1600’s European Politics1600’s European Politics
AbsolutismAbsolutism in France, Prussia, Russia, in France, Prussia, Russia, Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
England different story-Civil War1640’s, England different story-Civil War1640’s, Oliver Cromwell, Glorious Revolution Oliver Cromwell, Glorious Revolution
1680’s1680’s
Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Harvey, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Harvey, Leewenoek, Bacon, DescartesLeewenoek, Bacon, Descartes
New focus on scientific method New focus on scientific method
thesis, observation, generalizationthesis, observation, generalization
All of human activities can be All of human activities can be rationally studiedrationally studied
1700’s Music associated with 1700’s Music associated with EnlightenmentEnlightenment
George Handel (Messiah) famous George Handel (Messiah) famous every Christmas and Johann every Christmas and Johann Sebastian Bach both composers early Sebastian Bach both composers early in centuryin century
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Franz Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Franz Haydn represent what we now Haydn represent what we now associate with classical music 2associate with classical music 2ndnd half half of 1700’sof 1700’s
Political EnlightenmentPolitical Enlightenment
Montesquieu, Voltaire, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Adam Smith, Rousseau, Diderot (Encyclopedia)Rousseau, Diderot (Encyclopedia)
Some question whether slavery fits in Some question whether slavery fits in enlightenment and question of enlightenment and question of women’s role is asked.women’s role is asked.
Wollstonecraft-Vindication of the Wollstonecraft-Vindication of the Rights of women-idea of reason Rights of women-idea of reason inside every human why women inside every human why women different?different?
Locke and HobbesLocke and Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes writes Leviathan arguing in Thomas Hobbes writes Leviathan arguing in innate evil of mankind. Humans need strong innate evil of mankind. Humans need strong control or chaos will reign. Strong national control or chaos will reign. Strong national and central and powerful governments run and central and powerful governments run lives of people need. Powerful leader.lives of people need. Powerful leader.
John Locke Two Treatises of Government John Locke Two Treatises of Government people naturally good let them run their own people naturally good let them run their own affairs-have government that does little and affairs-have government that does little and allows for extensive liberty and freedom. allows for extensive liberty and freedom. Government exists by the consent of the Government exists by the consent of the Governed. All people have natural rights-Governed. All people have natural rights-Govts. Job to protect those rightsGovts. Job to protect those rights
Interpretations of American Interpretations of American Revolutions in HistoryRevolutions in History
Conservative Revolution Conservative Revolution or not much of a Rev.or not much of a Rev.
Same political class still Same political class still in controlin control
Economic change very Economic change very little capitalism in effect little capitalism in effect wealthy still the wealthy-wealthy still the wealthy-America still trades raw America still trades raw materials to Europematerials to Europe
Social- slavery still in Social- slavery still in effect, women still effect, women still treated as secondary treated as secondary citizenscitizens
How much has changed?How much has changed?
Liberal or dramatic Liberal or dramatic RevolutionRevolution
Stream of Revolution Stream of Revolution once started does not once started does not stopstop
Political thought Political thought totally transformed totally transformed power in the hands of power in the hands of the peoplethe people
Growing democracyGrowing democracy No ingrained social No ingrained social
classesclasses Economic opportunity Economic opportunity
for allfor all
American Revolution in World American Revolution in World HistoryHistory
1776 Huge date in world history1776 Huge date in world history Transforms Government- power totally Transforms Government- power totally
in hands of governed heading us in hands of governed heading us toward a more democratic visiontoward a more democratic vision
Economically destroyed aristocracy as Economically destroyed aristocracy as had been understood in western world had been understood in western world for 2 milleniafor 2 millenia
Socially changed-way people are Socially changed-way people are connected to one another more connected to one another more egalitarianegalitarian
HistoryHistory 13 colonies each with distinctive personality, 13 colonies each with distinctive personality,
religious background, ethnic makeup, etc.religious background, ethnic makeup, etc. Tiny group of 2 mill. In wilderness,frontierTiny group of 2 mill. In wilderness,frontier 1760’s overwhelmingly proud of being English or 1760’s overwhelmingly proud of being English or
at least protected by English rightsat least protected by English rights Understanding of English rights with British Understanding of English rights with British
government at issuegovernment at issue For example economically should they be able to For example economically should they be able to
trade with anyone in world or restricted trade with anyone in world or restricted (mercantilism) and who has final power to run (mercantilism) and who has final power to run affairs of colonists (House of Burgesses or affairs of colonists (House of Burgesses or Parliament?)Parliament?)
History Cont.History Cont.
French and Indian War in North America French and Indian War in North America 1760’s part of larger European conflict 1760’s part of larger European conflict between Great Britain and Prussia vs. between Great Britain and Prussia vs. France, Russia and Austria-HungaryFrance, Russia and Austria-Hungary
N. American outcome French defeated N. American outcome French defeated kicked out of N.America- British Government kicked out of N.America- British Government needs money and looks to their American needs money and looks to their American coloniescolonies
Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Boston Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, Continental Congress, Lexington Green Continental Congress, Lexington Green 1765-17751765-1775
WarWar
War lasts 1775-1783War lasts 1775-1783 Weak colonial effort against strong Weak colonial effort against strong
superpower of worldsuperpower of world Fighting in Mass, New York, N.Jersey, Fighting in Mass, New York, N.Jersey,
Pa., S. Carolina, N.Carolina finally in Pa., S. Carolina, N.Carolina finally in VirginiaVirginia
French assist helped Americans win French assist helped Americans win victoryvictory
Declaration of Independence and Declaration of Independence and U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution
D of I written in 1776D of I written in 1776 Constitution in 1787Constitution in 1787 Country incorporates ideas of greek Country incorporates ideas of greek
democracy, roman republicanism, democracy, roman republicanism, English personal rights, English personal rights, enlightenment idealsenlightenment ideals
United States born of enlightenment United States born of enlightenment as great experiment of ageas great experiment of age
1789
• American President Washington inaugurated in NYC and Constitution goes into effect
• Tennis court oath• Beginning of French Revolution• Three orders of people in France and most of
Europe• First estate (clergy), second estate (nobility or
aristocracy (wealthy leading positions in government, military, courts), third estate (commoners of society peasants, wage earners in cities, bourgeoisie (professional people)
• Dramatic class difference/class revolution
Problems in France
• Debt from wars, frustration with tax policies, anger at governmental favortism toward first and second estates
• Symbolic beginning with mob destroying the Bastille July 1789
• Revolution starts off with enlightenment ideals-equal rights for all, end of aristocratic privilege, powerful legislative body, freedom of speech and press
Other Countries Reactions to French Revolution
• Prussia, Austria Hungary fear spread of revolution go to war with Rev. France
• Eventually most of Europe against France
• Wars of French revolution opened door to total war of modern world and modern idea of nationalism
Radicalization of Revolution
King Louis XVI executed in 1793• Committee of Public Safety (Orwellian) set up
to protect Republic from internal enemies• Thousands guillotined Robespierre leader of
CPS effort eventually guillotined perception of Revolution as out of control
• Effort to strip Christianity out of life; Notre Dame named Temple of Reason, Sundays ended, Sept. 22, 1792 beginning of calendar
Coup D’Etat
• Napoleon successful military figure during revolution provides strong leader for France
• Turns back tide of Revolution by basically being absolute leader of country Consul for life, Emperor Napoleon I
• Napoleon famous for civil code of laws still influences France and French colonial world today
Napoleon as military leader• France vs. Spain, Great Britain, Russia,
Austria-Hungary, Prussia• Grand empire- Napoleon at height of world
power 1803-1812 controls most of central Europe
• French viewed as oppressors and rising nationalism amongst European ethnicities lead to strong resistance
• French can never defeat British and attempt to invade Russia defeated by winter in 1812
• Waterloo 1815 after Napoleon returns to power