1600’s European Politics1600’s European Politics

AbsolutismAbsolutism in France, Prussia, Russia, in France, Prussia, Russia, Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

England different story-Civil War1640’s, England different story-Civil War1640’s, Oliver Cromwell, Glorious Revolution Oliver Cromwell, Glorious Revolution

1680’s1680’s

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Harvey, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Harvey, Leewenoek, Bacon, DescartesLeewenoek, Bacon, Descartes

New focus on scientific method New focus on scientific method

thesis, observation, generalizationthesis, observation, generalization

All of human activities can be All of human activities can be rationally studiedrationally studied

1700’s Music associated with 1700’s Music associated with EnlightenmentEnlightenment

George Handel (Messiah) famous George Handel (Messiah) famous every Christmas and Johann every Christmas and Johann Sebastian Bach both composers early Sebastian Bach both composers early in centuryin century

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Franz Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Franz Haydn represent what we now Haydn represent what we now associate with classical music 2associate with classical music 2ndnd half half of 1700’sof 1700’s

Political EnlightenmentPolitical Enlightenment

Montesquieu, Voltaire, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Adam Smith, Rousseau, Diderot (Encyclopedia)Rousseau, Diderot (Encyclopedia)

Some question whether slavery fits in Some question whether slavery fits in enlightenment and question of enlightenment and question of women’s role is asked.women’s role is asked.

Wollstonecraft-Vindication of the Wollstonecraft-Vindication of the Rights of women-idea of reason Rights of women-idea of reason inside every human why women inside every human why women different?different?

Locke and HobbesLocke and Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes writes Leviathan arguing in Thomas Hobbes writes Leviathan arguing in innate evil of mankind. Humans need strong innate evil of mankind. Humans need strong control or chaos will reign. Strong national control or chaos will reign. Strong national and central and powerful governments run and central and powerful governments run lives of people need. Powerful leader.lives of people need. Powerful leader.

John Locke Two Treatises of Government John Locke Two Treatises of Government people naturally good let them run their own people naturally good let them run their own affairs-have government that does little and affairs-have government that does little and allows for extensive liberty and freedom. allows for extensive liberty and freedom. Government exists by the consent of the Government exists by the consent of the Governed. All people have natural rights-Governed. All people have natural rights-Govts. Job to protect those rightsGovts. Job to protect those rights

Interpretations of American Interpretations of American Revolutions in HistoryRevolutions in History

Conservative Revolution Conservative Revolution or not much of a Rev.or not much of a Rev.

Same political class still Same political class still in controlin control

Economic change very Economic change very little capitalism in effect little capitalism in effect wealthy still the wealthy-wealthy still the wealthy-America still trades raw America still trades raw materials to Europematerials to Europe

Social- slavery still in Social- slavery still in effect, women still effect, women still treated as secondary treated as secondary citizenscitizens

How much has changed?How much has changed?

Liberal or dramatic Liberal or dramatic RevolutionRevolution

Stream of Revolution Stream of Revolution once started does not once started does not stopstop

Political thought Political thought totally transformed totally transformed power in the hands of power in the hands of the peoplethe people

Growing democracyGrowing democracy No ingrained social No ingrained social

classesclasses Economic opportunity Economic opportunity

for allfor all

American Revolution in World American Revolution in World HistoryHistory

1776 Huge date in world history1776 Huge date in world history Transforms Government- power totally Transforms Government- power totally

in hands of governed heading us in hands of governed heading us toward a more democratic visiontoward a more democratic vision

Economically destroyed aristocracy as Economically destroyed aristocracy as had been understood in western world had been understood in western world for 2 milleniafor 2 millenia

Socially changed-way people are Socially changed-way people are connected to one another more connected to one another more egalitarianegalitarian

HistoryHistory 13 colonies each with distinctive personality, 13 colonies each with distinctive personality,

religious background, ethnic makeup, etc.religious background, ethnic makeup, etc. Tiny group of 2 mill. In wilderness,frontierTiny group of 2 mill. In wilderness,frontier 1760’s overwhelmingly proud of being English or 1760’s overwhelmingly proud of being English or

at least protected by English rightsat least protected by English rights Understanding of English rights with British Understanding of English rights with British

government at issuegovernment at issue For example economically should they be able to For example economically should they be able to

trade with anyone in world or restricted trade with anyone in world or restricted (mercantilism) and who has final power to run (mercantilism) and who has final power to run affairs of colonists (House of Burgesses or affairs of colonists (House of Burgesses or Parliament?)Parliament?)

History Cont.History Cont.

French and Indian War in North America French and Indian War in North America 1760’s part of larger European conflict 1760’s part of larger European conflict between Great Britain and Prussia vs. between Great Britain and Prussia vs. France, Russia and Austria-HungaryFrance, Russia and Austria-Hungary

N. American outcome French defeated N. American outcome French defeated kicked out of N.America- British Government kicked out of N.America- British Government needs money and looks to their American needs money and looks to their American coloniescolonies

Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Boston Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, Continental Congress, Lexington Green Continental Congress, Lexington Green 1765-17751765-1775

WarWar

War lasts 1775-1783War lasts 1775-1783 Weak colonial effort against strong Weak colonial effort against strong

superpower of worldsuperpower of world Fighting in Mass, New York, N.Jersey, Fighting in Mass, New York, N.Jersey,

Pa., S. Carolina, N.Carolina finally in Pa., S. Carolina, N.Carolina finally in VirginiaVirginia

French assist helped Americans win French assist helped Americans win victoryvictory

Declaration of Independence and Declaration of Independence and U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution

D of I written in 1776D of I written in 1776 Constitution in 1787Constitution in 1787 Country incorporates ideas of greek Country incorporates ideas of greek

democracy, roman republicanism, democracy, roman republicanism, English personal rights, English personal rights, enlightenment idealsenlightenment ideals

United States born of enlightenment United States born of enlightenment as great experiment of ageas great experiment of age

Enlightenment Ideas in U.S. Founding Documents

1789

• American President Washington inaugurated in NYC and Constitution goes into effect

• Tennis court oath• Beginning of French Revolution• Three orders of people in France and most of

Europe• First estate (clergy), second estate (nobility or

aristocracy (wealthy leading positions in government, military, courts), third estate (commoners of society peasants, wage earners in cities, bourgeoisie (professional people)

• Dramatic class difference/class revolution

Problems in France

• Debt from wars, frustration with tax policies, anger at governmental favortism toward first and second estates

• Symbolic beginning with mob destroying the Bastille July 1789

• Revolution starts off with enlightenment ideals-equal rights for all, end of aristocratic privilege, powerful legislative body, freedom of speech and press

Other Countries Reactions to French Revolution

• Prussia, Austria Hungary fear spread of revolution go to war with Rev. France

• Eventually most of Europe against France

• Wars of French revolution opened door to total war of modern world and modern idea of nationalism

Radicalization of Revolution

King Louis XVI executed in 1793• Committee of Public Safety (Orwellian) set up

to protect Republic from internal enemies• Thousands guillotined Robespierre leader of

CPS effort eventually guillotined perception of Revolution as out of control

• Effort to strip Christianity out of life; Notre Dame named Temple of Reason, Sundays ended, Sept. 22, 1792 beginning of calendar

Coup D’Etat

• Napoleon successful military figure during revolution provides strong leader for France

• Turns back tide of Revolution by basically being absolute leader of country Consul for life, Emperor Napoleon I

• Napoleon famous for civil code of laws still influences France and French colonial world today

Napoleon as military leader• France vs. Spain, Great Britain, Russia,

Austria-Hungary, Prussia• Grand empire- Napoleon at height of world

power 1803-1812 controls most of central Europe

• French viewed as oppressors and rising nationalism amongst European ethnicities lead to strong resistance

• French can never defeat British and attempt to invade Russia defeated by winter in 1812

• Waterloo 1815 after Napoleon returns to power

Contrast of American and Contrast of American and French RevolutionsFrench Revolutions