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Human Element in Human Element in Maritime SafetyMaritime Safety
Capt. Basza Alexzandar Haji Capt. Basza Alexzandar Haji BasriBasri
Marine OfficerMarine Officer
Marine Department of BruneiMarine Department of Brunei
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Human ElementHuman Element
Complex multi-dimensional issueComplex multi-dimensional issue Involves the entire spectrum of Involves the entire spectrum of
human related activitieshuman related activities
Seafarers, Shipping Companies, Seafarers, Shipping Companies, Maritime Administrations, Maritime Administrations, Recognized organization, shipyards, Recognized organization, shipyards, naval architects and othersnaval architects and others
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Human ElementHuman Element
Studies by NTSB Canada, Cormier, Studies by NTSB Canada, Cormier, UK P&I Club and BryantUK P&I Club and Bryant• 84-88% of tanker accidents 84-88% of tanker accidents • 79% of towing vessel groundings 79% of towing vessel groundings • 89-96% of collisions 89-96% of collisions • 75% of allisions – ship/structure 75% of allisions – ship/structure
accidents accidents • 75% of fires and explosions 75% of fires and explosions
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Human ElementHuman Element
Dutch studyDutch study• 100 accidents100 accidents• causes per accident ranged from 7 to 58causes per accident ranged from 7 to 58• human error was found to contribute to human error was found to contribute to
96 of the 100 accidents96 of the 100 accidents• in 93 of the accidents, multiple human in 93 of the accidents, multiple human
errors were madeerrors were made
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Human ElementHuman Element
80 % Human error
20 % Technical failure
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Human ElementHuman Element
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Human ElementHuman Element
PeoplePeople• KnowledgeKnowledge• SkillsSkills• AbilitiesAbilities• MemoryMemory• MotivationMotivation• AlertnessAlertness
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Human ElementHuman Element
TechnologyTechnology• Anthropometry (body shape and size)Anthropometry (body shape and size)• Equipment layoutEquipment layout• Information displayInformation display• MaintenanceMaintenance• Reach, strength, agilityReach, strength, agility• Decision-makingDecision-making• Safety & performanceSafety & performance
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Human ElementHuman Element
EnvironmentEnvironment• Temperature, noiseTemperature, noise• Sea state, vibrationSea state, vibration• RegulationsRegulations• EconomicsEconomics• Physical and mental performancePhysical and mental performance• FatigueFatigue• Risk-takingRisk-taking
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Human ElementHuman Element
OrganizationOrganization• FatigueFatigue• Knowledge & skillsKnowledge & skills• Work practicesWork practices• TeamworkTeamwork• Risk-takingRisk-taking• Work schedulesWork schedules• Crew complementCrew complement• TrainingTraining• Communication Communication • Safety cultureSafety culture
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Human ErrorHuman Error
Skill-basedSkill-based Rule-basedRule-based Knowledge-basedKnowledge-based
Rasmussen (1986)
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Human Error TypeHuman Error Type
GEMS framework (Reason 1990)
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Skill basedSkill based
InattentionInattention• Omissions Omissions
following following interruptioninterruption
Over attentionOver attention• RepetitionsRepetitions
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Rule basedRule based
Misapplication Misapplication of a ”good of a ”good rule”rule”
Application of a Application of a ”bad rule””bad rule”
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Knowledge basedKnowledge based
Problems with Problems with complexitycomplexity
Problems with Problems with causalitycausality
OverconfidenceOverconfidence Confirmation Confirmation
biasbias
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Examples of Human ErrorExamples of Human Error
Skill based (without intention)Skill based (without intention)• Navigation (Position fixing)Navigation (Position fixing)
Rule based (with intention)Rule based (with intention)• Manoeuvring, Usage of life boatsManoeuvring, Usage of life boats
Knowledge based (with intention)Knowledge based (with intention)• Underestimate of sea stateUnderestimate of sea state
ViolationViolation• Leaving the port without permissionLeaving the port without permission
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MeasuresMeasures
Different failure types require Different failure types require different measuresdifferent measures
Skill-based
Rule-based
Knowledge-based
Violation
Mostly ergonomics
Training, Procedures, Checklists
Training, Safety Management System
Depending on the cause
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IMO MeasuresIMO Measures
ISM Code, 1994 ISM Code, 1994 Revised STCW 1995 Revised STCW 1995
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ChallengesChallenges
FatigueFatigue Inadequate CommunicationInadequate Communication Inadequate General Technical Inadequate General Technical
knowledgeknowledge Inadequate knowledge of own ship Inadequate knowledge of own ship
systemssystems Poor design of automationPoor design of automation
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ChallengesChallenges
Decision Based on Inadequate Decision Based on Inadequate InformationInformation
Faulty standards, policies, or Faulty standards, policies, or practicespractices
Poor MaintenancePoor Maintenance Hazardous natural environmentHazardous natural environment
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ConclusionsConclusions
HE plays a large part in maritime HE plays a large part in maritime industryindustry
Safety, security, environmental Safety, security, environmental protection and the sustainability of protection and the sustainability of shipping industry dependent on the shipping industry dependent on the cultivation of a capable and effective cultivation of a capable and effective manpower resourcemanpower resource
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ConclusionsConclusions
To improve maritime safety requires To improve maritime safety requires commitment, dedication, knowledge commitment, dedication, knowledge and skill of a whole range of people and skill of a whole range of people in maritime industryin maritime industry
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