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TIME
1 hour 30 minutes.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spacesprovided at the top of this page.Section A: candidates must answer this section.Section B: answerall three questions in this section.You should write your answers for Section A and Section B in thespaces provided in this question paper.Section C: answer any two questions from this section. Write youranswers to Section C on the lined paper at the end of this booklet.At the end of the examination your summary of fieldwork andtable of data should be attached securely to this paper using thetreasury tag supplied.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
The total mark for this paper is 90.Quality of written communication will be assessed in allquestions.Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of the
pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or partquestion.
6417
71
Centre Number
Candidate Number
ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS)General Certificate of Education
January 2011
Geography
Assessment Unit AS 1assessing
Physical Geography
[AG111]
FRIDAY 14 JANUARY, MORNING
AG111
1
1
1
5
4
5
For Examinersuse only
Question
Number Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total
Marks
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Section A
Answer this section
Submitted summary of fieldwork and table of data.
At the end of the examination these should be attached securely to this
paper using the treasury tag supplied.
1 (a) An awareness of hazards/risks and contingency plans is essentialwhen planning fieldwork.
Discuss this statement with reference to your fieldwork planning.
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(b) Select one of the following statistical techniques which could be usedfor the analysis of your fieldwork data. Your selected technique mustbe relevant to your fieldwork aim/hypothesis.
Spearmans Rank Correlation Nearest Neighbour Analysis Mean, median, mode and range
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(i) In the box below apply your selected statistical technique to yourdata and, if relevant, comment on the statistical significance ofthe outcome. (Formulae and significance graphs are provided Resource 1A and Resource 1B overleaf.) [7]
All calculations must be shown clearly in the box below.
Examiner Only
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Statistical technique selected: ______________________________________________[no mark]
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Resource 1A
Spearmans Rank Correlation Equation and Significance Charts
Formula:
where d = the difference in rank of the values of each matched pair
n = the number of ranked pairs = the sum of
Spearmans Rank Correlation Significance Graph and Table
Critical values forrs
Degrees of freedom [Number of ranked pairs (n) 2]
Critical values of Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient, rs
Significance level
4 6 8 10 25 50 100
95%
99%
99.9%
0.1p1.0p5.0p1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
Non-significant
Significant
SpearmansRankCorrelation
Coefficient
rd
n ns
=
1
62
3
degrees of freedom 0.05 (5%) 0.01 (1%)
4 0.88 1.00
5 0.83 0.966 0.80 0.91
7 0.77 0.87
8 0.72 0.84
9 0.68 0.80
10 0.64 0.77
11 0.60 0.74
12 0.57 0.71
15 0.50 0.65
20 0.47 0.59
25 0.44 0.5430 0.39 0.48
40 0.35 0.43
50 0.31 0.38
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Resource 1B
Nearest Neighbour Index Equation and Significance Graph
Formula: Rn = 2d
n
A
where d
= the mean distance between nearest neighbours
n = number of points
A = area in question
Significance Graph
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.02.15
Significantly random
Significantly clustered
Significantly regular
Number of points (n)
Clustered
Random
Regular
Rn values
Resource 1B
Nearest Neighbour Index Equation
Nearest Neighbour Index Significance Graph
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(ii) Having completed your statistical analysis, discuss thegeographical/theoretical factors which may explain your resultin question 1(b)(i).
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(c) Study Resource 1C, which shows some of the factors which can beconsidered when evaluating a field study.
Resource 1C
Type of FieldworkEquipment
Questionnaire
Design
Time of
the Year
Weather
Conditions
Group
Organisation
Sampling
Method
FIELDWORK
EVALUATION
FACTORS
Source: Principal Examiner
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Explain how any two of these factors may have influenced the natureand reliability of your geographical conclusion.
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(d) Explain one way in which your chosen fieldwork location proved to beeither suitable or unsuitable for the investigation of the geographicalaim of your study.
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Section B
Answerall three questions in this section.
2 (a) Study Resource 2 which shows pools and riffles.
Resource 2
PoolRiffle
Source: Principal Examiner
High flow
Low flow
Riffle
Meander wavelength
Watersurface
Pool
Pool
Pool
Riffle
Riffle
Long Profile
Intermediate
flow
Rivers by Michael Raw, 2007, published by Philip Allan Updates.
Reproduced by permission of Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. ISBN 9781844892235
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Describe the contrasting characteristics of pools and riffles andexplain their formation within the river channel.
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(b) Select one factor from the list below and explain how it influences thestorage and transferof water within the drainage basin.
Geology Soil Type Relief
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(c) Describe one factor which influences the rate of delta formation.
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BLANKPAGE
(Questionscontinueoverleaf)
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3 (a) Study Resource 3 which illustrates a natural mid-latitude grasslandecosystem in North America.
Resource 3
SmoothBrome
LittleBluestem
PrairieDock
Prairie
Dropseed
Big
Bluestem
PalePurple
Coneflower
Kentucky
B
luegrass
Mull humus -
rich in organic matter
Crumb structure
Clay / Loam Texture
Deep nutrient-rich
topsoil
PH7
A
Horizon
(1m)
C
Horizon
(i) Use Resource 3 to help you describe any one characteristic ofthe natural grassland vegetation.
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Janet Wissink
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(ii) With reference to Resource 3, explain the impact of monocultureon the vegetation and soil of this ecosystem.
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(b) Describe how nutrients are cycled within a small scale ecosystem youhave studied.
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4 (a) Study Resource 4 which shows changes in seven weather elementsassociated with the passage of a warm front in a mid-latitudedepression.
Resource 4
N
W E
S
N
W E
S
N
W E
S
N
W E
S
5
0
0
0
8
16
40
980
0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1000
1020
80
Rainfall over
4 hours (mm)
Temperature
(C)
Humidity
(%)
Air pressure
(mb)
Wind
direction
and speed
(knots)
Cloud type
and
relativeheight
Cloud
cover
(oktas)
Cirrus
Cumulus
Altostratus
Nimbostratus
Stratus
Clouds
0
25
3pm
ELEMENTS
Adapted from Practical Geography local weather by David Holmes, Geography Review, Vol. 20, Number 1,
published by Philip Allan Updates. Reproduced by permission of Hodder Education.
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Describe and explain, with reference to any fourof the elements, theweather associated with the passage of the warm front at 3pm.
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(b) Explain the importance of ocean currents in relation to the globalenergy balance.
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Section C
Answeranytwo questions in this section.
5 The causes of flooding, although complex, are related predominantly toclimatic factors. To what extent do you agree that this statement is validfor the large scale drainage basin or delta you have studied? [12]
6 Explain the processes of environmental change which have producedall the stages in a vegetation succession you have studied at a small orregional scale. [12]
7 With reference to a hurricane or tropical cyclone you have studied ata national or regional scale, evaluate the protective measures used toreduce the loss of life and damage to property. [12]
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