Download - 8. byzantine art final

10/23 Warm-Up

• Compare and Contrast the artwork. What has changed? What remains classical?

“UNDERGROUND” CHRISTIAN ART

EARLY CHRISTIAN ART IN ROME, 3RD – EARLY 4TH Cs.

ROMAN CATACOMB3RD – 4TH CENTURIES

THOSE NICHES ARE CALLED?

LOCULI (“LITTLE PLACE) – FOR CORPSE

GOOD SHEPHERD, ORANTS, STORY OF JONAH, CUBICULUM, CATACOMB OF PIETRO AND MARCELLINO, ROME, EARLY 4TH CENTURY. FRESCO.WHAT’S A CUBICULUM?MORTUARY CHAPEL

GOOD SHEPHERD, CATACOMB OF PIETRO AND MARCELLINO

WHAT’S MISSING FROM DEPICTIONS OF JESUS YOU’RE USED TO SEEING?

HALO, TOGA/ROBES – ANY INDICATION OF DIVINITY OR ROYALTY

WHY?

X’IANS PERSECUTED, UNDERGROUND CULT

ARE THERE ANY CLASSICAL ELEMENTS HERE?

ALLUSION TO CONTRAPPOSTO

A LITTLE DRAPING

A LITTLE MODELING – INTEREST IN ANATOMY

WHAT DOES THE SHEEP ON HIS SHOULDER SYMBOLIZE?

SAVED SINNER

WHAT PART OF THE FRESCO IS THIS?STORY OF JONAHWHY IS THE STORY DEPICTED IN AN X’IAN CATACOMB?OT PREFIGURATION OF DEATH & REBIRTH OF JESUS

WHAT ARE THOSE HEMISPHERICAL SECTIONS OF THE PAINTING CALLED?

LUNETTES

THESE ARE ________ FIGURES

ORANT – ORARE= TO PRAYL, FROM CATACOMB OF PIETRO AND MARCELLINO, R., FROM CATACOMB OF PRISCILLA, EARLY 4TH C.

SARCOPHAGUS WITH ORANT, PHILOSOPHER, AND OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT SCENES, FROM ROME © 270. MARBLE, 1’ 11 ¼” X 6’ 2”

IDENTIFY OT AND NT SCENES, CLASSICAL AND NON-CLASSICAL ELEMENTS

WHY ARE FACES OF ORANT AND PHILOSOPHER BLANK?

MASS-PRODUCED, FACES FILLED IN WHEN PURCHASED

SARCOPHAGUS WITH OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT SCENES – WHAT IS THIS?

STORY OF JONAH

SARCOPHAGUS WITH OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT SCENES – ANYTHING VERY DIFFERENT ABOUT THIS?

DISREGARD OF TIME -- BABY JESUS RIGHT NEXT TO ADULT JESUS

Byzantine Art

Early Byzantine 500-726Iconoclastic Controversy 726-843Middle or High Byzantine 843-1204Late Byzantine 1204-1453, and beyond

A Roman Transition• Byzantine Empire was born out of the remains of the Roman Empire and continued to

have the same elements of the Roman classical tradition, but in a Christian style• Byzantine paintings specialized in mosaics, icons and manuscript illumination• Byzantine art had two traditions – one reflecting the classical past and a more formal

style of art reflecting Christian emphasis on spiritual hierarchy, rather than realism

Time Periods

• Early Byzantine 500-726• Iconoclastic Controversy

726-843• Middle or High

Byzantine 843-1204• Late Byzantine 1204-

1453, and beyond

Early Byzantine Art

• Justinian and Empress Theodora(527-565)–Drove Ostrogoths

out of Italy– Tons of money

spent on over 30 building projects

Justinian as world conqueror- Ivory 500 ce

1. -Dynamic Twisting

2. Kings strength comes from God

3. Approval of Justinian’s rule

Saint Michael the Archangel – diptych

1. Victory becomes an Archangel

2. Made in Constantinople

3. -Subtle relief folds

10/23 Warm-Up

• Do you think the depiction of religious subjects always leads inevitably to an evolution in worship?

• Defend your answer with a specific example from the textbook and our previous lectures.

• Modern examples?

Hagia Sophia 532 Ce Constantinople (Istanbul) Turkey

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus

1. Most important church in Byzantine art

2. Huge Buttresses 3. Centrally and axially

planned4. Plain and massive little

decoration5. Altar at the end of the nave6. Dome supported by

pendentives7. Minarets added in Islamic

Period 1450s

Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus

Hagia Sophia

Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey

532-537

Floating dome of heaven?Pendentives and Squinches

San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

526-547

Ravenna – San Vitale (547 CE)• Theodoric, the Ostrogoth’s greatest king

made Ravenna the new capital of the Kingdom

• San Vitale ( or Saint Vitalis who was martyred at Ravenna in the second century)

• Interior has thin columns and open arched spaces– Plain exterior except porch added later in

Renaissance, Clerestory lighting– Eight Sided church– Polygonal apse, plain exterior

• Built after Theodoric’s death

San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

526-547

Apse MosaicSan Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

526-547mosaic

Choir and apse of San Vitale with mosaic of Christ between two angels

526-547

• Laws of the Eastern Church

• Purple robe and halo

• Christ as Pantocrator

• Jesus holding items

Justinian, Bishop Maximianus and attendants

north wall apse mosaic, San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

ca. 547mosaic

Justinian and Bishop Maximianus

• -divided into 3 groups,

• the emperor, staff, imperial guard and shield

• monogram, no background

• -Left the clergy and right the military

• -Dressed in royal purple and gold

• -Symmetry,• Holds a paten for

the Eucharist• -Figures float• - Gold background

Theodora and attendants

south wall apse mosaic, San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

ca. 547mosaic

Theodora & Attendants

• -Slight displacement of absolute symmetry with Theodora

• -Richly robed empress and ladies at court-Figures are flattened and weightless

•

Abraham and the Three Angels (Philoxeneos), and the Sacrifice of Isaac

north lunette mosaic, San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

ca. 547mosaic

Sacrifice of Abel, Sacrifice of Melchisedech

north lunette mosaic, San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

ca. 547mosaic

Sant’Apollinare in Classe

Ravenna, Italy

533-549

Saint Apollinaris

• Held the body of Sant’ Apollinare - Martyrdom

• Interior – mosaics only in the apse

• Clouds Moses and Isiaiah

• Sheep are disciples

Saint Apollinaris amid sheepSant’Apollinare in Classe

Ravenna, Italy

533-549mosaic

Justinian on Rt. Side, purple, halos

Vienna Dioskorides – Given to the Anicia Juliana Constantinople, 512

Tempera on Parchment paper

• Greek Physician – • 498 images of

illustrations

Ascension of Christ from a Gospel book – Syria 586CE

Sant’Apollinare in Classe

Ravenna, Italy

533-549

Iconoclasm (726- 843 ce)

• Preservation of Icons began from Mt. Sinai Monastery

• Arabs would rise ( Islamic Religion) conquered Byzantium's eastern provinces and Persia.

• Uneasy times, Byzantine territory was lost – ends… Starts the middle age-Iconoclasts destroyed Icons

Iconoclasm (726- 843 ce)

• Emperor Leo – thinks God is punishing the Roman Empire for worshiping icons

• 726ce, banned Icon paintings

• No new art• The cross was used,

scrolls, floral, animals and architectural motifs

Middle Byzantine Art ( 843-1204)

• Images return• Basil I thinks he is a

restorer of the Roman Empire• Undoes Iconclasm

Hagia Sophia was restored

• Virgin ( Theotokos ) and Child - Mosaic – Hagia Sophia 867

• Jesus as Theotokos• Flatter imagery• Iconophiles had

triumphed over the iconoclasts

Warm-Up 10/15/12Identify and provide Marcs

Katholikon and Church of the Theotokos

Hosios Loukas, Greece

Katholikon early 11th century, Church of the Theotokos, 10th century

Monastery Churches @ Hosios Loukas, Greece Left – 1st quarter of the 11th Century and church of

The Theotokos ( 10th)

• -Monastic Church• Square , cylinder or

drum• Influence of Islamic

arch.• Small, high

shouldered• The dome rests on

pendentives. Multiple, smaller domes.

Katholikon and Church of the Theotokos


Katholikon early 11th century, Church of the Theotokos, 10th century

Apse of the Katholikon


11th centurymosaic

Dome of the Katholikon


11th centuryfresco

Nativity of Christ

Katholikon


11th centurymosaic

Baptism of Christ

Katholikon


11th centurymosaic

Katholikon – Hosios Loukas, Greece

• -Your eye is drawn upward

• -High and narrow

• -Groin and barrel vaults

• Triple windows

Weekly Agenda 11/3-7

• Monday, 11/03: Byzantine Finish– St. Marks Cathedral– Icons post-Iconoclasm

• Tuesday, 11/04: Middle Ages– Non-Western Project 2 (11/13)– Hiberno Saxon Art

• Wednesday, 11/05: Middle Ages– Corolignian Art– Ottonian Art

• Thursday, 11/06: Writing Practice– Thesis Statement Review– Snapshot Peer Edit

• Friday, 11/07: Lab Quiz and TU– Universal Religious Symbols

Pantocratordome mosaic in the Church of the Dormition

Daphni, Greece

ca. 1090-1100 mosaic

Crucifixion in the Church of the Dormition

Daphni, Greece


Venice and Byzantium Int. of St. Mark’s 1063, Venice Italy

• A revival of grand scale church building

• Venice was an independent power

• Relics obtained relics of St. Marks

• William II paid for mosaics, mosaics display piety and power

Cruciform Plan

• Christ as Pantokrator apse image is at the end of the church

• Opposed to being located in the central dome like Hagia Sophia

Pantokrator, Theotokos and Child, angels and saints apse mosaic 1180-1190ce Monreale, Italy

• Norman King William II paid for Mosaics depicting himself in the mosaic like Justinian

• Piety and Power• Ruler rules with divine

authority

Saint Mark’s Cathedral

Venice, Italy

begun 1063

interior of Saint Mark’s Cathedral

Venice, Italy

ca. 1180mosaic

Anastasis

From west vault of Saint Mark’s Cathedral

Venice, Italy

ca. 1180mosaic

Pala d’Orofrom Saint Mark’s Cathedral

Venice, Italy

ca. 1105gold cloisonné with precious stones

Archangel

Pala d’Orofrom Saint Mark’s Cathedral

Venice, Italy

ca. 1105gold cloisonné with precious stones

St. Marks – Venice

Luxury Arts

• Pala d’ Oro• Empress Irene

• Haloed gold and enamel, wafer thin

• Gift to church

• St. Marks, Venice, with stones 1105ce

Christ Enthroned with Saints950ce Ivory

Lamentation – 1164ce MacedoniaSaint Pantaleimon Church – Wall painting

• Joesph of Armiathea and the disciple Nicodemus kneel at his feet

• Emotional impact

• Blue Sky

Virigin and Child ( Vladimir Virgin) 11th to 12th century

• -Flat silhouette, long nose

• - Virgin Mary looking out thinking about Christ’s future

Apse Fresco Church of Christ in Chora, Constantinople, Turkey 1310ce

• Swift smooth action

• Floats in a spiritual atmosphere

• spaceless

• Modeled head• Greco-Roman

heritage • Bejeweled bible• Linear folds in

Christ’s drapery

Christ as Savior of Souls – 14th Century.icon from the church of Saint Clement. Tempera, linen and silver on wood

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child enthroned

Apse mosaic, Hagia Sophia

867mosaic

Transfiguration of Jesusapse mosaic, Church of the VirginMonastery of Saint CatherineMount Sinai, Egypt

ca. 565mosaic

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, icon

6th or early 7th centuryencaustic on wood2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 7 3/8 in.

Anicia Juliana Between Magnanimity and Prudence

folio 6 of the Vienna Dioskorides

from Honoratainear Constantinople (Istanbul)

ca. 512tempera on parchment1 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 11 in.

Ascension of Christ Rabbula Gospels

From Zagba, Syria

586tempera on vellum 1 ft. 1 in. x 10 1/2 in.

• Archeiropoieta– Mandylion

ApseCathedral at Monreale

Monreale, Sicily, Italy


PantocratorCathedral at Monreale



Theotokos and Child, angels and saintsCathedral at Monreale



Hodegetria, icon (front)

ca. 1150-1200tempera on wood

Hodegetria, icon (back)


Hodegetria, icon


Christ enthroned with Saints(Harbaville Triptych)

ca. 950ivory9 1/2 in. x 5 1/2 in. high

David composing the PsalmsParis Psalter

ca. 950-970tempera on vellum14 1/8 in. x 10 1/4 in.

Israelites’ Flight from EgyptParis Psalter

ca. 950-970tempera on vellum14 1/8 in. x 10 1/4 in.

Andrei RublyevThree Angels, icon

ca. 1410tempera on wood4 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 9 in.

Anastasisapse fresco in parekklision of the Church of Christ in Chora

Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey

ca. 1310-1320 fresco

Christ as Savior of Souls, icon

early 14th centurytempera, linen and silver on wood3 ft. 1/4 in. x 2 ft. 2 1/2 in.

Annunciation, reverse of 2-sided icon

early 14th centurytempera and linen on wood3 ft. 1/4 in. x 2 ft. 2 3/2 in.

Annunciation, obverse of 2-sided icon

early 14th centurytempera, linen and silver on wood 3 ft. 1/4 in. x 2 ft. 2 3/2 in.

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child, icon

Late 11th to early 12th centurytempera on wood2 ft. 6 1/2 in. x 1 ft. 9 in.

Iconostasis

Download - 8. byzantine art final

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