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Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy
2006-2007
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Cellular RespirationStage 1:
Glycolysis
Modified from Kim Foglia
TUESDAY, NOV. 12TH
Today I will…1. Describe the process of glycolysis.2. State the reactants and products of glycolysis.
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The Point is to Make ATP!
2006-2007
ATP
What’s the point?
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glucose pyruvate2x6C 3C
Breaking down glucose ◦ “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
◦ most ancient form of energy capture starting point for all cellular respiration
◦ inefficient generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
◦ occurs in cytosol why does that make evolutionary sense?
Glycolysis
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Life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in atmosphere◦ energy had to be captured from
organic molecules in absence of O2
Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all modern life◦ ALL organisms still utilize
glycolysis
Evolutionary perspective
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10 reactions◦ convert
6C glucose to two 3C pyruvate
◦ produce 2 ATP & 2 NADH
Overview
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
fructose-6PP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAPP-C-C-C
G3P (PGAL)
C-C-C-P
pyruvateC-C-C
2 ATP2 ADP
2 NAD+
2 NADH4 ADP4 ATP
activationenergy
G3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateDHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate
2 PiTHE ELECTRON CARRIERNAD+ IS A COENZYME
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Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP
exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH
yield2 ATP2 NADH
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Glucose “priming”◦ get glucose ready
to split phosphorylate
glucose rearrangement
◦ split destabilized glucose
1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
PGAL
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Energy Harvest◦ NADH production
G3P donates H oxidize sugar reduce NAD+
NAD+ NADH◦ ATP production
G3P pyruvate sugars donate P ADP ATP
2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)
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ATP
Net gain = 2 ATP◦ some energy investment (-2 ATP)◦ small energy return (+4 ATP)
1 6C sugar 2 3C sugars
Energy accounting of glycolysis
2 ATP 2 ADP
4 ADP 4 ATP
glucose pyruvate2x6C 3C
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Not a lot of energy…◦ for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth
survived… Why? slow growth, slow reproduction only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest
Is that all there is?
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
glucose pyruvate6C 2x 3C
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glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADHglucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
Glycolysis
Going to run out of NAD+
◦ without regenerating NAD+, energy production would stop
◦ another molecule must accept H from NADH
We can’t stop there….
NADHHow is NADH recycled to NAD+?
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Another molecule must accept H from NADH◦ aerobic respiration
to Electron Transport Chain in mitochondria ◦ anaerobic respiration
ethanol fermentation lactic acid fermentation
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?
O2
O2
NADH
which path you use depends on who you are…
which path you use depends on who you are…
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Bacteria, yeast
Fermentation (anaerobic)
1C3C 2Cpyruvate ethanol + CO2
Animals, some fungi
pyruvate lactic acid3C 3C
beer, wine, bread
cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O2)
NADH NAD+
NADH NAD+
to glycolysis
to glycolysis
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Alcohol Fermentation
1C3C 2Cpyruvate ethanol + CO2
NADH NAD+
Dead end process at ~12%
ethanol, kills yeast
can’t reverse the reaction
bacteria yeast
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Reversible process once O2 is
available, lactate is converted to pyruvate by liver
Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate lactic acid
3C 3CNADH NAD+
O2
animals
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Pyruvate
Pyruvate is a branching point
O2O2
Kreb’s cyclemitochondria
fermentation
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The Point is to Make ATP!
2006-2007
ATP
What’s the point?
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H+
ADP + Pi
H+H+
H+
H+ H+
H+H+H+
Set up a H+
gradient Allow the H+
to flow through ATP synthase
ADP + Pi ATP
And how do
we do that?
ATP
Have we done that yet?