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11
Lesson 11.1: Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.2: Regulation of the Heart
Lesson 11.3: Blood Vessels and Circulation
Lesson 11.4: Heart Disease
The Cardiovascular System
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Lesson 11.1
Heart Anatomy and the Function of the
Cardiovascular System
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
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• the heart: location and size• the four chambers of the heart• the heart valves• blood flow through the heart• walls of the heart• cardiac cycle• cardiac output
Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System
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• thoracic cavity• above diaphragm• between lungs• size of a clenched fist• weighs 8–12 ounces
The Heart: Location and Size
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The Heart: Location and Size
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• right atrium• right ventricle• left atrium• left ventricle
The Four Chambers of the Heart
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• atrioventricular (AV) valves– tricuspid– bicuspid (mitral)
• semilunar valves– pulmonary– aortic
The Heart Valves
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Match these words with 1–4 below: tricuspid, thoracic cavity, ventricle, aortic.
1. atrioventricular valve
2. semilunar valve
3. location of heart
4. heart chamber
Review and Assessment
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• (1) deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the inferior and superior vena cavae to right atrium
• (2) right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve to right ventricle
• (3) right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary artery
• (4) blood exits to the lungs
Blood Flow through the Heart
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• (5) oxygenated blood from lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
• (6) left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the mitral valve to the left ventricle
• (7) left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve
• (8) blood passes to the aorta• (9) blood travels out to parts of the body
Blood Flow through the Heart (continued)
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Blood Flow through the Heart
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• epicardium– outermost layer
• myocardium– middle layer
• endocardium– inner layer
Walls of the Heart
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• diastole– ventricle relax, atria contract
• systole– ventricles contract, atria relax
• mean arterial pressure– overall pressure within cardiovascular system
Cardiac Cycle
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• amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute measured in liters/minute
• stroke volume– amount of blood pumped in 1 beat
• heart rate– number of beats per minute
Cardiac Output
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True or False?
1. The ventricles contract in diastole.
2. Stroke volume is measured in beats/minute.
3. The epicardium is the inner heart layer.
4. Deoxygenated blood enters the left atrium.
5. The aortic valve is in the left ventricle.
Review and Assessment
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Lesson 11.2
Regulation of the Heart
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
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• internal control of the heart• external control• the conduction system
Regulation of the Heart
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• sinoatrial node– pacemaker– sends electrical impulse– tells heart to beat 60–100 bpm
Internal Control of the Heart
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• the cardiac center– sympathetic nerve system speeds up– parasympathetic nerve system slows down
• the endocrine system– some hormones speed up
External Control of the Heart
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• SA node• AV node• bundle of His• bundle branches–
right and left• Purkinje fibers
The Conduction System
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• ECG or EKG– electrical activity of the heart– depolarize–contract– repolarize–relax
Electrocardiogram
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Match these words with 1–4 below: parasympathetic, EKG, SA node, sympathetic.
1. speed up
2. slow down
3. pacemaker
4. electrical activity of the heart
Review and Assessment
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• normal contractility condition– sinus rhythm
• abnormal contractility condition– arrhythmia
• ventricle or atria contraction is not normal
Cardiac Arrhythmias
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• bradycardia– slow heart beat
• tachycardia– fast heart beat
• premature atrial contraction (PACs)– atria contracts before
SA node
Cardiac Arrhythmias
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• atrial fibrillation– atria contract faster than 350
bpm
• premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)– ventricles contract too soon
• ventricular tachycardia (VT)– ventricles, rather than SA
node, cause beat
Cardiac Arrhythmias
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• ventricular fibrillation (VF)– ventricles contract faster
than 350 bpm
• heart block – impulse from SA node to
AV node • first–impulse delayed• second–intermittently
blocked • third–completely blocked
Cardiac Arrhythmias
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• automatic external defibrillator (AED)– electric shock– stops heart– allows heart to start normal rhythm – anyone can use one
Defibrillators and Life-Threatening Arrhythmias
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Fill in the blanks with: Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation, Bradycardia, or Defibrillator.
1. _______________ is fast heart beat.
2. _______________ is slow heart beat.
3. _______________ is atria beating more than 350 bpm.
4. A(n) _______________ stops the heart so it can reset.
Review and Assessment
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Lesson 11.3
Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
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• blood vessels: the transport network• circulation: moving blood around the body• taking vital signs• know your numbers
Blood Vessels and Circulation
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• structure and function of vessels
Blood Vessels: The Transport Network
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• tunica intima– innermost layer
• tunica media– middle layer
• tunica externa– outermost layer
The Three Layers of Blood Vessels
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Differences between Arteries and Veins
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• exchange vessels– gas moves between tissue and blood
• capillary bed– network of exchange vessels
• precapillary sphincters– close off capillary bed as needed
Capillaries
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• cardiopulmonary circulation– between heart and lungs
• systemic circulation– between heart and body
Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body
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Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body
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True or False?
1. Systemic circulation moves blood to lungs.
2. Capillaries are exchange vessels.
3. The tunica intima is the innermost layer.
4. Arteries move blood away from the heart.
5. Veins move blood toward the heart.
Review and Assessment
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• coronary arteries– left – right
• coronary sinus
Cardiac Circulation
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• maintains proper levels in the blood– carbohydrate– fat– protein
Hepatic Portal Circulation
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Arteries
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Veins
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• placenta• vena cava• right atrium• foramen ovale• right ventricle• ductus arteriosus
Fetal Circulation
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• taking your pulse– find radial, carotid or brachial artery – count beats for 15 seconds, multiply by 4
• measuring blood pressure– stethoscope, sphygmomanometer– systolic/diastolic pressure
Taking Vital Signs
Joseph Dilag/Shutterstock.com, Ilya Andriyanov/Shutterstock.com
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• weight– body mass index–weight to height
• blood pressure– systolic/diastolic–110/70 mmHg
• cholesterol– LDLs and HDLs
Know Your Numbers
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Match these words with 1–4 below: foramen ovule, cholesterol, pulse, blood pressure.
1. systolic/diastolic
2. fetal circulation
3. LDLs and HDLs
4. carotid artery
Review and Assessment
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Lesson 11.4
Heart Disease
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
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• valve abnormalities• diseases ending in -itis• heart failure• diseases of the arteries
Heart Disease
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• heart attack• hypertension• peripheral vascular disease• stroke
Heart Disease
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• heart murmurs– valves do not close properly
• valvular stenosis– narrowed, stiff heart valve
• mitral valve prolapse– mitral valve does not fully close
• palpitations
Valve Abnormalities
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• pericarditis– inflammation of heart sac
• myocarditis– inflammation of heart muscle
• endocarditis– inflammation of heart lining and valves
Diseases Ending in -itis
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• heart cannot pump blood• fluid backs up in
– lungs – liver– limbs– gastrointestinal tract
Heart Failure
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• aneurysms– weakened artery bulges,
may break
• coronary artery disease– atherosclerosis– angina pectoris– ischemia
Diseases of the Arteries
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• myocardial infarction– plaque blocks a cardiac artery
• treatment– aspirin as soon as symptoms appear– 20–60 minute window for treatment
Heart Attack
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Heart Attack
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• hypertension– blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
• peripheral vascular disease– lack of circulation in legs
• stroke– blockage of brain blood flow
• ischemic stroke• hemorrhagic stroke• transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Heart Disease
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True or False?
1. Hypertension is 120/80 mmHg.
2. Aspirin helps in a heart attack.
3. An aneurysm is a weakened artery.
4. Myocarditis affects the heart wall.
5. In a heart murmur the valves do not close properly.
Review and Assessment