ˘NpX BVjR
UÙ°d ˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùo. Al˙TÙ’ ˙UÙLu
RVe°j RVe° Es˙[ Y⁄°\Ùu)
˙UÙLu : (RVe°VT•) ˘NpYm.. ˘NpYm...
B[ : (R]dœs) NÙ™SÙRu ̆ NÙu] A˙R
˚TVuRÙu, °ØkR Nh˚P, TWh˚Pj
R˚X, B]Ù.,.. Lk˚RVÙ]Ù¤m
B˚PL˚[d LNd°jRÙu Lh•
´⁄d°\Ùu...
˙UÙLu : IVÙ.. YQdLeL IVÙ.. ˘NpYm
C⁄dLÙ]Ù?
B[ : VÙoPÙ ø? AkRd œlT˙]ÙP ̊ TVu
˙UÙL]Ù?
˙UÙLu : IVÙ.. EeL ULu ˘NpYj˙RÙP
SiTu NÙo SÙu. AY˙]ÙP d[Ùv
˙Uh.
B[ : (˙LÙTm) ˙TÙ’m ®flj’PÙ.. VÙo,
VÙ˙WÙP @lWihμl Yf—d°\
’u‡ J⁄ ̇ VÙdV˚R Cp˙X... Í•
Yf£⁄kR LÙmT‹i”d LR˚Y
ß\k’°h”, ß\kR ≈h•˙X SÙn
÷˚ZV\’ UÙߨ.... BUÙ.. VÙ˚Wd
˙Lh” Es˙[ ÷˚Zg˙N...? Em...
˙UÙLu : (APdLm, AfNm) IVÙ.... ˘T¨V
YÙoj˚R ˘NÙpXÙæeL... ˘NpYm
RÙu Cu≤dœ ƒ‹ SÙs... GeL
≈h”dœ YÙPÙ ˘LÙgNm LQdœ
˘NÙp≠j R⁄ÆVÙu‡ ·l©h
PÙu... ARÙu....
B[ : K.. . EeL AlTu ˘NnV\
˙Y˚X˚Vl TÙoj’°h” ≈h˙PÙP
Æ›k’ °PdLÙ˙U... Ts∞d·Pm
˙TÙ´ ˘T¨V LXdPo BLl ˙TÙ±
VÙdœm... CY⁄ ̆ T¨V LQdœl ◊≠
TÙ⁄.. . Gu˙]ÙP UL‡dœd
LQdœf ˘NÙp≠jRW Yk’hPÙu....
L¶R ˙U˚R CWÙU‡_m‡
˘S]l◊.. ˙TÙ... ˙TÙ... ˘NpYj˚R
Cl˙TÙ ø TÙodL ÿ•VÙ’....
˙UÙLu : (˘Lg—°\Ùu) IVÙ.. IVÙ.. G]dLÙL
GßolTÙoj’d°h” ≈h•˙X C⁄d
°\RÙ ̆ NÙu]Ùu ̆ NpYm.. AY˚]l
TÙodLÙ˙U ˙TÙ]Ù¤m ˙TÙœ’...
AY˚]j ˙R• SÙu Yk’h”l
˙TÙ]RÙ RV‹ ˘Ng— ˘NÙp≠”eL
IVÙ...
34
B[ : LQdœ UÙvP˚W Yf— AY‡dœ
•ÎNu ˘NÙp≠jRW G]dœj
˘R¨ Ÿm... ø Eu˙]ÙP ̇ Y˚X˚Vl
TÙoj’d°h”l˙TÙ., . . (˙UÙLu
˙TÙ°\Ùu)
LUXm : ≈” ˙R• YkR ˚TV˚] ÆWh•
A•f—hºeL˙[....
B[ : SmU ˚TVu CkRl ˚TV˚]f
Nkßf—”YÙu‡ RÙu AY˚]
AY˙]ÙP A˚\´˘X˙V C⁄dLf
˘NÙp≠h˙Pu.
LUXm : Hu SmU ˚TV˚] CYu NkßfNÙ
Gu]? CYu Sm˙UÙP ̊ TV˚]ÆP,
LQdœl TÙPjß˙X AßL UÙod
YÙe°\Ù]Ùm... SmU ˘NpYj’dœj
˘R¨VÙR˚R CYu ˘NÙp≠jRWRÙf
˘NÙu]Ù]Ùm. CkRd LÙXjß˙X
≈” ˙R• Yk’ TÙPm ˘NÙp≠jRWl
©s˚[L˚[l TÙodL ÿ•VÙ’e
L˙[!
B[ : (˙LÙTm) ˙TÙ’m ®flj’ LUXm...
G]dœ ø ET˙RNm ˘NnV Yk’h
•VÙ? YkRYu SmU LÙX≤ SLW
—jßj ˘RÙØXÙ∞ œlTu C⁄d
LÙ˙]... AY˙]ÙP ULu.
LUXm : C⁄kRÙ Gu]eL... AYeLYeL
˘RÙØp A‹eL‹eLfidœ... AkRj
˘RÙØ˚Xf ˘NnV\’]Ù˙X A‹eL
∏r _ÙßVÙl ˙TÙ´⁄ YÙeL[Ù?
A‹eL Cp˙Xu]Ù Sm˙UÙP
LÙX≤˙V SÙ±l˙TÙœm.
B[ : N¨... N¨.... SÙu B¿—dœd °[mT
‡m ø ̇ TÙ´ Eu˙]ÙP ̇ Y˚X˚Vl
TÙ⁄....
LÙh£ 3
(NÙ˚X, ˙UÙLu Ts∞d·Pl ˚T˚Vj ˙RÙ∞p
UÙh•d ̆ LÙi” ̇ TÙ°\Ùu. ̆ NpYm ̊ Nd°∞p
Yk’ ˙UÙL≤u A⁄°p ®fljß C\eœ°\Ùu)
˘NpYm : (TRt\m) ˙UÙLu... ˙UÙLu
˙UÙLu : K... ˘NpYUÙ?
˘NpYm : ˙UÙLu, HiPÙ ˙Sj’ GeL
≈h”dœ Y˙Wu‡ ˘NÙp≠h”
YW˙Y Cp˙X? ˘NÙu]˚R U\k
’h•VÙ?
˙UÙLu : U\dLp˙XPÙ ˘NpYm... (R]dœs)
˙Sj’ CYeL AlTÙ Gu°h˙P
SPk’d°hP˚Rl Tjßf ˘NÙu]Ù
˘NpYj˙RÙP U]— ˘WÙmT ◊i
T”m. J⁄ ˘TÙn˚Vf ˘NÙp≠
NUÙ∞l˙TÙm.. (˙UÙL≤Pm) ̆ NÙu]
˚R˙V A•˙VÙP U\k’h˙Pu.
GeLmUÙ AYNWUÙ J⁄ ˙Y˚X
Yf—hPÙeL... ARÙ˙XRÙu ˘NÙu]
T• YWÿ•Vp˙X Gu]Ù˙X....
˘NpYm : N¨.. N¨... AlT•˙V ©u∫h•˙X
EhLÙ⁄.. ˘Wi” ˙T⁄m ˙Nok’
v·¤dœl ˙TÙLXÙm...
˙UÙLu : Cp˙XPÙ ˘NpYm.. Gu˚]Ÿm
˙Noj’ Eu]Ù˙X ˚Nd°s˙X
Yf— ™ßdL ÿ•VÙ’... ø ̊ Nd°s˙X
◊\lT”.. SÙu ©u]Ù˙X KWUÙ
SPk’ Yk’P˙\u...
˘NpYm : N¨PÙ ˙UÙLu Eu CxPm.
(˚Nd°∞p H±l˙TÙ°\Ùu)
LÙh£ 4
(B[YkRÙo ≈”. ˘RÙ˚X˙T£ U¶ J≠d°\’.
B[YkRÙo ˘RÙ˚X˙T£˚V G”d°\Ùo)
B[ : a˙XÙ.. SÙuRÙu B[YkRÙo
˙TN˙\u.. BUÙ.. Gu˙]ÙP ̊ TVu
35
B[ : A•Th” BvTjߨV¨X ˙Nokß
⁄dLÙeL[Ùm.. ◊\lT” ∫d°Wm...
LUXm : (A›˚L) IVn˙VÙ.. . J˙W J⁄
˚TV]Ùf˙N.... (◊\lT”°\ÙoLs)
LÙh£ 5
(U⁄j’YU˚]´p Ko A˚\. ˘NpYm UVdL
®˚X´p Lh•≠p T”jß⁄d°\Ùu. T”d˚L
´u J⁄ TdLm CWjRm ®˚\kR TÙh•p Es[
v˙Pi” Es[’. ARu œZÙn ˘NpYjßu
˚LlTœß´p C˚QdLlTh”s[’. PÙdP⁄m
So—m A⁄°p Es[]o)
B[ : (TRt\j’Pu Yk’ ˘LÙi˙P)
PÙdPo... GeL ˚TVu ©˚Zf—dœ
YÙ]Ù?
LUXm : (A›˚L) ̆ NpYm.. E]dœ Gu]PÙ
Bf—?
PÙdPo : AmUÙ.. ̆ LÙgNm A˚UßVÙ C⁄eL..
™vPo B[YkRÙo. . . EeL
˚TV˙]ÙP E´⁄dœ Ju‡m
BTjßp˙X.. LY˚XlTPÙæeL...
B[ ˛ LU : (U°rf£ŸPu) AlTÙPÙ....!
PÙdPo : EeL ˚TVu LÙ¨˙X A•ThP’m,
LÙXm LPjRÙ˙U GeL BvTj
ߨdœd ˘LÙiPÙk’ AY˚]
˙NojR ̆ T⁄˚U AY˙]ÙP SiTu
˙UÙL˚]˙V ˙N⁄m.
B[ : Gu] ̆ NÙp»eL PÙdPo? Gu˙]ÙP
˚TV˚] Ce˙L ˘LÙiPÙk’
˙NojRYu AkR ˙UÙL]Ù?
˘NpYm ˙U˙X LÙo ˙UÙß... øeL
Gu] ˘NÙp»eL? ˘NpYj˚R
BvTjߨ´˙X Ah™h Ti¶
´⁄dLÙeL[Ù?.. (AXfl°\Ùo) . . .
LUXm... LUXm... (LUXm Es˙[
C⁄k’ Y⁄°\Ùs)
B[ : ˙Lh•VÙ LUXm ˘Nnß˚V? SmU
˚TVu v·¤dœl ̇ TÙ\lT AYu
˙U˙X LÙo ˙UÙß...
LUXm : LÙo ˙UÙß... Gu] Bf—eL
AY‡dœ? (A›˚L)
36
LUXm : HeL.. ˘NÙu]˚Rd ˙LhºeL[Ù?
AkR ̇ UÙLu Au˚]dœ SmU ≈”
˙R• YkR˙TÙ’ ÆWh• A•f∫eL˙[...
B[ : (Y⁄jRj’Pu) BUÙ LUXm..
AY˙]ÙP ̇ NWd·PÙ’u‡ Cp˙X
˘NpYj˚Rd Li•f— Yf˙Nu...
≈” ˙R• YkR ˙UÙL˚]f £u]l
˚TVu‡·Pl TÙodLÙ˙U LiPT•
˙T£ A‡l©f˙N˙]...
PÙdPo : ™vPo B[YkRÙo. . . Gu]
˙T£d°h” C⁄d∏eL? SpX˙Y˚[...
JeL ˚TV˙]ÙP CWjRÿm,
˙UÙL˙]ÙP CWjRÿm J˙W
œÏlTÙ C⁄k’hP’. Cl˙TÙ EeL
˚TV˙]ÙP EPm©˙X H±d°h•
⁄d˙L CkR CWjRm.. . C’
˙UÙL˙]ÙP’ RÙu. RœkR ˙SWj
ß˙X AYu CkR ERÆ˚Vf
˘Nnß⁄dLp˙Xu]Ù... . ˘NpYm
E´o ©˚Zf£⁄dL ÿ•VÙ’....
B[ ˛ LU : (ÆVl◊Pu) AlT•VÙ?
PÙdPo : BUÙ...
B[ : PÙdPo.. ˙UÙLu Cl˙TÙ Ge˙L
C⁄dLÙu?
PÙdPo : TdLj’ A˚\´˙X RÙu ˙UÙL‡m
C⁄dLÙu... ˙TÙnl TÙ⁄eL... AY
˙]ÙP AlTÙ, AmUÙ‹dœm ˘Nnß
A‡l◊eL... (PÙdPo ˙TÙ°\Ùo)
LÙh£ 6
(U⁄j’YU˚]´p ˙UÙLu T”j’s[ A˚\.
B[YkRÙo Es˙[ Y⁄°\Ùo)
B[ : ˙UÙLu... (Uu≤l◊ ˙LhT’ ˙TÙX)
Gu˚] Uu≤f—”lTÙ...
˙UÙLu : VÙ⁄. ˘NpYj˙RÙP AlTÙYÙ?
B[ : BUÙlTÙ ˙UÙLu.. Gu˙]ÙP
LiL˚[j ß\k’h˙P ø...
˙UÙLu : øeL Gu]eL IVÙ ˘NÙp»eL?
B[ : ˙UÙLu.... Au≤dœ ø GeL ≈”
˙R• YkRlT SÙu ˙T£] ˙Tf˚N
GpXÙm U]—˙X Yf—dLÙ˙RlTÙ...
LUXm : (Es˙[ Y⁄°\Ùs) ˙UÙLu E]dœ
Ju‡m BLp≠˙V.. LÙo ÆTjß˙X
£d°d°hP GeL ˚TV˚]d LÙl
TÙjß]’m CpXÙ˙U, Eu˙]ÙP
CWjRj˚RŸm ̆ LÙ”jRYu øRÙu‡
PÙdPo ˘NÙu]˚Rd ˙LsÆlTh
˙PÙm...
A[ : Gu˙]ÙP SiTo NÙ™SÙRu
˙Tf˚Nd ˙LhPRÙ˙X YkR Æ˚]
GpXÙm....
˙UÙLu : IVÙ... J⁄ SpX SiTu Gu]
ERÆ ˘NnV‡˙UÙ A˚Rj RÙu
SÙu ˘Ng£⁄d˙Lu.... (˙VÙ£j’
Æh”) AmUÙ... ˘NpYj’ ˙U˙X
GkRl Rl◊m Cp˙X, LÙo Kh•h”
YkRY⁄ ˙U˙XRÙu Rl◊.
B[ : ø Uh”m AkRl TdLm ˙TÙLp
˙Xu]Ù.. Gu˙]ÙP UL˚] Ck
˙SWm TÙodL ÿ•VÙ’... BUÙ AkRd
LÙo ̆ SmT˚Wd LY≤f£VÙ ̇ UÙLu...
˙UÙLu : (£±’ ˙VÙ£j’) BUÙeL IVÙ..
SpXÙ OÙTLm C⁄dœ. TN 47-T. 4856..
A˙RRÙeL IVÙ!
B[ : (˙VÙ£j’Æh”) ˙UÙLu, ø ˘NÙp\
LÙ˙WÙP ̆ SmTo Gu lWih NÙ™SÙR
˙]ÙP LÙo ˘SmToRÙu.
˙UÙLu: C⁄dLXÙmeL IVÙ.. LÙ⁄dœs˙[
C⁄kRY˚Wl TÙoj˙Ru.. EeL YV—
C⁄dœm... Lfll◊d ˙LÙh” ˙TÙh•
⁄kR J⁄jRo SPkR˚Rl TÙoj’m
TÙodLÙ˙U ˙TÙ´hPÙ⁄...
B[ : ˙UÙLu... Nk˙RL˙U Cp˙X.. LUXm
øŸm ˙Lh”dL. AkRd LÙo˙X
˙TÙ]Y⁄ Gu˙]ÙP SiTo NÙ™
SÙRuRÙu. ˙TÙ≠ AkRvß˙X
37
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� ◊ßV ˚Nd°s Gu\ SÙPLj˚R £flL˚RVÙL Y•YUÙt\m ˘Nn’ G›’eLs.
� Gp˙XÙ⁄m Ko œXm GuT˚R Y≠Ÿflj’m Y˚L´p ÿjß˚W YÙd°Vm RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
� ˙UÙLu LRÙTÙjßWj˚Rj ß\]Ùn‹ ˘Nn’ œ±l◊ G›’eLs.
� ˙YflTÙPt\ NÍLm E⁄YÙL øeLs ·flm YØÿ˚\L˚[d œ±lTÙL G›’eLs.
� NÙß UR ˙TReL˚[ JØj’ Jtfl˚U˚V ®˚XSÙhP ˙Yi”˘Uu\ GiQjßp
SPjRl˘Tflm FoYXjßp Hkßf ˘NpYRtLÙ] ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
� "UdLs ˘RÙi˙P U˙LNu ˘RÙi”' Gu‡m R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W
RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
C⁄k’ SÙu Æ”Th˙Pu. Ht\j RÙr‹Ls LP‹∞u T˚Pl©p
°˚PVÙ’eL\˚RŸm SÙu EQok ’h˙Pu
˙UÙLu : Gu LP˚U˚Vj RÙ‡eL IVÙ, SÙu ˘Ng˙Nu...
LUXm : ˙UÙLu, C≤˙U EeL CWi” ˙T˙WÙP Sh◊dœ CY⁄ œfld˙L
®tL UÙhPÙ⁄.. ø SpXÙ Jn˘Y ”j’dL...
B[ : C≤˙U øeL CWi”˙T⁄m ˙Nok˙R Ts∞d·Pm ˙TÙXÙm.
E]dœ J⁄ ◊ßV ˚Nd°s YÙe°jRW SÙu ÿ•‹ ˘Ng—h˙Pu.
øŸm GeL ˚TVu UÙߨ RÙ˙]!
B£¨Vo :
˙NXm TÙ. AuTW—.
38
R™Øp NeLLÙXm ÿRp LÙXk˙RÙflm A±ÆVp Ei˚ULs CXd°VeL∞p
T´ufl YWd LÙQXÙm. CVp, C˚N, SÙPLm Gu‡m ÿjR™›dœl ©u
A±ÆVp R™˚Z SÙuLÙYRÙLd ·flY’i”. SÙh•u ÿu˙]t\m ˘TÙ’
UdL∞˚P˙V, ÆgOÙ] A±‹ TW‹˚Rl ˘TÙflj˙R Es[’. A±ÆVp
˘NnßL˚[j R™Øp R⁄Yßp SÙm Y[of£V˚Pk’s˙[Ùm. A±ÆV≠u
Y[of£dœd L˚Xf˘NÙpXÙdLÿm, RWlTÙ”m ™L‹m Cu±V˚UVÙR’.
CjR˚LV L⁄j’L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP’ CqYXœ.
ÿRu-̊ Ud Lt\p A˚P‹Ls :
� A±ÆVp NÙu˙\ÙoL∞u NÙR˚]L˚[d œ±l◊L[ÙL G›’°\ÙoLs.
� A±ÆVp UflUXof£ SÙVLoLs Tt±V ˘NnßL˚[f ˙NL¨j’
G›’°\ÙoLs.
� A±ÆVp R™Øu R≤jRu˚UL˚[d LiP±k’ Lh”˚W G›’°\ÙoLs.
39
LÙQÙd -L-ßo-Ls
L¶≤
A±ÆVp EX°p L¶≤VmUÙ!
At◊R ™u]‘d L⁄ÆVmUÙ!
Æ˚W‹Pu CVeœm Æk˚RVmUÙ!
Æ˚]TX ˘NnŸm ◊’˚UVmUÙ!
LhP˚[ A‡lT Æ˚NlTX˚L
˚LÆWp RhP CVe°”UÙm
—h˘P≠ SLojß A›j’YRÙp
Nh˘P] UÙt\m ®Lrkß”UÙm
C˚QVm L¶≤´u J⁄Tœß
C˚Qdœm EX°u TXTœß
A˚]j’j RLYp ˘NnßL˚[
A±kßP CR≤u TVu™œß
LQdœLs ˙TQ C’ER‹m
LP˚ULs ˘NnV C’ER‹m
E]d˘L] SiT]Ùnl ©˚ZL∞u±
ERÆ”m ’˚QYu L¶≤VmUÙ!
˘TÙ±´Vp ™u≤Vp U⁄j’Yjßp
˘TÙu˘]]d ˘LÙsY’ L¶≤VmUÙ!
A±ÆVp EX°p L¶≤˚Vl ˙TÙp
AßNVm ˙Yfl Cp˚XVmUÙ!
˛ ˙PÆh ©WRÙl £e
40
Kh”l˙TÙP Ko CVkßWm
EX°p TX Y[of£V˚PkR SÙ”Ls ·P Cufl
Sm˚Ul TÙoj’l ˘TÙ\Ù˚U˘LÙsfim J⁄
Æ`Vm C⁄d°\’ Gu\Ùp A’ Smÿ˚PV
˙RoRp ’˚\´u D” C˚QVt\ ˘NVpTÙ”
Lfim, ARtœ ÿd°Vd LÙWQUÙL C⁄dœm
Kh”lTß‹ ˘NnŸm CVkßWÿ˙U Bœm.
TZkR™Zo LÙXjß˙X˙V Es[Ùh£j
˙RoRpLs SPkRRtLÙ] NÙuflLs CXd°Ve
L∞p LÙQlT”°u\]. œPeL∞p T˚]
K˚XL˚[ YÙdœf ∫h”L[ÙLl TVuT”jßj
RUdœ Su˚U ˘NnŸm ©Wß®ßL˚[j
˙Rok˘R”dœm œP˙YÙ˚X ÿ˚\j ˙RoRpLs
Sm R™ZLjßp S˚P˘Tt\RtLÙ] NÙuflLs
Es[]. Ah˚PLfim, Èf£Lfim ®˚\kR
APokR LÙh•p Es[ —UÙo 900 YÙdLÙ[o
LfidLÙLl TX ˚UpLs ÁWm ˙RoRp
˘TÙ⁄sL˚[j R˚Xf—˚UVÙL˙Y Ád°f
˘Nufl YÙdœlTß‹ ˘NnŸm ˙LW[ÙÆu
C”d° UÙYhPjßu CPU˚Xdœ• ˚UVm
ÿRp, J˙W J⁄ YÙdLÙ[⁄dLÙL 39°,¡
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
��L¶≤ Gu\ LÆ˚R´u ˚UVd L⁄j˚Rf —h• SVm TÙWÙh”eLs.
��C˚QVm C˚Qdœm EXLm G‡m R˚Xl©p LÆ˚R G›’eLs.
˘RÙ˚X‹dœ SPk’ ˘Nufl YÙd˚Ll Tß‹
˘NnR CPeLfim Es[].
Tj’j æ‹L∞p Uh”˙U U≤Ro YÙrk’ Y⁄m
XhNjæ‹j ˘RÙœßLs, TPœL∞p TX U¶
˙SWm TVQm ˘Nn’ YÙdœlTß‹ SPj’m
Av^Ùm UÙ®Xm ÿRp T≤E˚\Ÿm XPÙd
˙PÆh ©WRÙl £e
E£XmTh• ˙Up®˚XlTs∞´p R˚X˚U B£¨VWÙLl T¶VÙt±V Be°X B£¨Vo.
R™ZL SpXÙ£¨Vo Æ⁄’ ˘Tt\Yo.
41
Y˚W TXRWlThP ◊Æ´Vp A˚Ul◊L∞p
Tp˙Yfl LXÙfNÙWeL∞¤m Tp˙Yfl TiTÙ”
L∞¤m, TX ˘UÙØ ˙T—m UdL∞˚P ˙VŸm
˙RoR˚X SpXÿ˚\´p SPj’YRÙp RÙu
CkßVj ˙RoRp B˚QVjßtœ EXL
A[Æp SpX Ußl◊ C⁄k’ Y⁄°\’.
CkßVÙÆp TVuT”jRlT”m YÙdœl Tß‹d
LÙ] ™u]‘ CVkßWeLs ˘TeL¨¤m
˚aRWÙTÙjߤm RVÙ¨dLlT”°u\]. C˚Y
T•dLÙR TÙUW UdL[Ù¤m G∞RÙLl ◊¨k’
˘LÙi” Kh”l ˙TÙ”m ÆRjßp ß\˚UVÙL
Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[]. CkßVÙÆp Es[
A˚]j’ YÙdL[ÙoL∞u ˘TVoL˚[Ÿm
C˚QVR[jßp ˘Y∞´h” CkßVj ˙RoRp
B˚QVm EX°u Y[of£V˚PkR SÙ”Lfim
·P ˘NnVÙR NÙR˚]˚Vl ◊¨k’s[’. YÙdœ
E¨˚Ul ˘Tt\ GpXÙ YÙdLÙ[oL˚[Ÿm
YÙdL∞dLj Ái”m ÆRjßp SÙ” ÿ›’m
©WfNÙWm ˘Nn’Y⁄Y’ CkßVj ˙RoRp
B˚QVm RÙu. AßL UdLs ˘RÙ˚L ˘LÙiP
Ut\ SÙ”L∞p ·P CkR A[‹ ©WfNÙWeLs
SPjRlT”Yßp˚X. ˙RoR≠p ˙YhTÙ[oL[ÙL
®tœm VÙ⁄dœm YÙdL∞dL Æ⁄lT™p˚X
Gu\Ùp "˙SÙhPÙ' YÙnl˚TŸm CkßVj ̇ RoRp
’˚\ CkßV UdLfidœ A∞j’s[’.
˙RoRp B˚QVm YÙdœl Tß‹dLÙLl
TVuT”j’m ™u]‘ CVkßWeLs TX
£\l◊L˚[d ˘LÙi” Æ[eœ°u\].
YÙdœlTß‹lTœß Lh”lTÙh”lTœß B°V
C⁄ ÿd°Vl TœßL˚[d ˘LÙiPRÙL
A˚UdLlTh”s[’. ̇ RoRp AßLÙ¨´Pÿs[
Lh”lTÙh”d L⁄Æ´˚] CVdœm˙TÙ’ ¿l
Gu\ J≠ G›m. ©u]oRÙu YÙdLÙ[o RU’
YÙdœl Tß‹ CVkßWjßp YÙd˚Ll Tß‹
˘NnV ÿ•Ÿm. J⁄ ™u]‘ CVkßWjßp
SÙuœ YÙdœlTß‹ CVkßWeL˚[ C˚QdL
ÿ•Ÿm. Jq˘YÙu±¤m 16 ˙YhTÙ[oLs Gu\
Æ°Rjßp ˘UÙjRm SÙuœ CVkßWeL∞p 64
˙YhTÙ[oL∞u ˘TVoL˚[ EhT”jß J⁄
™u]‘ CVkßWj˚Rl TVuT”jR ÿ•Ÿm.
42
T•jRRYoLs Uh”m CpXÙUp TÙUWoLfim
CkR CVkßWj˚R G∞RÙLd ˚LVÙfim
ÆRjßp RVÙ¨dLl Th”s[’RÙu CRu
ULjRÙ] £\lTÙœm. J⁄ YÙdLÙ[o J⁄ ÿ˚\
YÙdœlTß‹ ˘TÙjRÙ˚] A›jßV©\œ
A”jRÿ˚\Ÿm RYflRXÙL C˙R ˘TÙjRÙ˚]
A›jß]Ùp ÿRpRP˚Y TßYÙ] YÙdœ
Uh”˙U CkR ÿ˚\´p AY⁄˚PV YÙdLÙLl
TßYÙœm. £X U¶ ˙SWeL∞˙X˙V YÙdœLs
GiQlTh” ÿ•‹Ls ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[
ÿ•°\’.
CkR ™u]‘ YÙdœlTß‹ CVkßWjRÙp
„Zp TÙ’LÙdLlT”°\’. LÙ°Rf ˘NX‹
˘T⁄U[‹ œ˚\dLlT”YRÙp LÙ”Ls AØdLl
T”Y’m, AR]Ùp HtTPd·•V TX æ˚ULfim
R”dLlT”°u\]. CkRd L⁄ÆLs GpXÙÆRe
L∞¤m Su˚U R⁄Y]YÙL˙Y A˚Uk’s[].
CR]Ùp U≤R Bt\p, G›’˘TÙ⁄hf ˘NX‹,
LÙXÆWVm B°V˚Y ≈QÙLÙUp R”dLl
T”°\]. Cj-R-˚LV ◊ßV YNß˚V CkßVj
˙RoRp B˚QVm YÙdLÙ[oLfidœ
A∞j’s[’.
CkR ™u]‘ YÙdœlTß‹ CVkßWjßu
Y[of£ _]SÙVLjßp HtThP ULjRÙ]
Y[of£ Gu˙\ ·\XÙm. C’ B˙WÙd°VUÙ]
ÿu˙]t\ÿm ·P. CkR ULjRÙ] CVkßWm
CkßVoL[Ù°V Sm Jq˘YÙ⁄Y˚WŸm EXL
A[Æp R˚X®™ok’ ®tL ˚Yjß⁄j
ß⁄d°\’.
J⁄ ®™Pjßp AßL ThNm 5 ™u]‘ CVkß
Wjßp 3840 YÙdœL˚[l Tß‹ ̆ NnVXÙm. Tß‹
˘NnVlThP YÙdœL∞u ÆYWeL˚[ —UÙo 10
Y⁄PeLs Y˚W TÙ’LÙlTÙL ˚Yjß⁄dL
ÿ•Ÿm. CkRd L⁄Æ´p 6 ˙YÙph ™uß\u
˘LÙiP ˙ThP¨ TVuT”jRlT”YRÙp
YÙdLÙ[o YÙdL∞dœm˙TÙ’ ™uNÙWm RÙdœm
BTj’ G’‹m HtT”Y’ Cp˚X.
CkRd L⁄Æ´u ˙ThP¨ ALt\lTh”
ÆhPÙ¤m CVkßWjßp TßYÙ] YÙdœL˚[l
Tt±V ÆYWeLs A˚]j’m CVkßWjßu
®˚]YLjßp ˙N™dLlTh”l TjßWUÙLl
TÙ’LÙlTÙL C⁄dœm.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� TÙPlTœßL∞p A˚Uk’s[ A±ÆVp L˚Xf ˘NÙtLfidœ C˚QVÙ] Be°Xf
˘NÙtL˚[j ˘RÙœdL‹m.
� Ti˚PV ˙RoRp ÿ˚\Ÿm Cu˚\V ˙RoRp ÿ˚\Ÿm Jl©h”d œ±l◊ G›’eLs.
� Kh” ̇ TÙ”m CVkßWjßu Y[f£˚Vl ̇ TÙufl G˙R‡m J⁄ L⁄Æ´u Y[of£˚Vl
Tt±d Lh”˚W G›’eLs.
43
CkßVÙÆu ̇ R˚YLfim EsY[jß\˚ULfim
CkßVÙÆu ˙R˚YLs ™Lj ˘R∞YÙ]˚Y.
SÙh•p TX ˙LÙ• _]eL∞u Yfl˚U
JØdLlTP ̇ Yi”m. A˚]Y⁄dœm —LÙRÙWm,
A˚]Y⁄dœm £\kR LpÆŸm L˚XLfim,
A˚]Y⁄dœm ˙Y˚X YÙnl◊ G]
A˚]j’m £\dL‹m, Sm SÙh˚P ®LW
HtflUßVÙ[o Rœßdœ EVojR‹m, ˙RNl
TÙ’LÙl©p Ru≤˚\‹ ˘Ttfl Y⁄eLÙXjßp
A˚]j’j ’˚\L∞¤m œu\Ù Y[ÿPu
£\k˙RÙeLl ˙TÙßV ß\˚ULs VÙ‹m
˘T⁄dL‹m ˙Yi”m.
EsY[jß\˚U GuT’ Gu]? —⁄dLUÙLf
˘NÙpXl˙TÙ]Ùp œ±l©hP £X Y[j’˚\
L∞p £\kR ÿ•‹L˚[Ÿm Æ˚[‹L˚[Ÿm
œfl°V LÙXLhPj߇s A˚PV CV¤m
A[‹dœ SUdœs C⁄dœm SUd˙L E¨jRÙ]
£X Y≠˚ULs Gufl ·\XÙm.
CkßVÙ Tp˙Yfl ©WÙkßVeLs ˘LÙiP˘RÙ⁄
TWkR SÙ”. TXRWl ThP TXeLfim
TX≈]eLfim CRtœ Ei”. Tp˙Yfl C]
UdLfim Ceœ YÙr°u\]o. £\kR LpÆŸm
T´t£Ÿm ˘Y∞ŸXL A‡TYÿm ThP±‹m
™œkRYoLs £Xo. A˙R ˙Y˚[´p, NWÙN¨
LpÆ YÙnl◊Lfim, NÙRÙWQ T¶ A‡TYÿm
E˚PV Au\ÙPl ©˚Zl◊d˙L ApXÙ”m
’oTÙd°VNÙ≠Lfim Es[]o. CYoL∞Pm
ß\˚ULfim œ˚\‹. YÙnl◊Lfim ™Lf
˘NÙtTm. C’˙TÙu\ ©Wf£˚]L∞p £dœi”
SÙm Íf—j ßQ\ ˙Yi•Vßp˚X. Ceœ
A˚Wœ˚\ TÙd°VNÙ≠Lfi˙U ◊ßV ˘RÙØp
÷hTeL˚[Ÿm, ß\˚UL˚[Ÿm, AYt˚\f
˘NVpT”j’m ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm G∞ßp
EsYÙe°d ˘LÙsfim ß\u E˚PVYoL[Ù
LjRÙu C⁄d°\ÙoLs Gu°\’ J⁄ BdL
ÈoYd L⁄j˙RÙhPm.
S≈]lT”jRlThP LpÆ AYoLfidœl ◊ßV
A‘œÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm A±˚YŸm CXœYÙL
EsYÙe°d ˘LÙs[ ERÆtfl. ˘TiL∞˚P˙V
LpÆV±Æu˚U AfNÍh”m ®˚X´p
C⁄kRÙ¤m, ̆ TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf ̆ NVpTÙ”L∞u ◊ßV
Y•YeLfid˙LtTl TX ’˚\ NÙokR ˘T⁄m
TÙu˚U UL∞o ReL˚[ EP‡dœPu TiT
”jßd ˘LÙiP]o GuT˙R Ei˚U.
Sm SÙh•u ULjRÙ] ˘RÙØp÷hTj ˘RÙØp
’˚\f NÙR˚]Ls TX‹m B´WdLQdLÙ]
C[m˘TiLs, BPYo Rm L”m ÿVt£´]Ùp
®LrkR˚Y. AYoLs SÙh•u ˘Yq˙Yfl
TÙLeL∞p NÙRÙWQl Ts∞d·PeL∞¤m,
Lp̨L∞¤m T´u\YoLs. CkßVl Èo≈Lm
˘LÙiP TX CXhNm ˙To EX°u Tp˙Yfl
TÙLeL∞p Re°l T¶◊¨k’ Y⁄°u\]o.
AYoLs A˚]Y⁄˙U CkßVj ˘RÙØp÷hTl
T´XLeL∞p (Indian Institute of Technology)ApX’ AjR˚LV ˘T⁄˚U™dL
®flY]eL∞p LpÆ T´u\YoLs ApXo.
AYoLs CkßVÙÆu NÙRÙWQ
®flY]eL∞≠⁄k’ YkRYoL˙[. AYoL∞p
44
U⁄j’YoLs, ̆ TÙ±´VXo, ̆ RÙØp÷hTYÙßVo,
RÙßVo, KÆVo, G›jRÙ[o, CRZÙ[o, LQdœl
TßYÙ[o, LQdLo, B£¨Vo G]l Tp˙Yfl
TRÆ Y°lTYoLfim ©\ FØVoLfim
APeœYo. N¡Tjßp CkßVd L¶l˘TÙ±
˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s At◊Rm ®LrjßVYoLs
GpXÙ⁄˙U NÙRÙWQ C[m˘TiLs, BPYoLs.
AYoL[Ùp NW[UÙL Be°Xjßp ˙TNd ·P
CVXÙUp C⁄dLXÙm. Gu\Ù¤m EXL[ÙÆV
Y¶Ll ˙TÙh•´p EVok’ ®tLl ˙TÙßV
A[‹dœd L¶˘TÙ± CVeœm Æßÿ˚\d
˚L˙V”L˚[ YÙ£j’d L¶l˘TÙ±L˚[
CVdœYßp ®◊Qj’Ym ˘T\ AYoL[Ùp
ÿ•°\’.
Cß≠⁄k’ ˘Rs[j ˘R∞YÙœm Ko Ei˚U.
CkßVÙÆu U≤RY[ BRÙWm Sm R˚XVÙV
EsY[jß\˚UL∞p Ju\Ùœm. CkßVÙÆu
TXm C’˙Y. ß\˚UVt\Y‡dœl T´t£
YZe°Ÿm ß\˚UNÙ≠dœ ˙U¤m £\kR
ß\˚ULs Fh•Ÿm, T•jRYoLfidœd ·”Rp
NYÙXÙ] ◊ßV „r®˚X E⁄YÙd°Ÿm,
˙Y[Ùi˚U, ˘RÙØp’˚\ Utflm ˙N˚Yl
©¨‹L∞p ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf ˘NVpTÙh•tœ¨V
Y•LÙpLs A˚Uj’j RW‹m ÿ•kRÙp
CkßVoLs Rm CXdœL˚[f ˘Nu\˚PY˙RÙ”
Uh”m ApXÙUp AYt˚\ ˘Yufl Eu]R
EVo‹m A˚PYo. ˘RÙØp÷hTj ˘RÙ˚X
˙SÙdœ BYQeLs U≤R Bt\˚X Y[UÙdL
Y˚L ˘Nn°u\]. SÙh•u A”j’ Y⁄m
GßoLÙX SPY•d˚LLfidLÙ] A•lT˚P
C’˙Y. CjR˚LV U≤R Bt\pY[ A¶
45
Yœl˙T Sm˚Ul ̆ TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf NÙR˚]Lfidœ
Ch”f ˘Np¤m.
CkßVÙÆu Ut˘\Ù⁄ EsY[ Y≠˚UVÙY’
ARu A•lT˚P CVt˚LY[m. CkßVÙÆu
RÙ’dLfim L≤U Y[lT•‹Lfim ˘N±YÙL
˙YÙ ∫WÙ] WLjß˙XÙ CpXÙÆhPÙ¤m ·P
AYt±p ̆ T⁄mTÙXÙ]˚Y ™L AßL A[Æp
LÙQlT”°u\]. G@œ Utflm A¤™≤Vj
RÙ’Y˚LLs Ceœ HWÙ[m, SÙm ÿ›˚UVÙLl
TVuT”jßd ̆ LÙs[Æp˚X Gu\Ù¤m AßNV
E˙XÙLUÙ] ˚PhPÙ≤Vm ÿR≠V TX AÈoY
Ui RÙ’dLs (rare earth materials) Ceœl
˘T⁄U[Æp Es[]. Cu‡m Tp˙Yfl
Y[eLfim Bt\p ÍXeLfim ˘TÙßk’
°Pdœm øiP ˘S”m LPtL˚W Sm SÙh•p
C⁄d°\’. ®XjR• Y[eL˚[d ·”RXÙLf
˘NXYØj’ Y⁄m ThNjßp Sm GßoLÙXj
˙R˚Ydœ¨V Bt\p ÍXeLs C˚Y˙V.
˙Ut˘LÙi” Sm SÙh•u LPX• Y[eL˚[
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� A±ÆV≠u Y[of£ BdLjßtLÙ? AØÆtLÙ? Gu\ R˚Xl©p S˚P˘Tflm
Th•Uu\jßp E˚WVÙt\ H˙R‡m J⁄ R˚Xl©tœl Th•Uu\d œ±l◊ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
� H.©.˙_ Al’p LXÙm AYoL∞Pm A±ÆV≠u Y[of£l Tt± A±k’˘LÙsfim
Y˚L´p Æ]Ù®Wp RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
� H˙R‡m Ko A±ÆVp Bn‹d ·Pjßtœd L[lTVQm ˙Ut˘LÙi” A‡TYd
œ±l◊ G›’eLs.
Cu‡m ®˚\V˙Y BWÙV ˙Yi• Es[’.
CYtflPu YÙrd˚L Y[eLfidœ ELkR
Aߣ\kR A•jR[m Ceœ C⁄d°\’.
˘N±YÙ] Tp¤´ol ˘T⁄dLm (bio-diversity)˙R˚YVÙ] „¨V ˘Y∞fNm, CkR EX°u
÷iUÙߨ Y•Ym Gufl œ±l©”m A[‹dœ
Bod•d œ∞ol ©W˙RNm ˘RÙh” ˘YlT
UiPXl T—˚Ud LÙ”Ls Y˚W, R¨—l
TÙ˚XLs Y˚W ˙Y[Ùi ÆYNÙVjßtœ Ht\
TX RWlThP T⁄Yf „Zp, ß\mTPj ˙Rd°
˚YdL ÿ•VÙ’ ˙TÙ]Ù¤m, œ˚\Æu±l
˘TÙØk’ Rsfim U˚ZY[m A˚]j’m
Ceœi”. Æ[d°d ·flYRÙ]Ùp Sm SÙh•p
˘TnŸm Y⁄PÙkRW U˚Zl ˘TÙØ˚Y CkßVl
TWlT[‹ ÿ›Y’m ®Wl©]Ùp J⁄ ¡hPo
EVWm Y⁄UÙm. A’‹m AqY[˚YŸm ˙Rd°
˚YdL ÿ•kRÙp Uh”m CkßVÙÆu ˘RÙØp
÷hTj ˘RÙ˚X˙SÙdœ 2020 ®˚\˙Yflm.
˛ PÙdPo H.©.˙_. Al’p LXÙm
PÙdPo H.©.˙_. Al’p LXÙm
15 Ad˙PÙTo 1931 Cp R™rSÙh•¤s[ CWÙUSÙR◊Wm UÙYhPjߤs[ CWÙ˙U—YWm
Gu\ F¨p ©\kRÙo. Æi-̆ Y∞ BWÙ-nf-£-́ p œ±l-©-Pj Rd-L-Yo. ÿu]Ùs œ•VW—j
R˚XY⁄m BYÙo.
46
Æ_V ß⁄˙YeLPm : ÿj’ AYoL˙[
YQdLm.
˘Sp˚X —. ÿj’ : YQdLm
Æ.ß⁄. : 1989Bm Bi•‡˚PV R™ZL
AW£u £\kR A±ÆVp ˤdLÙ]
T¨— EeLfidœd °˚Pjß⁄d°\’
Gu\ ̆ Nnß˚Vd ̇ Lh” SÙu ™L‹m
U°r°˙\u. GeLs ®˚XVjßu
NÙo©¤m ˙SVoLs NÙo©¤m EeL
fidœ GeLfi˚PV YÙrj’Ls.
ÿj’ : Su±
Æ.ß⁄. : ÿj’ AYoL˙[! øeLs YÙ]j˚R
A[l˙TÙm Gu°\ Ë˚X G›’
Rtœ¨V LÙWQm Gu]? AßLUÙLj
R™r Ëp Cp˚X Gu°\ œ˚\VÙ?
ApX’ Es[ÙokR J⁄ BoYUÙ?
ÿj’ : R™r CXd°Vj˚Rl ˘TÙfljR
Uh•¤m HWÙ[UÙ] Æi˘Y∞f ̆ Nnß
Ls ̨ YÙ≤Vp ̆ NnßLs BeLÙe˙L
C˚XU˚\ LÙnU˚\VÙL ˛ EYUÙ]
EY˙UVeL[ÙLj ˘RÙd° ®t°u\].
"Y±’ ®˚XCV LÙVm‡' J⁄
AZLÙ] ˘NÙt˘\ÙPo Y⁄°u\’.
BLÙVm GuT’ ˘Yfl˚UVÙ
C⁄dœ’. ˘Yt±Pm Gu°\˚Rj
£\-°pXÙl T\-̊ Y-Ls
˘R¨g˙NÙ ˘R¨VÙU˙XÙ ˘WÙmT
SVUÙLd ˚LVÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs Sm
NeLl ◊XYoLs.
CkR UÙߨl TX ˘NnßLs Be
Le˙L Es[]. AYt±tœ S≈]
˘RÙØp ÷hTj ’˚\˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo◊
C⁄dœ˙RÙ Cp˚X˙VÙ ˛ ˘NnßLs
C⁄kß⁄dœ. £kR˚]Ls C⁄kß
⁄dœ ˛ AlTºeL\ Li˙QÙh
Pjß˙X R™Øp G”j’f ˘NÙpX
‘e°\ BoYm G]dœs ©\kR’.
Æ.ß⁄. : Cl˙TÙ CkR YÙ]j˚R A[l˙TÙm
Gu°\ Ë≠u YØVÙL Gu] ˘Nnß
˚Vf ˘NÙp≠´⁄d∏eL GuT˚R
SmU ˙SVoLfidœd ˘LÙgNm
—⁄dLUÙLf ˘NÙp¤eL˙[u.
ÿj’ : EXLjß˙X ˛ R˚W UhPjß˙X
C⁄k’ °[m© ˘Y∞UiPXm‡
˘NÙpXlT”°\ Atmosphere Es[’.
Aß˙X YœlTh”s[ Jq˘YÙ⁄
A”dœLs Tt±d ·±´⁄d°˙\u.
UiPXj߇P˚V ◊ßV RLYp
L˚[Ÿm, NkßW UiPX Bn‹L
˚[Ÿm ·±, ̆ RÙPok’ „¨V˚]l Tt±V
BWÙnf£L˚[ GpXÙm Cßp
Æ[d° C⁄d°˙\u.
N¡Tjßp Ÿ≠˘Nv Gu°\ ÆiL
YÙ]j˚R A[l˙TÙm
47
Xj˚R A˘U¨dLÙ‹m I˙WÙlTÙ
SÙ”Lfim ˙Nok’ „¨V˚] ˙SÙd°
A‡l© ˚Yj’s[].
C˚Y RÆW Jq˘YÙ⁄ °WLj˚Rl
Tt±Ÿm ˛ A’ Li”©•dLlThP
ÆRm ShNjßWeLs, AYt±u
˘RÙœlTÙL Æ[eœm E”UiPXm
ClT• ƨ°u\’ ©WTgNm. Aßp
·P E”UiPXm Tt± ™L A⁄˚U
VÙ] ˘NÙpXÙh£ ˛ L˚]VZp
Gu˘\Ù⁄ ˘NÙt©W˙VÙLm ˛ NeL
CXd°Vjßp Y⁄°u\’. LÙXd£
E”UiPXm CRtœ ™Ll˘TÙ⁄jR
UÙ] ˘NÙpXÙL‹m G]dœl ThP’.
B]Ùp E”UiPXm Gu°\
YÙoj˚R TZdLjßp YkRÙ´tfl.
E”UiPXeLs ˙RÙuflYRtœ ÍX
LÙWQUÙL C⁄kR ̆ T⁄˘Y•l◊ —UÙo
1500 ˙LÙ• Bi”Lfidœ ÿu]o
SPkRRRÙL Cu˚\dœ SÙm LY≤j’
˚Yj’s[ ˘NnßL˚[Ÿm œ±l
©h•⁄d˙Lu.
AiP˘Y∞˚V ƨj’f ˘NÙp≠
Cflß´p J⁄ NeL CXd°Vl TÙP
˚XŸm ˙LÙ” LÙh• ÿ•j ß⁄d°˙\u.
ß˚]V[‹ ˙TÙRÙf £fl◊pøo øiP
T˚]V[‹ LÙh”m T•Um
ARÙY’ £u] T≤j’∞´p ˘T¨V
T˚]UWjßu ©mTm ÿ›RÙLj
˘R¨°\’. AkRl ©mTm UÙߨRÙu
SÙm C’Y˚W ˘NÙu] ˘NnßLfim
LÙh• C⁄d°\ Ei˚ULfim!
Aß≠⁄k’ VRÙojR ˘TÙ⁄˚[ ˛
øeLRÙu ˘U’YÙL A˚N˙TÙh”l
TÙoj’d ˘LÙs[˙Y‘m.
R™r CXd°Vj˙RÙ” S≈] ˘RÙØp
÷hTeL˚[Ÿm Æ[d° ˛ ARtœl
TÙWßVÙ¨u YN]d LÆ˚RL˚[Ÿm
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ÿjß˚W Y¨L[Ùd°
UœP™h” G›R ÿ•kRRÙ]Ùp CkR
Ëp J⁄ ®˚\YÙ] ËXÙL˙Y
G]dœm ß⁄lß A∞jR’.
Æ.ß⁄. : U°rf£
R™Øp ®˚\V A±ÆVp ˘NnßLs
·\lTh•⁄d°u\]. YXYu HYÙ
YÙ]ÓoßUÙߨ RdL’ ®˚XjR
’u‡ LmTu ˙T—°\Ùu.
EeLfi˚PV Ë≠p SÙu TÙod°
˙\u. J⁄ £X Be°Xf ˘NÙtL˚[
AlT•˙V G”j’d ˚LVÙi•
⁄d°»oLs. R™Øp ˘NÙpX ˙Yi
PÙm‡ ®˚]d°»oL[Ù? ˘NÙu]Ùp
Aß˙X˙V LÙXm ˙TÙ´”m. SÙm
48
Æ˚Wk’ A±ÆV˚X UdL∞˚P˙V
TWlT ÿ•VÙ’u‡ ®˚]dL»eL[Ù?
Cp˚X. Ht\ ˘NÙtLs °˚PdLÙ
’u‡ L⁄’°»oL[Ù?
ÿj’ : UW◊YØf ˘NÙtLs Gufl £X
˘NÙtL˚[ Y˚LlT”j’°˙\Ùm.
YZd˘LÙØkR TZkR™rf ˘NÙtLs.
AYt˚\ SÙm ˙R• G”j’d˘LÙi”
Yk’ A±ÆVp R™Øp A¶ ˙NodL
˙Yi”m. AlT•jRÙu YXYu ̇ LÙs
˙SoRp ˙TÙu\ YÙoj˚RLs.
◊ßRÙL C≤f ˘NÙpXlTP ˙Yi•V
RLYpLfidœ HtL]˙Y R™Øp
C⁄dLd ·•V UW◊f ˘NÙtL˚[ ˛
A±ÆV¤dœ A±ÿLlT”j’
YRu ÍXm UdL∞Pm A±ÆV˚Xd
˘LÙi” ˙NolTRÙL‹m A˚UŸm,
R™˚Z Y[lT”j’YRÙL‹m A˚U
Ÿm.
AqYÙ˙\ £X ˘TVof ˘NÙtL˚[
SÙm AlT•˙V Be°Xjßp
G”jRÙfiYߤm RY±p˚X G]
®˚]d°˙\u. ÆgOÙ] A[‹
L[Ù] ®ÎhPu, TÙvLp ¡hPo
˙TÙu\ ˘TVof˘NÙtL˚[ AlT•˙V
˚LVÙsY’ RÙu E£Rm.
RÆW, ◊ßRÙLf £X Æ`VeL˚[f
˘NÙp¤°\˙TÙ’ UW◊YØj R™rf
˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß YZd°tœ
˘LÙi” YW ÿ•kRÙp A’˙Y Sm
˘Yt±.
Æ.ß⁄. : ÿj’ AYoL˙[, EeLfi˚PV
˘TV˚Wf £X LÆ˚R ËpL∞˙XŸm
TÙojß⁄d°˙\u. øeLs J⁄
LÆOWÙL‹m A±VlTh”s«oLs.
LÆ˚R˚Vf ˘NÙpYRtœm A±Æ
V˚Xf ˘NÙpYRtœm ˙YflTÙ”
HRÙY’ C⁄d°\RÙ?
ÿj’ : LÆ˚R GuT’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ LQl
˘TÙ›ßu A‡T YeL[ÙL U]߇s
®LrY˚R ˘Y∞lT”j’Y’. A±
ÆVp ˛ Rj’YÙojR EsfiQo‹
NÙokR’. Gu\Ù¤m SÙm Au\ÙPm
LÙ‘m A‡TÆdœm S˚Pÿ˚\
YÙr‹dœ ER‹m ˘RÙØp ÷hTe
L˚[ Es[Pd°V’. CWi•¤m
˘Y∞TÙh”f £dLp H’™p˚X.
RÆW LÆ˚R´p ÆgOÙ]f ˘Nnß
L˚[d ·\ ˙Yi”m GuT’ G]’
Æ⁄lT ÿm ·P!
Æ.ß⁄. : SpXÙ C⁄dœ. A±ÆV˚Xd LÆ˚R
VÙLf ˘NÙp¤°\˙TÙ’ Su\ÙL˙Y
C⁄d°\’. U°rf£!
ÿj’ : Su±
Æ.ß⁄. : ÿj’ AYoL˙[, CkR YÙ]j˚R
A[l˙TÙm °\ ˤdœl T¨— YÙe°
C⁄d∏eL. ˘RÙPok’ TX ËpL˚[
G›R ˙Yi”m Gu°\ BoYm
G›Y’ CVt˚L. A”j’ C˙R
’˚\˚Vl Tt±V ◊jRLUÙ? Cp˚X
˙YßVp ˙TÙu\ H˚]V ’˚\
◊jRLm G›RXÙm G] ®˚]d
°»eL[Ù?
ÿj’ : Gu‡˚PV ËpL∞p ÿR≠p
Ykß⁄dL ˙Yi•V’ J⁄ LÆ˚Rj
˘RÙœl◊. H\jRÙZ 1971 ≠⁄k’
Af˙N\j ’Ye°V LÆ˚RLs TX
HWÙ[UÙ] CRrL∞¤m H”L∞¤m
˘Y∞Ykß⁄d°u\].
ARtœ Al◊\m RÙu YÙ]j˚R
A[l˙TÙm°\ CkR Ëp G›Rl
ThP’. B]Ùp ˘Y∞ YkR’m
R≤f£\l◊ ˘Tt\’ CkËp. Aßp
G]dœ CWh•l◊ U°rf£.
Æ.ß⁄. : U°rf£, TÙWÙh”dLs. YÙ]j˚R
A[l˙TÙm Gu\ CkË˚Xj
˘RÙPok’ Cu‡m £X G›Rl
49
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� ""YÙ˚] A[l˙TÙm, LPp ¡˚] A[l˙TÙm' Gu\ R˚Xl©p Lh”˚W G›’eLs.
R™Øp A±ÆV˚Xf ˘NÙp¤°\˙TÙ’ SÙm Æ˚Wk’ ˘NVpTPÙÆhPÙp, ©\
SÙ”Lfidœl ©u Re°Æ”˙YÙm'' Gu\ L⁄jß˚] BWÙnk’ œ±l◊ G›’eLs.
˙TÙYRÙLd ·±…oLs. T¨— °˚Pj
R˚R Jh• CkËp Cu‡m TWY
XÙLj R™ZWÙp T•dLlTP ˙Yi”m
Gu\ ßhPjßp AW— H˙R‡m ̆ NnV
ÿuY⁄°\RÙ?
ÿj’ : AW£u ßhPeLs œ±j’ G]dœf
N¨YWj ˘R¨VÙ’ Gu\ ˙TÙߤm,
˘RÙPok’ Gm ’˚\ NÙokR ˘NnßL
˚[j R™r UdLfidœm, AuToL
fidœm YZeL ˙Yi”m Gu°\
˙TWYÙ Gu‡s °[ok’ ˘LÙi˙P
C⁄d°u\’. œ±lTÙL ˛ CkßV
Æi˘Y∞ BWÙnf£ Tt± J⁄ Ëp
Af£p C⁄d°\’. Æi˘Y∞l
T•L∞p CkßVÙ Gu\ Ckˤdœ
GeLs Æd°Wm NÙWTÙn Æi˘Y∞
®flY]jßu C˚Q CVdœSo ß⁄.
Bo.Gm YÙNLm AYoLs ÿu‡˚W
YZe° Ÿs[ÙoLs. C’˙Y GU’
A”jR ËXÙL C⁄dœm.
C≤ L˚P£VÙL J⁄ ˘Nnß. R™Øp
A±ÆV˚Xf ˘NÙp¤°\˙TÙ’ ˛ SÙm
Æ˚Wk’ ˘NVpTPÙÆhPÙp, ©\
SÙ”Lfidœm ©u Re°Æ”˙YÙm
Gu°\ LY˚X Cu˚\dœ C⁄d°\’.
A’ œ±j’ A±ÆVp A±OoLs
®WmT G›’°\ÙoLs, ˙T—°\ÙoLs.
Cßp EeL[ÙXÙ] T¶˚Vj R™Øp
A±ÆV˚X ˘NÙp¤YRtLÙ],
T¶˚V Æ˚Wk’ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
L˚Xf˘NÙtL˚[l Tt±V ÿh”l
TÙ”, ˘UÙØVÙdLjßp £X ©Wf£
˚]Ls C⁄d°u\].
AkRf £dLp R˚PL˚[j RÆoj’
ød° Æ˚Wk’ ̆ NVpTP ̇ Yi”m Gufl
SÙu EeL˚[d ̇ Lh”d ̆ LÙs°˙\u.
Æ.ß⁄. : ◊jRLeLs ˘Y∞´”Y’, R™Øp
˙T£ A±ÆV˚Xl TWl◊Y’ ̇ TÙu\
T¶L∞p Cu‡m øeLs D”TP
˙Yi”m. CkRl T¨£u YÙ´XÙL
EeLfidœ °˚Pjß⁄dœm FdLm
AlT•˙V U˚Pß\kR ˘Ys[UÙnj
R™ZoLfidœl TVuTPh”m Gufl
YÙ˘]Ù≠ ®˚XVjßu NÙo©¤m,
G]’ ˘NÙkRf NÙo©¤m A˚RÆP
˙UXÙL GeL[’ ̇ SVoLs NÙoTÙL‹m
EeL˚[ YÙrjß Æ˚P˘Tfl°˙\u.
Su±! YQdLm.
ÿj’ : Su±! YQdLm.
Æ. ß⁄˙YeLPm
R™ZL AW£u T¨—˘Tt\ G›jRÙ[o ß⁄.˘Sp˚X.—.ÿj’ AYoLfiPu ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm A°X
CkßV YÙ˘]Ù≠ ®˚XVjßu CVdœSo ß⁄.Æ_V ß⁄˙YeLPm AYoLs SPjßV
E˚WVÙPp ˘RÙœl◊ : 3 ˛ 2˛ 91 Aufl J≠lTWlTÙ] R™rf˘NÙp UÙ˚X ®Lrf£´≠⁄k’)
50
A±ÆVp R™r
L˘[pXÙm Sm R™r ˘UÙØ´p Es[] Gufl
˘NÙp¤m ®˚X UXW ˙Yi”m.
A±ÆVp £kR˚]Ls R™Øp F\ ˙Yi”m.
Bu¡Lj˚Rl ˙TÙX˙Y A±ÆV˚XŸm
Lt©dL Sm Au˚]˘UÙØ Rœß ˘T\p
˙Yi”m. CXd°V CXdLQ Y[j˚Rl
˙TÙX˙Y A±ÆVp ’˚\´¤m Bt\p ™L‹m
A˚PV ˙Yi”m.
A±ÆVp Y[of£
E´¨]jßp U≤R˙] R˚Xÿ˚\˙RÙflm
A±‹ Y[of£ ̆ Tflm Bt\˚Xl ̆ Ttfls[Ùu.
CR˚]j ß⁄YsfiYo "Rm™u Rm UdLs
A±‹˚P˚U' Gufl ˘UÙØYÙo. FdLÿm
˙NÙoÆpXÙR ÿVt£Ÿm E˚Zl◊m £kR˚]d
·o˚UŸm U≤R˚] SÙfim Ekßl ◊ßV
Li”©•l◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdL ˚Yjß⁄d°u\].
A˘U¨dLÙ, ©WÙu—, Ce°XÙk’, CjRÙ≠, WxVÙ,
˘_oU≤ B°V SÙ”L∞p EXœ ÆVdœm
A±ÆVp Li”©•l◊Ls E⁄YÙdLl
Th”s[]. CkßVÙƤm _LæN NkßW˙TÙv,
No.£.Æ.CWÙUu, NkßW˙NLo ˙TÙu\ A±ÆVp
˙U˚RLs A¨V BdLeL˚[d Li”
©•j’s[]o.
U≤Ru J˙W R˚Xÿ˚\´p Ik’ R˚Xÿ˚\
Lfidœm ˙UXÙ] A±˚Yl ˘T\‹m ˙YLUÙL
CVeL‹mYpX ™œ ÷hTd L¶l ˘TÙ±Ls
LÙXk˙RÙflm Y[of£dœ¨V’ ̆ UÙØ. U≤R≤u
A±‹ ƨYÙL ƨYÙL ˘UÙØŸm Y[m
˘Tt\ÙL ˙Yi”m. U≤R≤u GiQeL˚[
G”j’ ̆ UÙØVjRdL L⁄ÆVÙL ̆ UÙØ C⁄jRp
˙Yi”m.
A±OoL[Ùp TÙWÙhPl˘Tt\ Sm R™r˘UÙØ,
LÙp”˘Yp˚XŸm, ˙TÙl˚TV˚WŸm
≈WUÙÿ≤Y˚WŸm RuTÙp Doj’d ˘LÙiP’.
J⁄ ˘UÙØ CXd°V CXdLQ Y[m
˘Tt±⁄kRÙp Uh”m ˙TÙ’UÙ? LÙt˘\]l
T\dœm ÆiÊoßLs, ˚Lk˘SÙ•l ˘TÙ›ßp
˘T⁄mT˚PL˚[ AØdœm H‹L˚QLs, NkßW
UiPXjßVp Li” ˘R∞Ÿm ÆiLXeLs,
BrLP≠u A•lTWl˚Tj ’ZÙ‹m Æk˚Rd
LlTpLs, GßoLÙX ®˚X˚VdLi”˚Wdœm
Ht\™œ L⁄ÆLs, ◊’˚Ul ̆ TÙ±L˚[ Bdœm
˘RÙØtNÙ˚X CVkßWeLs, ˙SÙ˚VŸm
Íl˚TŸm ˘Yufl C\l˚T ÆWh•V•dœm
U⁄k’d Li”©•l◊Ls B°V] œ±jR
˘NnßL˘[pXÙm Sm Au˚]j R™Øp YW
˙YiPÙYÙ? A±ÆVp R™r Gu‡m ◊ßV
R™rj’˚\VÙp Sm RÙn˘UÙØ ◊Lr ˘T\
˙YiPÙYÙ? YÙ˚] A[l˙TÙm... LPp¡˚]
A[l˙TÙm Guflm NkßW UiPXjßp Li”
˘R∞˙YÙm Guflm LÆOo TÙWß ˘NÙu]
˘UÙØL˚[ ˘Unl©dL ˙Yi”m.
EXL ˘UÙØdLi Es[ Eu]R A±ÆVp
L˚X, YWXÙfl, ˘TÙ⁄∞Vp, NÍLÆVt L⁄j’
A±ÆVp R™r
51
Cufl E⁄YÙ°ÆhP]. ™u]‘j ’˚\´u
UÙ˘T⁄m NÙR˚]VÙ] L¶l˘TÙ± ÿRuÿRp
1946Bm Bi”RÙu E⁄YÙdLl ˘Tt\’.
ImTRÙi”Lfidœs ˘RÙØp ÷hTj’˚\´p
L¶l˘TÙ±f ˘NVp ÿ˚\ TÙodœ™P ˘Ueœm
ødLU\l TWm˘TÙ⁄s˙TÙp ®˚X˘TtflÆhP’.
U≤R Í˚[ ˙TÙu\ ˘NVX˚Ul◊ E˚PV
˘R≤‡m AR˚]ÆPj ˘RÙØp ß\jߤm
˙YLjߤm TuUPeœ Bt\¤˚PV’
L¶l˘TÙ±. L¶l˘TÙ± J⁄ ˘SÙ•dœs Ik’
™p≠Vu ˘T⁄dLpL˚[f ˘Nn’ LÙh”m.
L¶l˘TÙ± U≤R≤u A±Æu TWl˚T
ALXUÙd° ÆhP’. B´WdLQdLÙ]
TdLeL∞p Af£P˙Yi•V ˘NnßL˚[f £X
˘N.¡. TWl©p Tß‹ ˘Nn’ ˙R˚YVÙ] ˙TÙ’
G”jR∞dœm ß\‡˚PV’ L¶l˘TÙ±.
AXÙ‹æu ˚L´p Es[ At◊R Æ[dLÙn
U≤Ru 21Bm Ët\Ùi”dœs Ko J∞™dL
GßoLÙXj˚Rl ˘Tflm Sm©d˚L˙VÙ”
A•˘V”j’ ˚YdLd L¶l˘TÙ± YØYœj’
ÆhP’. L¶l˘TÙ± A˚UVl ˘Tt\ ˙WÙ˙TÙh
G]lT”m CVkßW U≤Ru ˘RÙ”m EQo‹,
J≠˚Vd ˙Lhœm ß\u, SflUQj˚RŸm
SÙt\j˚RŸm A±Ÿm Tœj’Qo‹ B°V
Yt˚\l ˘Tt\ ®˚X´p E⁄YÙdLm ˘Ttfls[
˚Rd LÙi°˙\Ùm.
52
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� A±ÆVp A±OoL∞u TPeLs Li”©•l◊Ls ̆ Nnßj’‘dœLs ̇ TÙu\Yt˚\f
˙NL¨j’ CRr RVÙ¨j’ ˘Y∞´”eLs.
� A±ÆVp Y[of£´u ˙YLm Tt± Bn‹d Lh”˚W Jufl G›’eLs
E´˚Wd LÙdœm EVo U⁄j’Ym
C\l◊ Æ›dLÙ” ˘T¨’m œ˚\ŸU[Ætœ
U⁄j’Ym Cufl ˘NVtT”°u\’. TX
˘LÙ”˙SÙnLs Cufl U≤R NÿRÙVj˚R Æh”
Æ˚P˘Ttfl ÆhP]. £X ˙SÙnLfidœ
U⁄j’Y Bn‹ ®Lr°\’. œP˚XŸm
Esfifll◊L˚[Ÿm ÷iTPUÙLd LÙi°˙\Ùm.
Afl˚Y´u±l ◊\j’˚[ ÿ˚\´p ˙SÙn
L˚[d œQUÙdLd LÙi°˙\Ùm. LiTPX
UÙtfl, £fløWL UÙtfl, CRVUÙtfl G] Eߨl
TÙLeL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jßd ˘LÙsfim CVkßWm
˙TÙX U≤R EP≠p UÙtflfll◊L˚[l
˘TÙ⁄j’m L˚X Y[ok’s[’.
TX’˚\ YpXÙi˚U
U≤R A±‹ SÙh•u Gp˚XL˚[j RÙi•
AiP ˘Y∞´p EXÙÆ, ®XÆp LÙp˚Yj’
Ut\ ˙LÙsL˚[Ÿm ¡uL˚[Ÿm BWÙVj
R˚XlTh” ÆhP’. T˚L SÙ”L∞p œ±jR
CPeL∞p H‹L˚QL˚[ C\dœ°u\’.
˘NVt˚Ld ˙LÙsL˚[ Æi˘Y∞´p ®flÆj
Ru ˙R˚YL˚[ ®˚\‹ ˘Nn’ ˘LÙs°\’.
LP˚Xj Áoj’d Lh•Pm N˚Ud°u\’.
G¨U˚X´u YÙ˚V Í•˚Yd°\’. BflL˚[
C˚Qd°u\’. A‘E˚XL∞p ™uNÙWm
G”j’ ≈h•p A”l˘T¨d°u\’. ’⁄YeL∞p
Es[YoL˚[j ˘RÙ˚XdLÙh£ YØ A⁄°p
˘LÙi” Y⁄°u\’. YÙU] Y•Æp C⁄kR
A±ÆVp J⁄ Ët\Ùi•p ߨÆd°WU
Y•YUÙL Y[ok’ YÙ˚] A[Ù‹m
YpXÙi˚U ˘Ttfl ÆhP’.
CVt\™r Lt˙\Ùm! C˚NjR™r ˙Lh˙PÙm!
SÙPLj R™r Li˙PÙm! A±ÆVp R™r
A±k˙RÙUÙ? Gu\ £kR˚] Sm Es[jßp
£\L•d°u\’. A±ÆVp, ˘RÙØp÷hTj
’˚\Ls œ±jR BdL ËpLs A±‹j
˙RÙhPjßp ÈdL ˙Yi”m. Au\ÙPm
A±ÆVp L˚Xf˘NÙtLs ˙RÙtflÆdLl ˘T\
˙Yi”m. ◊ßV A±ÆVp ËpL˚[l T˚Pl
TRtLÙ] A•lT˚P AXœLs E⁄ YÙdLl ̆ T\
˙Yi”m. U⁄j’Ym, ˘TÙ±´Vp, CVt©Vp,
˙Yß´Vp, LQd°Vp, E´¨Vp, Ui¶Vp
G]j ’˚\˙RÙflm ’˚\˙RÙflm BWÙnf£Ls
˘T⁄L ˙Yi”m. A±Oo Es[jßp CkR
BWÙnf£Ls R™Øp £kßdLl ˘T\ ˙Yi”m.
R™Øp G”j’f ˘NÙpXl ˘T\‹m G›Rl
˘T\‹m LtLl ˘T\‹m Lt©dLl ˘T\‹m
˙Yi”m. GiQt\ A±ÆVp ALWÙßLfim,
L˚XdL[g£Ve Lfim, CRrLfim, A•lT˚P
ËpLfim Bn‹d˙LÙ˚YLfim ˘Y∞YW
˙Yi”m.
ÿ˚]Yo œ.˘Y. TÙX—l©WU¶Vu
53
C’ J⁄ ˚a˘Pd ŸLUÙm
A”dœ UÙ•L∞p
At◊Rd L¶≤ EXLm
EXL SÙ”Ls EX‹°u\
EpXÙNlTVQm
Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙ˚RŸm
CR‡s˙[ APdLm
ÆgOÙ]l ˘TÙ±´Vp
ÆVl◊\f ˘NnŸm
Æ˚WYÙLf ˘Np¤m
˚a˘Pd EXLm
ƨd°u\’ Y˚XLs!
˘Sh”m PÙhLÙÿm
D˘U´¤m GpXÙm
˘S⁄e°V ˘S⁄eLÙR
A±kR A±kßWÙR
A˚]j˚RŸm
L¶≤´˙X J∞TWl©
Al˙Ph ˘NnßL˚[
A•dL•j R⁄°u\’!
E⁄i˙PÙ”m GiQeLs
R™˚Z ÆVÙTÙWm ˘NnŸm ˛ £X
AW£Vp Lh£L∞u
A±Yt\f˘NV˚X
◊¨k’˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”UÙ
˘_VLÙkRu ©WfN˚]
˘R¨V ˙Yi”UÙ?
B´Wm Y⁄PeLs ÿu˙]
AYR¨jR At◊R U≤RoL∞u
AßNV NÙR˚]L˚[
A±k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”UÙ
AUoj’eLs U‹˚N?
Liÿu˙] ƨŸm!
Li˘LÙs[Ùd LÙh£
Y[ok’ ®™ok’
ÆgOÙ] EXLm
U≤RœXjßu
®˚X Gu]˘Yufl
Bn‹˘NnR ©u]o
Gu] ·fl˘U] Gi¶lTÙojRÙp
·fl˙UÙ Ei˚UL˚[
˘NnŸ˙UÙ Su˚UL˚[!
L. YÙ]UÙU˚X
L. YÙ]UÙU˚X
ß⁄Y]kR◊Wj˚Rf NÙokRYo. SpX £kR˚]VÙ]o; LÆOo; S•Lo. Tp˙Yfl R™r
A˚Ul◊L∞p ÿd°V Teœ Y°j’ Y⁄°\Ùo.
53
54
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
� C˚QVm C˚[OoLs YÙrÆp HtT”j’Y’ Y[of£˙V! ≈rf£˙V! H˙R‡m J⁄
R˚Xl©tœl Th•Uu\d œ±l◊ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
� TÙPlTœß´≠⁄k’ EY˚Uj ˘RÙPof ˘NÙtL˚[j ßWh• G›’eLs.
� L˚Xf ˘NÙpXÙdLm œ±jR ÷m L⁄jß˚]j R⁄L.
A¶
A¶˘Vu\Ùp AZœ Gufl ˘TÙ⁄s. LÆ˚Rdœf ˘NnŸfidœ AZœ ˘Nn’ ®tT’ A¶
G]lT”m. A’ TXY˚LlT”m. AYtfls £XYt˚\ A±k’ ˘LÙs˙YÙm.
EY˚U A¶
Uß ˙TÙu\ YhPÿLm ˛ Cßp Uß ˛ EY˚U; ÿLm ˛ EY™dLlT”m ˘TÙ⁄s (EY˙UVm),
YhPm ˛ ˘TÙ’jRu˚U. ˙TÙu\ ˛ EY˚U E⁄◊
CqYÙfl EY˚U, EY™dLlT”m ˘TÙ⁄s, ˘TÙ’jRu˚U, EY˚U E⁄◊ G‡m SÙuœm
A˚UŸmT• ApX’ Íufl A˚UŸmT• ApX’ EY˚UŸm EY˚Ul˘TÙ⁄fim
A˚UŸmT• ·flY˙R EY˚U A¶VÙœm.
(Jl◊˚U ˙RÙu\f ˘Nl◊Y’ EY˚U)
GLÙ.
TÙp˙TÙ¤m Cu˘NÙp; TY[m˙TÙp ˘Nk’YoYÙn
˙Np˙TÙp ©\›m ß⁄˘S”eLi ˛ ˙UXÙm
◊Vp˙TÙp ˘LÙ˚Pd˚Ll ◊u]ÙPu ˘LÙp≠
AVp˙TÙ¤m YÙrY RYo.
55
A
Akß ˛ TLp ˘TÙ›’ ÿ•Ÿm ˙SWm
A]ÙfNWm ˛ œX J›dLj’dLÙ]
˘S±ÿ˚\´u˚U
B
Bu¡Lm ˛ C˚\Tdß
C
C˚[jRp ˛ ˘U≠Rp
E
Efl’˚Q ˛ ˘T⁄m ERÆ, TdLTXm
L
L[o®Xm ˛ EYo ®Xm
N
Nkß ˛ UÙ˚Xl˘TÙ›’
„WQm ˛ A˚Wj’l ̆ T\lThP ÁsY•Y
U⁄k’
˘NflT˚P ˛ £]m ˘LÙiP T˚P
˙Nn ˛ œZk˚R
˘NÙpXLWÙß
R
R¶jRp ˛ œ˚\jRp
’¨Rm ˛ Æ˚W‹
S
S≠‹ ˛ œ˚\‹
SÙ ˛ SÙdœ
÷≤ ˛ ÿ˚]
T
©¶ ˛ ˙SÙn
U
U˚\ ˛ ˙YRm
Íe˚L ˛ Bk˚R
Íl◊ ˛ ÿ’˚U
˙Uß≤ ˛ EXœ
Y
Y≠˚U ˛ TXm
Æ®˙VÙLm ˛ CXYNUÙL˙YÙ,
ÆtT˚]dLÙL˙YÙ
T°okR∞jRp.
ÆVÙß ˛ ˙SÙn
Æ›™Vm ˛ Ußl◊