FractureFracture Complete fracture Complete fracture Incomplete fractureIncomplete fractureDislocationDislocation,,DislocationDislocationLuxationLuxation,,Subluxation Subluxation

MechanismMechanism

Direct injuryDirect injuryIndirect injuryIndirect injuryPathologic frPathologic fr----

Fatigue frFatigue fr----

DiagnosisDiagnosis::

DiagnosisDiagnosis::PainPainTendernessTendernessSwellingSwellingLoss of functionLoss of functionDeformityDeformityShorteningShorteningFalse motionFalse motionCrepitusCrepitus

DiagnosisDiagnosis::

plain filmplain filmDimensionDimensionTomographyTomographyC.T.ScanC.T.Scan

MRIMRI

Bone scanBone scan

Classification):Classification):

ProximalProximalmiddlemiddleDistalDistal

Classification):Classification):Degree of displecementDegree of displecement

Undisplaced fr.Undisplaced fr. Impacted fr.Impacted fr. Greenstick fr.Greenstick fr.

Displaced fr.Displaced fr.

Character of the Character of the fr. Linefr. Line

Transverse fr.Transverse fr.Oblique fr.Oblique fr.Spinal fr.Spinal fr.Longitudinal fr.Longitudinal fr.Comminuted fr.Comminuted fr.Segmental fr.Segmental fr.

Closed fr Closed fr Open fr Open fr

GustiloGustiloType IType I1)1)1cm1cm

2)2)3)3)Simple fr.Simple fr.

Type IIType II1)1)1cm1cm2)2)3)3)Comminuted fr.Comminuted fr.

Type IIIAType IIIA1)1)10cm10cm2)2)3)3)TypeTypeIII open fr.III open fr.

a)a)Segmental fr.Segmental fr.b)b)c)c)d)Type I d)Type I IIII88

Type IIIBType IIIBType IIICType IIIC

AO ( society of internal fixation) AO ( society of internal fixation) principlesprinciples

(Anatomical reduction)(Anatomical reduction) (Rigid fixation)(Rigid fixation) (Early mobilization)(Early mobilization) (Preserve soft tissue (Preserve soft tissue and blood supply)and blood supply)

ReductionReduction

AlignmentAlignmentRotational deformityRotational deformityLengthLengthAppositionApposition

::

::1. 1. ------2. 2. ------3. 3. ------

Types of Types of fixationfixation

A) A) External fixationExternal fixation1.1.TractionTraction2.2.plaster castplaster cast3.3.External fixationExternal fixation

B) B) Internal fixationInternal fixation1.1.wirewire2.2.pinpin3. 3. screwscrew4.4.plateplate5.5.Intramedullary nailIntramedullary nail

A) A) SystemicSystemic1.1.shockshock2.2.Fat embolismFat embolism

B) B) RegionalRegional1.1.Gas gangrreneGas gangrrene2.2.Compartment syndromeCompartment syndrome

A) A) 1.1.Delayed unionDelayed union2.2.NonNon--unionunion3.3.MalMal--unionunionB) B) Growth arrestGrowth arrestC) C) Avascular necrosisAvascular necrosisD) D) OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitisE) E) Jojnt stiffnessJojnt stiffnessF) F) Traumatic arthritisTraumatic arthritisG) G) Myositis ossificansMyositis ossificansH) H) Sympathetic reflex dystrophySympathetic reflex dystrophy