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COMPUTER AWARENESS 

SBI CLERK POCKET KNOWLEDGE

BY EDUGEEKS.IN

Here 

Download Exciting Materials

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COMPUTER AWARENESS

COMPUTER:  An electronic device which is

capable of receiving information (data) in a

 particular form and of performing a sequence ofoperations in accordance with a predetermined but

variable set of procedural instructions (program) to

 produce a result in the form of information or

signals.

Computer was invented by ―Charles Babbage‖ who is known as ―Father of Computer‖. 

Word ―COMPUTER‖ was first used in 1613 

  First Programmable Computer: Z1

developed by Konrad Zuse in 1936  First electronic programmable computer:

Colossus developed by Tommy Flowers in

1943

  First digital computer: Atanasoff-Berry

Computer (ABC) developed by John

Vincent Atanasoff in 1937

  First Stored Program Computer: EDSAC

  First Computer Company: Electronic

Controls Company

 

First PC Computer: 701 by IBM  First Computer with RAM: Whirlwind

Machine

  First Transient Computer: TX-O

  First Mini Computer: PDP-1

  First Microprocessor: Intel 4004

  First Laptop or Portable Computer: IBM5100

  First Apple Computer: Apple I

Generations of Computers

 

First Generation (1940 to 1956)  –   Using

Vacuum Tubes

  Second Generation (1956 to 1963)  –   UsingTransistors

  Third Generation (1964 to 1971)  –   Using

Integrated Circuits (Chips)

  Fourth Generation  (1971 to present)  –  Using Microprocessors

 

Fifth Generation (present and next)  –  UsingArtificial Intelligence

First Generation

First generation of computers started with using

vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory

and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit).

These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of

heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the

installations, therefore, were very expensive and

could be afforded only by very large organisations.

In this generation, mainly batch processing

operating systems were used. In this generation,

Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input &

Output device were used.

There were machine codes and electric wired board

languages used.

The main features of First Generation are:

  Vacuum tube technology

 

Unreliable  Supported Machine language only

  Very costly

  Generate lot of heat

  Slow Input/Output device

  Huge size

   Need of A.C.

   Non-portable

  Consumed lot of electricity

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Some computers of this generation were:

  ENIAC

  EDVAC

  UNIVAC

 

IBM-701  IBM-650

Second Generation

The period of second generation was 1959-1965.

This generation using the transistor were cheaper,

consumed less power, more compact in size, more

reliable and faster than the first generation machines

made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic

cores were used as primary memory and magnetictape and magnetic disks as secondary storage

devices.

In this generation, assembly language and high-

level programming language like FORTRAN,

COBOL were used.

There were Batch processing and

Multiprogramming Operating system used.

The main features of Second Generation are:

  Use of transistors

  Reliable as compared to First generation

computers

  Smaller size as compared to First generation

computers  Generate less heat as compared to First

generation computers

  Consumed less electricity as compared toFirst generation computers

  Faster than first generation computers

  Still very costly

  A.C. needed

  Support machine and assembly languages

Some computers of this generation were:

  IBM 1620

  IBM 7094

  CDC 1604

 

CDC 3600  UNIVAC 1108

Third Generation

The period of third generation was 1965-1971.

The third generation of computer is marked by the

use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of

transistors. A single IC has many transistors,resistors and capacitors along with the associated

circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This

development made computers smaller in size,

reliable and efficient.

In this generation, Remote processing, Time-

sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating

System were used.

High-level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV,

COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc.)

were used during this generation.

The main features of Third Generation are:

  IC used

  More reliable

  Smaller size

  Generate less heat

  Faster

  Lesser maintenance

  Still costly

 

A.C. needed  Consumed lesser electricity

  Support high-level language

Some computers of this generation were:

  IBM-360 series

  Honeywell-6000 series

  PDP(Personal Data Processor)

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  IBM-370/168

  TDC-316

Fourth Generation

The period of Fourth Generation was 1971-1980.

The fourth generation of computers is marked by

the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)

circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors

and other circuit elements and their associated

circuits on a single chip made it possible to have

microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth

Generation computers became more powerful,

compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it

gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.

In this generation, Time sharing, Real time,

 Networks, Distributed Operating System were used.

All the higher level languages like C and C++,

DBASE, etc., were used in this generation

The main features of Fourth Generation are:

 

VLSI technology used  Very cheap

  Portable and reliable

  Use of PC's

  Very small size

  Pipeline processing

   No A.C. needed

  Concept of internet was introduced

  Great developments in the fields of

networks

 

Computers became easily available

Some computers of this generation were:

  DEC 10

  STAR 1000

  PDP 11

  CRAY-1 (Super Computer)

  CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer ) 

Fifth Generation

The period of Fifth Generation is 1980-till date.

In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became

ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology,

resulting in the production of microprocessor chips

having ten million electronic components.

This generation is based on parallel processing

hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.

AI is an emerging branch in computer science

which interprets means and methods of making

computers think like human beings.

All the higher level languages like C and C++, Java,

.Net, etc., are used in this generation.

AI includes:

  Robotics

   Neural networks

  Game Playing

  Development of expert systems to makedecisions in real life situations.

   Natural language understanding and

generation.

Types of Computers (based on electric signal)

  Analog –  flight simulators

  Digital –  commercial and control systems

  Hybrid –  ECG machines, Modem

Types of Computers:

Sr.

No.Type Specifications

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1PC (Personal

Computer)

Single user computer system.

Moderately powerful microprocessor.

2 WorkStation

Single user computer system. Similar

to Personal Computer but have more

 powerful microprocessor.

3Mini

Computer

Multi-user computer system. Capable

of supporting hundreds of users

simultaneously.

4 Main Frame

Multi-user computer system. Capable

of supporting hundreds of users

simultaneously. Software technology

is different from minicomputer.

5 Supercomputer

An extremely fast computer, which

can perform hundreds of millions ofinstructions per second.

Applications of Computers:Computers are used around the world some of them

are

  Education

  Business

  Banking

  Government Applications

  Marketing

  Law

 

Research  Arts

  Medicine

  Media

Components of Computer

There are two components of computers

1.  Hardware

2.  Software

Hardware: Hardware is the brain of computer

which performs all calculations and processing we

can simply say that CPU, Microprocessor, monitor,

keyboard, mouse, printer, hard disk etc. are

hardware components of computer.

Software: Software is a set of

instructions/programs, which enables the computer

to perform a specific task. An important software

called the 'Operating System'  is a set of

specialized programs which manage the overall

operations of the computer. Windows XP is a well-

known and widely used operating system 

Parts of Computers:

 

CPU  Mouse

  Keyboard

  Monitor

  Hard Disk

  CD/DVD Drive

  Floppy Disk Driver

Computer Organization:

Input Devices –  Access the data 

Central Processing Unit (CPU) –  Process the data 

Output Devices- Produces the result 

Storage Devices (RAM) –  Stores the result

Input Device: An input device is anything that puts

information inside a computer.

Examples:

 

Keyboard  Mouse

  Joystick

  Light pen

  Track Ball

  Scanner

  Graphic Tablet

  Microphone

  Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

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  Optical Character Reader (OCR)

  Bar Code Reader

  Optical Mark Reader

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.CPU performs all types of data processing

operations. It stores data, intermediate results and

instructions (program). It controls the operations of

all parts of computer.

CPU itself has the following three components

  ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

  Memory Unit

 

Control Unit

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) 

This unit consists of two subsections namely:

  Arithmetic Section

  Logic Section

Arithmetic Section

Function of Arithmetic section is to performarithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division. All complex operations

are done by making repetitive use of above

operations.

Logic Section

Function of logic section is to perform logic

operations such as comparing, selecting, matching

and merging of data.

Memory or Storage Unit:

This unit can store instructions, data and

intermediate results. This unit supplies information

to the other units of the computer when needed. It is

also known as internal storage unit or main memory

or primary storage or Random access

memory(RAM).

Its size affects speed, power and capability. There

are primary memory and secondary memory, two

types of memories in the computer. Functions of

Memory Unit are:

  It stores all the data to be processed and the

instructions required for processing.  It stores intermediate results of processing.

  It stores final results of processing before

these results are released to an output

device.

  All inputs and outputs are transmitted

through main memory.

Control Unit

This unit controls the operations of all parts of

computer. It does not carry out any actual data

 processing operations.

Functions of this unit are:

  It is responsible for controlling the transfer

of data and instructions among other units of

a computer.

  It manages and coordinates all the units ofthe computer.

  It obtains the instructions from the memory,

interprets them and directs the operation of

the computer.

  It communicates with Input/Output devices

for transfer of data or results from storage.  It does not process or store data.

Output Devices: An output device is anything that

can display information

Examples:

  Printer

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  Speaker

  Monitor/Screen

  FAX

  Graphic Plotter

Printers 

Printer is the most important output device, which isused to print information on paper.

There are two types of printers:

  Impact Printers

   Non-Impact Printers

Printer types:

Impact –  Dot Matrix, Character printers

 Non Impact  –   Inkjet, DiskJet, Laser, Thermal

Printers

Memory:

A place where we can store the data or set of

instructions to access them while performing the

operations

Memory types:

  Cache Memory

  Primary Memory/Main Memory

  Secondary Memory

Cache Memory:

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor

memory, which can speed up CPU. It acts as a

 buffer between the CPU and main memory.

Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds only those data and

instructions on which computer is currently

working. It has limited capacity and data gets lost

when power is switched off.

It is generally made up of semiconductor device.

These memories are not as fast as registers. The

data and instructions required to be processed

earlier reside in main memory.

It is divided into two subcategories RAM andROM.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory) is one of the

storage devices which performs both read and write

operations. But RAM is Volatile in nature it loses

the data when there is no power supply. It is fast

while programming when compared to ROM 

There are two types of RAM 

  DRAM (Dynamic Random Access

Memory) 

  SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory) 

Main advantage of ROM is that we can easily alter

the data or reprogrammable. Advantage of ROM is

 Non  – Volatile in nature which does not loses any

data when there is no power supply. Motherboardmay consist of more than one ROM chips.

Types of ROM

  ROM- Read only Memory 

  PROM- Programmable Read only Memory 

  EPROM- Erasable Programmable Read only

Memory 

  EEPROM- Electrically Erasable

Programmable Read only Memory 

  Flash EEPROM memory 

Secondary Memory

This type of memory is also known as external

memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main

memory. These are used for storing

Data/Information permanently.

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CPU directly does not access these memories,

instead they are accessed via input-output routines.

Contents of secondary memories are first

transferred to main memory and then CPU can

access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS) 

Operating System is a type of software that allows

computer hardware to communicate with software.

A computer without OS is a mere machine 

Ex: DOS (Disk Operating System), Linux, Solaris 

Types of operating systems

Graphical User Interface (GUI) 

GUI is an interface, which allows us to interact with

electronic devices like mobiles, gaming

devicesandMp3 players using some graphical icons 

Ex:Windows 98, Windows CE, System 7.X

Multi-user operating system 

Application software which allows multiple users

toaccess the computer with time sharing system 

Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000

Multiprocessor operating system 

An operating system which supports the utilization

of two or more processors on single computer

Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000

Multi-Tasking 

An operating system which supports multiple

 processes at the time Ex: Unix, Windows 2000 

Translators:

There are two types of translators  –  Compilers and

Interpreters

Compiler  –   special program that processes

statements written in a particular programming

language (source code) and converts to machine

code.

It is a translator program which reads entire

 program written in high level language and converts

it into machine language code

Interpreter  –   Translates high level language into

intermediate form which it then executes. Time

consuming is program is long.It is a translator which converts one statement of

 program into machine code, execute it and then

goes on to perform the same for next statement, and

continues till end of program or occurrence of an

error

Computer Security

Virus  –   Program written to interface with normal

functioning of the computer

  Boot sector virus  –   infects boot sector in

hard disk and affects partition table

  File viruses  –   attach with exe files.

Commonly infects files with com or exe

extensions

 

System Viruses  –   Infects specific systemfiles such as command.com

Viruses can be grouped as:

  Time bomb  –   It will start on particular date

at particular time. Computer looses its

ability to function properly

  Trojan Horse –  Enters computer via email or

free programs that are downloaded

  Worm –  Infiltrate legitimate data processing

 programs and alter or destroy data

  Often use network connections to spread

from one system to other

  Linked through communication lines

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Types of keys in Keyboard

Keyboard was invented by Christopher Latham

Sholes. Keyboard is an input device, used for

entering data with the help of numbers, letters and

symbols provided on the keyboard. There are many

types of keys on the keyboard they are.

  Typewriter Keys (Alpha numeric, Punctuation,

Special Keys) 

  Function Keys (F1, F2, F3……….F12) 

  Enter Keys (Enter) 

  System Keys ( Print Screen, Caps Lock and

 Num Lock) 

   Numeric Keys (0, 1, 2…..9) 

  Application Key 

 

Cursor Control Key (Left, Right, Up, DownArrows) 

Microsoft Office:

Microsoft Office is an office suite of desktop

applications, servers and services for the Microsoft

Windows and OS X operating systems.

It was first announced by Bill Gates of Microsoft on

August 1, 1988 at COMDEX in Las Vegas.

Microsoft Office made its debut in 1990, with

successive releases adding to the suite‘s primary

word processor (Microsoft Word), spreadsheet

(Microsoft Excel), and presentation (Microsoft

PowerPoint)  applications with an e-mail /

 personal information manager application

(Microsoft Outlook), database tool (Microsoft

Access), desktop publishing app (Microsoft

Publisher), note-taking software (Microsoft

OneNote), diagram and flowcharting tools

(Microsoft Visio) and more.

Important Terms:

Cell:  A cell is the intersection of a row and a

column in a table.

Catalog:  Catalog refers to a type of document

created in Mail Merge that contains multiple

records per page.

Columns: In a document, columns refers to the

formatting of text so that it flows side-by-side on a

 page like a newspaper.

Exit:  Use the Exit command on the File menu to

close all documents and leave Word entirely.

Field: A field is an area in your document where a

specific type of data is entered or calculated.

Footer: A footer is the contents of an area located

within the bottom margin of a page

Frame: A frame is a container for text and graphics

that can be placed anywhere within a document,

including the margins, and which forces existing

text to wrap around it.

Hotspot: A hot spot is a green word or phrase that

can be used to open help about the word or phrase.

Click a hot spot with a solid underline to open ahelp document about the phrase. Click a hot spot

with a dotted underline to open a pop-up window

about the phrase.

Line spacing: Line spacing refers to the number of

lines used by each line of text. In single-line

spacing, each line of text is followed by another line

of text, and there are no blank lines in between. In

double-line spacing, each line of text is followed by

a blank line.

List box: A list box is a box that contains a list of

available choices, such as files or field names.

Menu Bar:  The menu bar contains the names of

Word's menus and is used to navigate through their

commands.

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Query:  A query is a request for information in a

database. For example, a user might request "all

sales orders with a quantity greater than five".

Record: A record is a set of information contained

in a database. For example, a company might keep a

database containing client records. Each recordwould contain a variety of information such as

name, phone number, and address.

Rows:  In a table, a row is a horizontal series of

cells.

Save As:  Use the Save As command on the File

menu to open the Save As dialog box if you want to

save the current document under a new name or

store it in a different folder or disk while also

keeping the original version.

Template: A template is a preformatted document

that serves as a model for other documents.

Templates include common formats such as

addresses and date entries and allow you to create

 professional looking letters, memos, reports, and

other documents easily.

Task Bar: The Taskbar is a panel on the Desktop

that contains the Start button, the Tray, and task

 buttons that correspond to any open windows.

Trace: Tracing is the process of navigating through

an open menu by moving the mouse over menu

items.

Truncated:  Tracing is the process of navigating

through an open menu by moving the mouse over

menu items.

Tool: A tool is a shortcut button, usually shown on

a bar near the top of a window, that provides quick

access to a commonly used command.

View:  There are four views available in Word:

 Normal, Page Layout, Online Layout, and Outline.

Some show you how the document will look when

it is printed, and some make working in Word quick

and easy.

Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is a word processor developed

 by Microsoft. 

It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-

Tool Wordfor  Xenix systemsMicrosoft Word's native file formats are denoted

either by a .doc or .docx file extension.

Study Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys here

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is

a spreadsheet application developed

 by Microsoft for  Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. 

It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, 

and a macro programming language called Visual

Basic for Applications. 

Study Microsoft Excel Shortcut Keys here 

Study Microsoft Power Point Shortcut Keys here

Study Microsoft Outlook Shortcut Keys here 

Study Browser Shortcuts here 

Important Inventions and Discoveries:

  Inventor of Computer  –  Charles Babbage 

 

First Modern Computer in the World- ENIAC 

  First Commercial Computer –  Univac 

  First Programmable Digital Computer  – 

 SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic

Computer) 

  ENIAC was developed by  –  John Mauchly

and J. Presper Eckert 

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  Inventor of Punch Cards in Computer  – 

 Hollerith 

  First Computer Programming Languages-

 FORTRAN, LISP and COBOL 

  Computer Graphics was developed by  – 

 William Fetter  

 

ARPANET was developed by –  DARPA 

  First Compiler was developed by  –  Dr.

Grace Murray Hopper  

  Father of Computer Animations- John

Whitney 

  First movie to use Digital Image Processing-

 West World in 1973 

  Computer Mouse was invented by- Douglas

Engel Bart 

  Computer Keyboard was invented by-

 Christopher Latham Sholes 

  Laptop Computer was invented by  –  Adam

Osborne 

  First Graphical Computer Game was

invented by- A.S. Douglas 

  Computer BIOS was invented by  –  Gary

Kildall 

  Inventor of Computer Bug- Dr. Grace

Murray Hopper  

  Inventors of Computer Chip (IC)  –  Jack

Kilby and Robert Noyce 

  Father of Computer Hard Disk- Reynold

Johnson 

  Inventor of First Data Base  –  Dr. Edgar

Frank Codd 

  Inventor of Ethernet Computer Networking-

 David Boggs, Chuck Thacker and Butler

Lampsonin Xerox PARC 

  Inventor of Computer Scanner  –  Ray

Kurzweil 

  Inventor of Computer Speakers- Abinawan

Puracchidas 

  Inventor of MS-DOS Operating Systems-

 Microsoft 

  Inventors of first computer Microprocessors

 –  Faggin , Hoff & Mazor  

  Inventor of Spacewar computer Game  – 

 Steve Russell & MIT 

 

UNIVAC was developed by  –  JohnMauchly and J. Presper Eckert 

  Founder of Apple Computers –  Steve Jobs

  Founder of Artificial Intelligence  –   John

McCarthy

  Founder of Bluetooth –  Ericsson

  Father of Computer –  Charles Babbage

  Father of ‗C‘ Language –  Dennis Ritchie

  Father of ‗C++‘  language  –   Bjarne

Stroustrup

 

Founder of Email –  Shiva Ayyadurai  Founder of Google –  Larry Page and Sergey

Brin

  Founder of Internet –  Vint Cerf

  Father of ‗Java‘- James Gosling

  Father of JQuery –  John Resig

  Founder of Keyboard  –   Christoper Latham

Sholes

  Founder of Linux –  Linus Torvalds

  Founder of Microsoft  –  Bill Gates and Paul

Allen  Founder of Mobile Phones –  Martin Cooper

  Founder of Mouse –  Douglas Engelbart

  Founders of Oracle  –   Ed Oates, Larry

Ellison, Bob Miner

  Founder of Php –  Rasmus Lerdorf

  Founder of USB –  Ajay V.Bhatt

  Founder of WWW –  Tim Berners-Lee

  Founder of Yahoo  –   Jurry Yang and David

Filo

Important Terms:

Backup: Storage of duplicate files on disks, diskettes,

or some other form of magnetic medium (such as tapes)as a safety measures in case the original medium isdamaged or lost.

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 Basic Input/Output System (BIOS): A set of programs

stored in read-only memory. These programs control thedisk drives, the keyboard, and the display screen, andthey handle start-up operations.

Boot (short for bootstrap): To start a computer andload the operating system to prepare the computer to

execute an application.Buffer: A holding area in memory that storesinformation temporarily.

Bug: A defect in the software that causes the computer

to malfunction or cease to operate. Some writers nowuse bug to refer to hardware problems as well.

Bus:  There are wires between all the parts of yourcomputer. There is a wire from the memory to the brain,and from the brain to the printer, etc., etc. Those wires

are called busses. They differ from one another by theamount of data they will transfer at one time.

Compiler:  This is an application that converts a programming language into a machine language program.

Crash: A malfunction in hardware or software thatkeeps a computer from functioning.

Data: Information consisting of letter, numbers,symbols, sound, or images in a form that can be

 processed by a computer.

Data compression: A procedure for reducing thevolume of data so as to shorten the time needed totransfer the data.

Database: A stored collection of information.

Database management system: The software neededto establish and maintain database and manage the

stored information.

Debugging: Locating and eliminating defects in a

program

Domain: Typically, a three letter element in a Webaddress or an e-mail address. The domain, commonlyreferred to as the zone, indicates the type of organizationthat owns the computer being identified in the address.For example,. Com signifies a commercial organization;.edu signifies an educational institution.

Domain name: The second part of an e-mail address

what follows the @symbol. The name of the computer

intended to receive an e-mail message. In Web addresses

(URLs) this element is referred to as the host name.

DOS: An acronym derived from disk operating system.

A program that allows the computer to manage thestorage of information on disks and control as other

aspects of a computer‘s operation. 

Dot: The period symbol used in e-mail addresses.

Always referred to as a dot (never a period). Thus the

domain name aol.com would be pronounced ay-oh-ell

dot-com. Internet surfers who spend a lot of time in the.

Com domain are sometimes referred to as dot

communists.

Encryption: This is any one of many methods to

transfer a file into a hard-to-crack code. It is often done

 by scrambling or by letter-to-letter replacement.

Engine (as in "Search Engine"): This is the working

 part of a database or application.

Ethernet: This is a method of file transfer that uses

dedicated cables rather than dial up phone lines.

Ethernets are usually set up attaching end users to a

central system like an Intranet. It was invented by Xerox

 believe it or not. F

File:  A collection of information stored electronically

and treated as a unit by a computer.

Every file must have its own distinctive name.

File transfer protocol (FTP): A set of guidelines or

standards that establish the format in which

files can be transmitted from one computer to another.

Firewall:  Software that prevents unauthorized persons

from accessing certain parts of a

 program, database, or network.

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Gateway: It is a piece of software that allows two items

to communicate with each other. They are used to make

connections between computers and systems inside that

computer.

Home page: The main page for a Web site established

 by an organization or an individual; it

usually serves as the entrance for a series of related pages.

Host computer: A computer that provides information

or a service to other computers on the

Internet. Every host computer has its own unique host

name.

Hypertext markup language (HTML): The

formatting language used to establish the

appearance of a Web page.

Interface:  This is any type of point where two

different things come together. Most often, the term

is used to describe the programs between you and

your computer like Windows, OS/2 and others.What you see on the screen is the interface between

you and what your computer is doing.

Modem:  An acronym derived from

modulator/demodulator. A device that (1) converts

digital signals into tones for transmission over

telephone lines and (2) converts the tones back into

digital signals at the receiving end.

Measurements -

Bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the

contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte

1024 bytes = one kilobyte

K = kilobyte

Kb = kilobit

MB = megabyte

Mb = megabit

MB/s = megabytes per second

Mb/s = megabits per second

 bps = bits per second

i.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s

Optical disk : A high-capacity storage medium that

is read by a laser light.

Peripheral - an add-on component to your

computer.

Port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac.

root directory - the main hard drive window.

Save - to write a file onto a disk.

Save as - (a File menu item) to save a previouslysaved file in a new location and/or with a new

name.

Server:  A computer that delivers data to other

computers linked on the same network.

Spam: This is to transmit unwanted messages, usually

over email, to a great many people.

TCP/IP :  Stands for Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol. This is a large grouping of

 programs and standards that govern how information

moves round the Internet. The protocols were

established around 1970-1980 to allow computers to

attach to one another.

URL:  Stands for Universal Resource Locator. It's a

fancy way of saying Internet Address.

UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source.Virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as

though it were "RAM

Virus:  A piece of computer code designed as a

 prank or malicious act to spread from one

computer to another by attacking itself to other

 programs. Some viruses simply cause a

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humorous message to appear on the screen, some

cause minor glitches, and some cause serious

damage to a computer‘s memory or disks. 

Web site: One or more related pages created by an

individuals or an organization and posted on

the World Wide Web.

Important Abbreviations:

2GL — Second-Generation Programming Language

3GL — Third-Generation Programming Language

4GL — Fourth-Generation Programming Language

5GL — Five-Generation Programming Language

AAA — Authentication Authorization, Accounting

AAL — ATM Adaptation Layer

ABR  — Available Bitrate

ALGOL — Algorithmic Language

ALU — Arithmetic and Logical Unit

ANSI — American National Standards Institute

ARPANET — Advanced Research Projects Agency

 Network

ASCII — American Standard Code for Information

Interchange

ASP — Active Server Pages

BASIC — Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic

Instruction Code

CAPTCHA — Completely Automated Public TuringTest to tell Computers and Humans Apart

CDMA — Code Division Multiple Access

CD-R  — CD-Recordable

CD-ROM — CD Read-Only Memory

CD-RW — CD-Rewritable

COBOL — Common Business-Oriented Language

COMPUTER-Common Operating Machine

Particularly Used for Trade, Education, and

Research

DBMS — Database Management System

DVD — Digital Versatile Disc

DVD — Digital Video Disc

DVD-R  — DVD-Recordable

DVD-ROM — DVD-Read Only Memory

DVD-RW — DVD-Rewritable

DVI — Digital Visual Interface

DVR  — Digital Video Recorder

EDSAC — Electronic Delay Storage Automatic

Calculator

EDVAC — Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic

Computer

EEPROM — Electronically Erasable ProgrammableRead-Only Memory

E-mail — Electronic mail

ENIAC — Electronic Numerical Integrator And

Computer

EPROM — Erasable Programmable Read-OnlyMemory

FDD — Floppy Disk Drive

GUI — Graphical User Interface

HD — High Density

HDD — Hard Disk Drive

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 HTML — Hypertext Markup Language

HTTP — Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTTPd — Hypertext Transport Protocol Daemon

IC — Integrated Circuit

I/O — Input/output

IP — Internet Protocol

ISO — International Organization for

Standardization

ISP — Internet Service Provider

KB — Keyboard

Kb — Kilobit

KB — Kilobyte

KVM — Keyboard, Video, Mouse

LCD — Liquid Crystal Display

LCR  — Least Cost Routing

LAN — Local Area Network

LIFO — Last In First Out

MAC — Media Access Control

MAN — Metropolitan Area Network

MANET — Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

MAPI — Messaging Application Programming

Interface

Mb — Megabit

MB — MegabyteMHz — Megahertz

MOSFET — Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field

Effect Transistor

MS-DOS — Microsoft DOS

MT — Machine Translation

MTA — Mail Transfer Agent

MVS — Multiple Virtual Storage

MX — Mail exchange

MXF — Material Exchange Format

OS — Operating System

OSS — Open-Source Software

PAN — Personal Area Network

PAP — Password Authentication Protocol

PERL — Practical Extraction and Reporting

Language

PHP — PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

QDR  — Quad Data Rate

RAID — Redundant Array of Independent Disks

RDBMS — Relational Database Management

System

RISC — Reduced Instruction Set Computer

SAN — Storage Area Network

SAX — Simple API for XML.

SQL — Structured Query Language

SRAM — Static Random Access Memory

TCP/IP — Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol

TTL — Transistor-Transistor Logic

UML — Unified Modeling Language

USB — Universal Serial Bus

VLAN — Virtual Local Area Network

XHTML — eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language

XML — eXtensible Markup Language 

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