DOUG BALLARDJADEN CHOJOE DALTON

PERIOD 2

Physiology 2

Ch. 37 Concepts The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and

blood. Blood moves through three types of blood vessels – arteries, capillaries,

and veins Red blood cells transport oxygen. White blood cells guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack

bacteria. Blood clotting is made possible by plasma proteins and cell fragments

called platelets. The lymphatic system collects fluid that is lost by the blood and returns

it back to the circulatory system. The function of the respiratory system is to bring about the exchange of

oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, air, and tissues. Smoking causes respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis,

emphysema, and lung cancer.

Ch. 37 Vocab

Myocardium – thick layer of muscle that surrounds the heart and pumps blood through the body

Atrium – upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle.

Ventricle – lower chamber, which pumps blood out of the heart. Pulmonary Circulation – pumps blood from the heart to the

lungs. Systemic Circulation – pumps blood to the rest of the body. Valves – connective tissue that prevents the blood from flowing

backwards Pacemaker – small group of cardiac muscles in the right atrium

that “set the pace” for the heart. Aorta – large blood vessel that carries blood through the body

and back to the heart. Arteries – large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the

tissues of the body

The Heart

1) Superior Vena Cava - Blood from body2) Right Atrium3) Valve4) Right Ventricle5) Left Ventricle6) Left Atrium7) Pulmonary Veins - Blood from lungs8) Aorta - Blood to body9) Pulmonary Arteries - Blood to lungs

Ch. 37 Vocab (Cont.) Capillaries – smallest of the blood vessels that brings nutrients

and oxygen to the tissues and absorbing carbon dioxide and other waste products.

Veins – returns blood back to the heart Atherosclerosis – a condition in which plaque builds up on the

inner walls of the arteries Plasma – makes up about 55% of blood. Plasma is about 90%

water and 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, and proteins called plasma proteins.

Hemoglobin – iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues throughout the body.

Lymphocytes – type of white blood cell that produces antibodies that help destroy pathogens

Platelets – starts clotting process when skin is broken to prevent bleeding

Lymph – fluid that is lost by the blood and returned to the circulatory system.

Ch. 37 Vocab (Cont.) Pharynx – shared with the digestive system, food goes down the

esophagus and air passes through the trachea, but never at the same time

Trachea – armored tube that allows air to pass beyond the larynx to where it divides into the left and right bronchi.

Right Bronchus – leads to a lung Left Bronchus – The left one has a sharper bend due to the presence

of the heart and major blood vessels directly underneath it. Alveoli – tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place. Diaphragm – acts as a floor to the chest cavity as well as a roof to

the abdomen. Expands and contracts, forcing air in and out. Nicotine – a stimulant drug that increases heart rate and blood

pressure. Emphysema – a long-term smoking disease that causes the loss of

elasticity in the tissues of the lungs, which makes breathing difficult.

Respiratory System

1)Nose2)Mouth3)Larynx4)Lung5)Right Bronchus6)Diaphragm7)Pharynx8)Trachea9)Left Bronchus10)Bronchioles11)Alveoli

Ch. 38 Concepts Every cell in the human body needs water because many of the

body’s processes take place in water. The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus,

stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Several major accessory structures include the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the liver, add secretions to the digestive system.

The function of the digestive system is to help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.

As blood enters the nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. The purified blood exits the nephron through the venule.

The nutrients that the body needs are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

Ch. 38 Vocab Stomach – continues chemical and mechanical digestion of food Small intestine – chemical digestion and absorption of food Pancreas – produces hormones, breaks down carbohydrates, lipids,

and nucleic acids, and produces sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid

Liver – produces bile, which dissolves fat found in fatty foods. Large intestine – removes water from the undigested material that is

left. Mouth – begins mechanical digestion through chewing Esophagus – moves food by contractions of smooth muscle Gallbladder – stores and concentrates bile, then releases it into the

duodenum to help absorb and digest fats. Rectum – receives stool from the colon, to let the person know that

there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.

Anus – last part of digestive tract

Digestive System Map

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1) Teeth2) Mouth3) Tongue4) Salivary Glands5) Esophagus6) Liver7) Stomach8) Gallbladder9) Pancreas10)Large Intestine11)Small Intestine12)Appendix13)Rectum14)Anus

EnzymesActive Site Enzyme Effect on Food

Mouth Salivary amylase Breaks down starches into disaccharides

Stomach Pepsin Breaks down proteins into large peptides

Small intestine (from pancreas)

Amylase Continues the breakdown of starch

Trypsin Continues the breakdown of protein

Lipase Breaks down fat

Small Intestine Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase

Breaks down remaining

disaccharides into monosaccharide

Peptidase Breaks down dipeptides into amino

acids

Ch. 38 Vocab (Cont.)

Kidney – organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood

Ureter – carries urine to the urinary bladder Urinary bladder – saclike organ where urine is stored before

being excreted Nephrons – blood filtering unit in the renal cortex of the

kidney Glomerulus – a small network of capillaries encased in the

upper end of the nephron Bowman’s Capsule – cup-shaped structure in the upper end of

a nephron that encases the glomerulus Loop of Henle – section of nephron tubule in which water is

conserved and the volume of urine minimized. Urethra – a tube that releases urine from the body

The Kidney

The kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing waste products from the blood, maintaining blood pH, and regulating the water content of the blood.

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6 1)Ureter2)Renal Vein3)Renal Artery4)Medulla5)Cortex6)Nephron

The Nephron

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1)Bowman’s Capsule2)Vein3)Artery4)Capillaries5) Collecting Duct6)Loop of Henle

Quiz

1) Which type of blood vessel returns blood to the heart?a) Capillaries b) Arteries c) Veins2) How much percent of blood contains plasma?a) 55% b) 45% c) 60% d) 50%3) Which Bronchus is shaped differently in order to leave room for the heart and other major blood vessels?a) Right Bronchus b) Left Bronchus4) Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?a) Bronchioles b) Diaphragm c) Alveoli

Quiz (Cont.)

5) Where is the larynx located?a) 7 b) 3 c) 8

6) What is the function of the pharynx?a) To let food go down the esophagus b) to let air pass through the trachea c) to do both, but never at the same time

Quiz (Cont.)

7) Which organ is the stomach? a) B b) A c) C

8) What is the function of the ureter?a) to filter waste out of the blood b) releases urine from the body c) to carry waste to the urinary bladder

A B

C

Quiz (Cont.)

9) Which enzyme is found in the Small Intestine from the Pancreas?a) Peptidase b) Trypsin c) Pepsin

10) Which part of the heart takes blood from the lungs to the left atrium?a) Pulmonary Arteriesb) Pulmonary Veinsc) Aorta

Quiz Answers1) C2) A3) B4) C5) B6) C7) A8) C9) B10) B