Unit 11 Intelligence Lecture
Part 1: Slides 1-13Defining Intelligence
Exactly what makes up intelligence is a matter of debate
______________________________- Definition
__________________________
__________________________
Deal effectively with the environment
Theories of Intelligence
No one real definition
__________________ versus _________________ Intelligence
4 main theoretical concepts of intelligence….
Charles Spearman and his G factor
Used factor analysis and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one _________________________________________
If you are good at one subject you are usually good at many others.
Early Theories of Intelligence
L. L. Thurstone
Believed that intelligence is made up of ________________________ distinct, independent abilities: Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, reasoning
Thurstone did not believe in a_________________________, but researchers who scored well in one of the seven areas tended to score well on others.
Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences
Gardner believed that there exists at least 7 different types of intelligences.
List the types of intelligence:
Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory
Most commonly accepted theory today.
Three types of intelligence
1.
2.
3.
Creativity
Defined as the ______________________________ novel and socially valued ideas or objects
Creativity and Intelligence – Early studies suggested that there was _______________________
IQ of at least 120 required to be creative, but it doesn’t mean you will be!
Creativity Tests –
Open-ended questions; scoring is based upon the number and originality of a person’s answers
Torrance Test – Individuals explain a picture, its origins, and consequences Mednick’s Remote Association Test (RAT) – given three words – you come up
with a fourth word that the other three can be combined with e.g. hand, lone, win (answer = some)
Sternberg’s Components of creativity
______________________________ ______________________________ A venturesome personality _____________________________
A creative environment
Goleman and his EQ
_______________________________________
Interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences.
Maybe EQ is a better predictor for future success than IQ.
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Intelligences
Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence
Logical-Mathematical
Linguistic
Analytical
Spatial
Musical
Body-Kinesthetic
Creative
Interpersonal Practical Recognizing emotions in others and managing relationships
Intrapersonal Knowing, managing, and motivating yourself with emotions
Part 2: Slides 14-25Brain size and Intelligence is there a link?
Small +.15 correlation between _________________ size and______________________ scores (relative to body size).
Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score
Intelligence Tests: Binet and Simon
First test of intelligence, developed to identify children who might have difficulty in school
Binet developed the concept of mental age in children
_____________________________ = age at which you perform intellectually - may or may not correspond with chronological age
What was his goal?
Brain Function and Intelligence
Higher performing brains are less active than lower performing brains (use less glucose).
____________________________ is also a bit quicker.
Problems with the IQ formula
What are the problems with IQ tests?
Wechsler Tests
More common way to give IQ tests….does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (________________________) is the most commonly used test of intelligence for adults
________________________ is divided into to 11 parts that focus on verbal abilities and on performance skills
Also a version for children, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (___________________)
Normal Distribution: Draw a basic bell curve below:
The Flynn Effects
Principals of Test Construction
Reliability - Ability of a test to provide consistent and stable scores
______________________________________ – a method of measuring reliability where the same individual is given the test on two different occasions and scores are compared. Similarity in scores indicates good test-retest reliability
______________________________________ – method of measuring reliability where the individual takes one test that is divided in half. Performance on each half is compared for similarity.
______________________________________ – two different but similar forms of the test are given on separate occasions and scores are compared for similarity.
Principals of Test Construction
Validity - Ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure
_______________________________ – tests ability to cover the complete range of material (content) it is supposed to measure
_______________________________ – how well a test score predicts an individual’s performance in the future
Correlation between SAT scores and first-year grades in college? +.5 – not great!
Correlation between GRE and grad school grades? +.4 – even worse!
Scoring the IQ Test
_____________________________ - number of questions answered correctly; doesn’t tell much about performance
_____________________________ - score that tells you how you did compared to other test takers – a much better read of performance
________________________________________ - what percentage of test takers you scored better than
What does it mean to score in the 85th percentile?
Part 3: Slides 26-37Intelligence: Stability or Change?
________________________________ does not seem to stabilize until age 7, but by age 4 performance on intelligence tests seems to predict future performance
Ian Deary study seems to establish that intelligence does remain relatively stable over time.
All 10.5-11.5 year-olds in Scotland tested in 1932
Follow up on the survivors done as recently as 2004 indicates intelligence tests remained consistent
Extremes of Intelligence: Giftedness
Definition
top 3% of IQ scores, typically over 132,
Superior IQ combined with ability in academics, creativity, and leadership
Giftedness is often in specific areas
______________________________ gifted people are rare
Some gifted children feel isolated and lonely, but most are well adjusted
Specialized Programs of Study?
Extremes of Intelligence: Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)
Definition
IQ < 70; lowest 3% of IQ scores
not a result of accident
onset before age 18
substantial limitations in functioning
Causes: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Levels
Mild - 90% of cases
Moderate - 6% of cases
Severe - 3% of cases
Profound - 1% of cases
Some people with retardation show savant performance on particular skills
Education and the Law
All children are entitled to an education that is…
Mainstreaming
keeping special needs kids in regular ed classes for whatever subject areas/activities they can handle
Inclusion
rather than taking special needs kids out of regular ed classes for support, bring support personnel into regular ed classes so kids can stay with their peers.
Leveling
separating children by ability into different classes
How do we construct an Intelligence Test?
________________________: the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution.
________________________: Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods.
________________________: Content, Predictive or Construct.
Types of Tests
Aptitude:__________________________________________________ Achievement:______________________________________________
Attitude vs Attention
Achievement tests measure what you have _____________________ learned
Aptitude tests measure your _________________________ to learn.
There is a positive correlation between aptitude tests results and intelligence tests.
e.g. correlation between SAT and IQ?
Does Intelligence change over time?
By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores. Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.
Determinants of Intelligence: Nature
Biological similarities in Adoption Studies
IQ scores of child more closely ________________________ with biological mother than adoptive mother.
Identical Twins reared apart
After identical twins reared together, identical twins reared apart have the ___________________________________ of IQ scores.
Describe the correlations of familiy members and IQ scores:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________