11

Human Element in Human Element in Maritime SafetyMaritime Safety

Capt. Basza Alexzandar Haji Capt. Basza Alexzandar Haji BasriBasri

Marine OfficerMarine Officer

Marine Department of BruneiMarine Department of Brunei

22

Human ElementHuman Element

Complex multi-dimensional issueComplex multi-dimensional issue Involves the entire spectrum of Involves the entire spectrum of

human related activitieshuman related activities

Seafarers, Shipping Companies, Seafarers, Shipping Companies, Maritime Administrations, Maritime Administrations, Recognized organization, shipyards, Recognized organization, shipyards, naval architects and othersnaval architects and others

33

Human ElementHuman Element

Studies by NTSB Canada, Cormier, Studies by NTSB Canada, Cormier, UK P&I Club and BryantUK P&I Club and Bryant• 84-88% of tanker accidents 84-88% of tanker accidents • 79% of towing vessel groundings 79% of towing vessel groundings • 89-96% of collisions 89-96% of collisions • 75% of allisions – ship/structure 75% of allisions – ship/structure

accidents accidents • 75% of fires and explosions 75% of fires and explosions

44

Human ElementHuman Element

Dutch studyDutch study• 100 accidents100 accidents• causes per accident ranged from 7 to 58causes per accident ranged from 7 to 58• human error was found to contribute to human error was found to contribute to

96 of the 100 accidents96 of the 100 accidents• in 93 of the accidents, multiple human in 93 of the accidents, multiple human

errors were madeerrors were made

55

Human ElementHuman Element

80 % Human error

20 % Technical failure

66

Human ElementHuman Element

77

Human ElementHuman Element

PeoplePeople• KnowledgeKnowledge• SkillsSkills• AbilitiesAbilities• MemoryMemory• MotivationMotivation• AlertnessAlertness

88

Human ElementHuman Element

TechnologyTechnology• Anthropometry (body shape and size)Anthropometry (body shape and size)• Equipment layoutEquipment layout• Information displayInformation display• MaintenanceMaintenance• Reach, strength, agilityReach, strength, agility• Decision-makingDecision-making• Safety & performanceSafety & performance

99

Human ElementHuman Element

EnvironmentEnvironment• Temperature, noiseTemperature, noise• Sea state, vibrationSea state, vibration• RegulationsRegulations• EconomicsEconomics• Physical and mental performancePhysical and mental performance• FatigueFatigue• Risk-takingRisk-taking

1010

Human ElementHuman Element

OrganizationOrganization• FatigueFatigue• Knowledge & skillsKnowledge & skills• Work practicesWork practices• TeamworkTeamwork• Risk-takingRisk-taking• Work schedulesWork schedules• Crew complementCrew complement• TrainingTraining• Communication Communication • Safety cultureSafety culture

1111

Human ErrorHuman Error

Skill-basedSkill-based Rule-basedRule-based Knowledge-basedKnowledge-based

Rasmussen (1986)

1212

Human Error TypeHuman Error Type

GEMS framework (Reason 1990)

1313

Skill basedSkill based

InattentionInattention• Omissions Omissions

following following interruptioninterruption

Over attentionOver attention• RepetitionsRepetitions

1414

Rule basedRule based

Misapplication Misapplication of a ”good of a ”good rule”rule”

Application of a Application of a ”bad rule””bad rule”

1515

Knowledge basedKnowledge based

Problems with Problems with complexitycomplexity

Problems with Problems with causalitycausality

OverconfidenceOverconfidence Confirmation Confirmation

biasbias

1616

Examples of Human ErrorExamples of Human Error

Skill based (without intention)Skill based (without intention)• Navigation (Position fixing)Navigation (Position fixing)

Rule based (with intention)Rule based (with intention)• Manoeuvring, Usage of life boatsManoeuvring, Usage of life boats

Knowledge based (with intention)Knowledge based (with intention)• Underestimate of sea stateUnderestimate of sea state

ViolationViolation• Leaving the port without permissionLeaving the port without permission

1717

MeasuresMeasures

Different failure types require Different failure types require different measuresdifferent measures

Skill-based

Rule-based

Knowledge-based

Violation

Mostly ergonomics

Training, Procedures, Checklists

Training, Safety Management System

Depending on the cause

1818

IMO MeasuresIMO Measures

ISM Code, 1994 ISM Code, 1994 Revised STCW 1995 Revised STCW 1995

1919

ChallengesChallenges

FatigueFatigue Inadequate CommunicationInadequate Communication Inadequate General Technical Inadequate General Technical

knowledgeknowledge Inadequate knowledge of own ship Inadequate knowledge of own ship

systemssystems Poor design of automationPoor design of automation

2020

ChallengesChallenges

Decision Based on Inadequate Decision Based on Inadequate InformationInformation

Faulty standards, policies, or Faulty standards, policies, or practicespractices

Poor MaintenancePoor Maintenance Hazardous natural environmentHazardous natural environment

2121

ConclusionsConclusions

HE plays a large part in maritime HE plays a large part in maritime industryindustry

Safety, security, environmental Safety, security, environmental protection and the sustainability of protection and the sustainability of shipping industry dependent on the shipping industry dependent on the cultivation of a capable and effective cultivation of a capable and effective manpower resourcemanpower resource

2222

ConclusionsConclusions

To improve maritime safety requires To improve maritime safety requires commitment, dedication, knowledge commitment, dedication, knowledge and skill of a whole range of people and skill of a whole range of people in maritime industryin maritime industry

2323