doris bloom-higginbottom latest version dissertation

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1

AN INVESTIGATION OF PARENTAL PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES, AND BELIEFS

ABOUT CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTHY LIFESTYLES

AMONG MINORITY FAMILIES IN RURAL TEXAS

A Doctoral Dissrtatio!

B"

DORIS MORGAN#BLOOM HIGGINBOTTOM

S$%&itt' to t( Gra'$at Sc(ool

Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit"

I! artial -$l-ill&!t o- t( r.$ir&!t -or t( '/r o-

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY



2

AN INVESTIGATION OF PARENTAL PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES, AND BELIEFS

ABOUT CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTHY LIFESTYLES

AMONG MINORITY FAMILIES IN RURAL TEXAS

A Doctoral 6Dissrtatio!7 D-!s

B"

DORIS MORGAN#BLOOM HIGGINBOTTOM

Aro+' as to t( st"l a!' co!t!t %"5

88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Patricia Ho--&a!#Millr, P(9D9

:Dissrtatio! C(air;

88888888888888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888888 A!/la Bra!c(#Vital, P(9D9 Carl Gar'i!r, E'9D9

:M&%r; :M&%r;

88888888888888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888888 <illia& =ritso!is, P(9D9 Solo&o! G9 Os(o, P(9D9



3

WHITLOWE R. GREEN COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Doctoral Dissertation Defense

ABSTRACT

A! i!+sti/atio! o- ar!tal rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'(oo' o%sit" a!' t(ir

i&act o! (alt(" li-st"ls a&o!/ &i!orit" -a&ilis i! r$ral T>as

:Fall 0123;

Doris @9 Mor/a!#Bloo& Hi//i!%otto&,

M9S9 # Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit"

B9A9 # T>as A*M U!i+rsit"

Dissrtatio! C(air5 Patricia Ho--&a!#Millr, P(9D9

T( $ros o- t(is .$asi#>ri&!tal .$a!titati+ st$'" )as to >a&i! t( i&act o-

t( U!it' Stats Dart&!t o- A/ric$lt$r C(oos M"Plat :USDA C(oos MYPlat; (alt("



4

A&rica! c(il'r! )it(i! t( U!it' Stats as oos' to E$roa! A&rica! c(il'r! '$ri!/

t(is c!t$r"9

T( t(ortical -ra&)or? ali' to t(is st$'" )as -o$!'' o! t( )or? o- Al%rt

Ba!'$ra :Social Lar!i!/ T(or"; a!' L+ V"/ots?" :Socio#c$lt$ral T(or"; that -or&' t(

t(ortical -ra&)or? o- t(is st$'"9 T(s a$t(ors so$s' t( i&act o- t( social !+iro!&!t

a!' c$lt$r o! %(a+ior9 Accor'i!/l", t( Social Lar!i!/ T(or" s$ort' t( i&orta!c o-

lar!i!/ )it(i! t( ri&ar" co!t>t o- o%sr+atio!, att!tio!, rt!tio!, &oti+atio!, a!'

rro'$ctio! :Ha?+oort, 0110;9 I! a''itio!, Socio#c$lt$ral T(or" rco/!i' t( i&orta!c o-

c$lt$r o! lar!i!/9 T( c!tral t!t o- socio#c$lt$ral t(or" is t( i&orta!c o- social

i!tractio! i! t( '+lo&!t o- t(i!?i!/9 T(is -ra&)or? )ill assist ar!ts, '$cators, (alt(

o--icials, a!' /o+r!&!t o--icials )(o str$//l to rsol+ t( o%sit" ro%l& t(at )ill

+!t$all" o+r)(l& t( (alt(car s"st& i- s$ccss-$l i!tr+!tio!s ar 'isr/ar'' -or t(s

t)o t(!ic /ro$s :Aro!s, 0122;9

T(is st$'" &lo"' a .$asi#>ri&!tal .$a!titati+ rsarc( 'si/!9 I! t(is st$'", t(

i ti t i ' ( t l ti ttit ' ' % li - i t t( t t



5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999iii

LIST OF TABLES9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999+ii

LIST OF FIGURES9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999+iii

CHAPTER I9 INTRODUCTION999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

Stat&!t o- t( Pro%l&999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999992

P$ros o- t( St$'"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999992

Rsarc( $stio!s9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999901

Rsarc( H"ot(ss901

N$ll H"ot(sis9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999902

Si/!i-ica!c o- t( St$'"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999900

Dli&itatio!s99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999903

Oratio!al D-i!itio! o- Tr&s99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999903



6

Bo'" Mass I!'> :BMI; a!

i!str$&!t99J1

C(il'(oo' O%sit" I!tr+!tio! E--orts9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999J0

T(ortical Prscti+s999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999J

S$&&ar"1

CHAPTER III9 METHODOLOGY99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999991

I'!ti-icatio! o- T" o- Rsarc( Mt(o'9990

Rsarc( Dsi/!99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999990

T( Sa&li!/ o- Particia!ts93

Sa&li!/ Proc'$r999J

Dscritio! o- t( I!str$&!tatio!99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

Statistical Tc(!i.$s99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999K

S$&&ar" o- Rsarc( Proc'$r99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999K3

CHAPTER IV9 ANALYSIS OF DATA 99K



7

Co!cl$sio!

REFERENCES999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999K

APPENDICES9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999K

A!'i> A5 Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

A!'i> B5 Lttr to Sc(ool District Prso!!l99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999921

Lttr to Sc(ool District S$ri!t!'!t99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999921

Lttr to Sc(ool Pri!cial99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999222

Lttr to Sc(ool District N$rs99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999922

A!'i> C 5 Par!t Particiatio! Co!s!t For&999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999922J

A!'i> D5 21 Tis N$tritio! E'$catio! Sris9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999922K

A!'i> E5 PBS =i's C$rio$s Gor/ Fa&il" Acti+it" Boo?lts9999999999999999999999999999999999999999923J

A!'i> F5 Crti-icat o-

Particiatio!9999999211



8

LIST OF TABLES

Ta%l 25 Et(!icit" %" sc(ool o$latio! :A a!' B;999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999990



9

LIST OF FIGURES

Fi/$r 25 Co!ct$al Mo'l9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999948

Fi/$r 05 BMI Calc$lator -or C(il' a!' T!99J2

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States

occurrs at epidemic portions since 2005. T(r )r t)!t" &illio! c(il'r!

)orl')i' $!'r t( a/ o- -i+ 'oc$&!t' as o+r)i/(t :Cra)-or', 011;9 F$rt(r, it is

rort' t(at t(r ar &or t(a! !i! &illio! A&rica! c(il'r! si> "ars a!' ol'r )(o ar



10

I! t( ast t)o 'ca's, t( rc!ta/ o- 21#"ar#ol's )it( o%sit" i! S)'!

!arl" .$a'r$l' )(il t( rat o- o+r)i/(t &or t(a! 'o$%l'9 I! D!&ar?,

t( r+al!c o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" (as i!cras' o+r 01#-ol' si!c <orl' <ar

II :9 S;9 Co!+rsl", Hit&a!! t al9 :011; rort' i! a %roa'r rscti+

t( rats o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! Sca!'i!a+ia r&ai! lo)r t(a! i! ot(r r/io!s,

s$c( as t( U!it' Stats, )(r aro>i&atl" !i! &illio! sc(ool c(il'r! ar

c$rr!tl" co!si'r' o%s :9S;9

T(s -i!'i!/s i! E$ro r-lct t( rai' i!cras o- c(il'(oo' o%sit"9 T( i&act o-

t(is ro%l& is >ri!c' $!i+rsal9 Accor'i!/ to =ola!, Li+r&a!, a!' =raa? :011J;,

c(il'(oo' o%sit", o+r t( ast 'ca's, &or t(a! 'o$%l' -or rsc(ool c(il'r! a/s t)o to

-i+ "ars a!' a'olsc!ts a/s t)l+ to !i!t! "ars, a!' it (as &or t(a! tril' -or c(il'r!

a/s si> to l+! "ars :9 0;9 I! T>as, t( i!ci'!cs o- o+r)i/(t a!' o%s c(il'r!

accor'i!/ to Holsc(r, Da", L, Fra!?o)s?i, =l'r, <ar', a!' Sc($rr :0113; i!'icat t(at

t( ro%l& is (i/(st a&o!/ Hisa!ic A&rica! &als :09J # 09;, -o$rt(#/ra'

Hisa!ic A&rica! /irls :09K;, a!' -o$rt( a!' i/(t(#/ra' A-rica! A&rica! /irls :19



11

to 090 a&o!/ !o!#Hisa!ic A-rica! A&rica! /irls a!' -ro& 293 to 2K93 a&o!/

M>ica!#A&rica!s /irls9 :9 0;

Rsarc( co!'$ct' %" O/'! a!' Carroll :0121; -o$!' a si/!i-ica!t i!cras i! t(

r+al!c o- o%sit" -or A-rica! A&rica! &als, M>ica!#A&rica! &als, A-rica! A&rica!

-&als, a!' M>ica!#A&rica! -&als9 A''itio!all", rsarc(rs rort a si/!i-ica!t i!cras

i! t( r+al!c o- o%sit" i! &i!orit" c(il'r! :O/'!, Fl/al, Carroll, a!' @o(!so!, 0110

Stra$ss a!' Pollac?, 0112 Gr$!%a$&, =a!!, =i!c(!, t al9, 0110 D)"r t al9, 0111, Gor'o!#

Lars!, McM$rra", a!' Po?i!, 011J Par?, M!ar', a!' Sc(ool-il', 0112;9

I! -act, o! o- t( lar/st sc(ool#%as' (alt( ro&otio!s -$!'' i! t( stat o- T>as a!'

'i--r!t r/io!s o- t( U!it' Stats ar t( Coor'i!at' Aroac( to C(il' Halt( :CATCH;9

CATCH is a ro/ra& 'si/!' to ro&ot ("sical acti+it", (alt(" -oo's c(oics i! l&!tar"

a!' &i''l sc(ool a/' c(il'r!9 T( CATCH ro/ra& is -o$!'' o! t( C!trs -or Disas

Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! :CDC; coor'i!at' sc(ool (alt( &o'l i! )(ic( i/(t ss!tial

co&o!!ts )or? i!tracti+l" to i!str$ct a!' s$ort "o$!/ st$'!ts to /ai! a (alt(-$l

li-st"l9 CATCH is a coor'i!at' sc(ool (alt( ro/ra& assisti!/ o+r a (al- &illio! sc(ool



12

CATCH ro+i'' /$i'a!c to sc(ools, -a&ilis, a!' c(il'r! i! (alt(" li+i!/ -or

aro>i&atl" 0J "ars :C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!, 0120;9 T( ori/i!al

ro/ra&, C(il' a!' A'olsc!t Trial -or Car'io+asc$lar Halt( :CATCH; %/a! as a $!i+rsit"

st$'" i! t( lat 21s a!' (as to'a" /ro)! i!to a sc(ool a!' a-tr sc(ool ro/ra& t(at s(o)s

c(il'r! (o) to % (alt(" -or a li-ti&9 Rsarc(rs -o$!' '$ri!/ t( Pass a!' CATCH st$'",

t(at t( i!cororatio! o- t! &i!$ts r 'a" o- &o+&!t acti+itis )it(i! a classroo& stti!/

:9/9, '$ri!/ sci!c class; co$l' l' to si/!i-ica!t ositi+ aca'&ic i&ro+&!ts :M$rra" t

al9, 011;9

According to t( Lts Mo+ Facts s(t :0121; First La'" Mic(ll O%a&a

ost$lat' t(at )it(i! t( last t(irt" "ars, c(il'(oo' o%sit" rats i! A&rica (a+ &or t(a!

'o$%l'9 A''itio!all", rsarc(rs rort' t(at o! i! +r" t(r c(il'r! i! t( U!it' Stats

is it(r o%s or o+r)i/(t9

Ho)+r, -or A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! co&&$!itis, t( rc!ta/ is

&or t(a! 9 o- t( c(il'r! rort' as %i!/ o%s or o+r)i/(t9 First La'" O%a&a

-$rt(r i!'icat' i- t( !atio! -ails to sol+ t(is o%sit" ro%l& o!#t(ir' o- all c(il'r! %or!



13

A''itio!all", First La'" Mic(ll O%a&a '&o!strat' a tr&!'o$s assio! a%o$t

)i!!i!/ t( )ar o! o%sit"9 I! 0121, First La'" O%a&a la$!c(' t( Lts Mo+ &o+&!t5

a )i'#ra!/i!/ i!itiati+ i!+ol+i!/ !$&ro$s sta?(ol'rs to (l rsol+ t( ro%l& o-

c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! t(is /!ratio! :Lts Mo+, 0121;9 I! or'r -or t( !atio! to &a? ro/rss

)it( c(il'(oo' o%sit", t( 'si/!rs o- t( Lts Mo+ ca&ai/! a!' First La'" Mic(ll

O%a&a &(asi' t(at t( ca&ai/! is !ot &rl" a%o$t olicis a!' to rco/!i $%lic

o--icials i! <as(i!/to! D9C9 Rat(r, t( ca&ai/! att&ts to c(a!/ /!ratio!s o- c(il'r!

a!' t( )a" t(" t(i!? a%o$t -oo' a!' ("sical acti+it" :LtQs Mo+, 0121;9

Alt(o$/( s$c( a! --ort is !ot !), t(is ro/ra& t!'s to rac( &or at t( /rassroots

l+l9 First La'" Mic(ll O%a&a 'scri%' its sco i! t( -ollo)i!/ &a!!r5

< ar /oi!/ to !' +r"o!s ti& a!' tal!t to sol+ t( c(il'(oo' o%sit" i'&ic,

a!' o$r Natio!s c(-s (a+ tr&!'o$s o)r as la'rs o! t(is iss$ %ca$s o- t(ir

' ?!o)l'/ o- -oo' a!' !$tritio! a!' t(ir sta!'i!/ i! t( co&&$!it"9 I )a!t to

t(a!? t(& -or 4oi!i!/ t( Lts Mo+ Ca&ai/! :Lts Mo+, 0121;9



14

T(is rat is co!sist!t )it( t( !atio!al a+ra/ )it(i! t( U!it' Stats :C(il'(oo' O+r)i/(t

a!' O%sit" Tr!'s, 011K;9

T( stat o- T>as co!ti!$s to str$//l )it( c(il'(oo' o%sit" li? ot(r stats )it(i!

t( co$!tr"9 For >a&l, t( r+al!c o- o+r)i/(t a!' o%s c(il'r! i! T>as is

co!sist!t )it( 1 ot(r stats :A&rica Scors a! F -or O%sit", 011;9 I! t( cit" o- Ho$sto!,

T>as, rsarc(rs !ot' t(at 029 o- c(il'r! -ro& -i+ l&!tar" sc(ools a!' o! &i''l

sc(ool )r o%s :Jt( rc!til o- C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! BMI critria;

:Holsc(r t al9, 0113;9 T( c$rr!t st$'is t!' to rais co!si'ra%l co!cr!s a%o$t t(

("sical (alt( o- &i!oritis sci-icall" A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r!9 T(s

st$'is also rais .$stio!s a%o$t t( co!tri%$ti!/ -actors )(ic( &a" a'' to a! o!/oi!/ ro%l&

-or A&ricas c(il'r! )it( c(il'(oo' o%sit"9 T(s -actors ar oor 'it a!' lac? o- >rcis9

Alt(o$/( c(il'(oo' o%sit" co!ti!$s to % a &a4or co!cr! to'a", it is !ot a !) iss$9

Si!c t( 21s, rsarc(rs 'oc$&!t' c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! t( U!it' Stats as a sta'il"

i!crasi!/ tr!' :Harri!/to!, N/$"!, Pa$lso!, Garla!', Pas.$i!lli, a!' L)is, 011;9

A''itio!all", st$'is rort' c(il'(oo' o%sit" as a srio$s ro%l& si!c t( 2K1s9



15

The stat o- T>as acco&lis(' o!l" a s&all ortio! o- its la!9 T>as &a' sc(ool

&!$s (alt(ir, ro+i'' (alt(ir -oo's -or -a&ilis o! <IC, r.$ir' ("sical acti+itis -or

r?i!'r/art! a!' l&!tar" sc(ool, !co$ra/' c(il'r! to )al? or ri' %i?s to sc(ool, a!'

coor'i!at' t( i&l&!tatio! o- sc(ool (alt( ro/ra&s9 No!t(lss, T>as 'i' !ot s$cc'

i! ro+i'i!/ lo)#i!co& -a&ilis )it( /ratr accss to (alt(ir -oo's )it(i! t(ir co&&$!itis

!or 'os it r.$ir &or si/!i-ica!t ("sical acti+itis i! &i''l or (i/( sc(ool :Aro!s, 0122;9

T( stats -ail$r to i&l&!t c(a!/s &a" % %ca$s o- a lac? o- -$!'s, s+r %$'/t c$ts,

a!' co!o&ic 'cli!9

The -i/(t a/ai!st c(il'(oo' o%sit" co!ti!$s to % >tr&l" 'i--ic$lt9 Ma!" -actors

allo) c(il'(oo' o%sit" to rsist at i'&ic l+ls9 Rsarc(rs 'isco+r' t(at ar!ts 'o !ot

ta? t( !cssar" ti& !'' to rar )(olso& &als, '$ to %ot( ar!ts )or?i!/ lo!/

(o$rs a)a" -ro& (o&9 Rsarc(rs also rort' t(at -a&il" &als ar at! at -ast#-oo'

sta%lis(&!ts i!sta' o- i! t( (o& :Do!ato, 011 Hit&a!! t al9, 011 =ola! t al9, 011J;9

Sco!' rsarc(rs co!cl$'' t(at too &a!" o- A&ricas c(il'r! ar !ot acti+



16

T(ir', so& sc(ool ca-trias co!ti!$ to sr+ c(il'r! -oo' t(at is ric( i! -at co!t!t

:Aro!s, 0122 Hit&a!! t al9, 011 =ola! t al9, 011J;9 C(il'r! %co& s'!tar"

sciall" -or c(il'r! )(os ar!ts (a+ lo) '$catio!al l+ls9 Fo$rt(, $!(alt(" ati!/

(a%its co!tri%$t' to c(il'(oo' o%sit" :Dr)!o)s?i, 011 Fr&a! a!' Str!, 0113 <ar',

0110;9 Fi-t(, lo)#i!co& -a&ilis (a' lss accss to .$alit" -oo' %as' $o! t(ir i!co& a!'

stors t(at sol' .$alit" -oo's )it(i! t(ir !i/(%or(oo's :Dr)!o)s?i, 011 Ritc(i t al9,

011 =r!, 011J;9

Lastl", :Mo!ti, 0113 <(ita?r, <ri/(t, P, Si'l, a!' Dit, 2K P(ilis!, a!'

P(ilis!, 011; co!c$rr' t(at c(il'(oo' o%sit" 'irctl" rlats to /!tics9 As a rs$lt,

/o+r!&!tal a/!cis a!' sc(ools (a+ 'rasticall" i!cras' r/$lar (alt( ca&ai/!s9 T(

$ros is to '$cat c(il'r! a!' ar!ts o! t( i&orta!c o- (alt(" ati!/ a!' >rcis9

Alt(o$/( t(s 'ata aar to i!'icat ositi+ rs$lts -or <(it /irls a!' %o"s, t( i!cras i!

c(il'(oo' o%sit" is /ratr t(a! !i!t! rc!t -or A-rica! A&rica! a!' M>ica! A&rica!

%o"s a!' &or t(a! t(irt! rc!t -or A-rica! A&rica! /irls :O/'! a!' Carroll, 0121;9 I!



17

Asia! A&rica! c(il'r! :Gor'o!#Lars!, A'air a!' Po?i!, 011;9 Co!s.$!tl", t( (i/(

r+al!c o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! t( U!it' Stats, it is (as a la'i!/ $%lic (alt( co!cr!9

Bt)! t( lat 211s a!' 0110, o%sit" i!ci'!c i! "o$!/ a'$lts 'o$%l' a!' tril' i!

c(il'r! a/s si> t(ro$/( !i!t! "ars o- a/ :O/'! t al9, 011;9

Accor'i!/ to t( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!, t( !$&%r o- o%s

c(il'r! 'o$%l' i! t( last 'ca' :Par?r, 011J;9 As a rs$lt o- t( s+rit" o- t( ro%l&, t(

(alt( car s"st& is i! crisis9 Millr :011K; rort' t( U!it' Stats (alt( car s"st& is i!

crisis9 Aro>i&atl" 1 rc!t o- t( U9S9 o$latio! is o+r)i/(t, )(il a%o$t o!#t(ir'

s$--rs o%sit"9 Halt( ro%l&s associat' )it( c(il'(oo' o%sit" a!' t( cost i!itiats a

r!)' --ort to /t t( c$rr!t i'&ic $!'r co!trol t(ro$/( !) olicis :Aro!s, 0122;9

=ola! t al9 :0113; so$s' olicis t(at t( I!stit$t o- M'ici! s(o$l' a''rss iss$s

t(at ca$s' a r'$ctio! i! t( !$&%r o- o%s c(il'r! )it(i! t( U!it' Stats t(ro$/(

i&l&!ti!/ 'it a!' ("sical acti+it" c(a!/s9 S$c( olicis )o$l' a''rss a!' i'!ti-" 'its

%!-icial -or &ai!tai!i!/ a (alt(" )i/(t a!' ("sical acti+it" )(ic( ro&ot' (alt(" )i/(t

&ai!t!a!c9



18

=i!c(!, t al9, 0110 D)"r, Sto!, Gor'o!#Lars!, Ya!/, t al9, 0111 McM$rra", a!' Po?i!,

2 Par?, M!ar', a!' Sc(ool-il', 0112;9

Practics $s' to'a" i! co&%ati!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic

c(il'r! 'o !ot aar +r" --cti+9 T( rat o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! t(s t(!ic /ro$s

co!ti!$s to i!cras at t( !atio!al, stat, a!' local l+l9 O/'! a!' Carroll :0121;, -o$!'

t(r ar si/!i-ica!t racial a!' t(!ic 'isaritis i! o%sit" r+al!c a&o!/ U9S9 c(il'r! a!'

a'olsc!ts :Racial a!' t(!ic 'isaritis i! a'olsc!t o%sit" sctio!, Para9J;9

<it(i! t(is sa& -ra&)or?, ract(!icit" la"s a si/!i-ica!t rol o! (o) a ar!t

rci+s o+r)i/(t co$!sli!/ i! ri&ar" car9 I! t(ir )or?, Ta+ras, Gort&a?r, Mitc(ll,

a!' Gill&a! :011; i!tr+i)' 33 ar!ts )(os c(il's BMI J9 T( rsarc(rs -o$!' t(at

&i!orit" ar!ts rort' t(at t( co$!sli!/ t(" rci+' )as i!a'.$at &or o-t! t(a!

t(ir Ca$casia! rs9 F$rt(r, No!#Ca$casia! ar!ts rso!'' lss i! a ositi+ li/(t

)(r%" actio! ta?! o! t( co$!sli!/ )as lss li?l" :Ta+ras t al9, 011;9 T( rsarc(rs

co!cl$'' t(at t( co$!sli!/ )as lss --cti+ '$ to t( l!/t( a!' '$ratio! o- t( co$!sli!/

to t( !o!# Ca$casia! ar!ts :Ta+ras t al9, 011;9



19

A !atio!al st$'" co!'$ct' i! 011K, 'li!at' o+r 2 o- T>as c(il'r! %t)! t(

a/s t! a!' s+!t! )r o%s :Aro!s, 0122;9 F$rt(r, at a local l+l, Holsc(r t al9,

:0113; rorts i! a st$'" co!'$ct' i! Ho$sto!, T>as, aro$!' 01 o- c(il'r! -ro& -i+

l&!tar" sc(ools a!' o! &i''l sc(ool )r o%s9

T( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! :011; i'!ti-i' a !$&%r o- ot!tial

(alt( co!cr!s -or o+r)i/(t c(il'r!9 T(s i!cl$' (i/( c(olstrol, (i/( %loo' rss$r,

lar!i!/ 'i--ic$ltis, %o! a!' 4oi!t ro%l&s, sl a!a, social a!' s"c(olo/ical ro%l&s,

T" 0 'ia%ts, li+r 'isas, a!' ast(&a9 It aars t(at a! i!!o+ati+ aroac( is cr$cial i!

or'r to r'$c t( rat o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" a&o!/ t( lar/r /ro$ o- &i!orit" c(il'r!9

Mo!ti :0113; sta%lis(' t(at t(r is a ossi%l corrlatio! %t)! t( c(il's

o+r)i/(t ro%l& a!' -a&il" i!tractio!, t( ?i!'s o- -oo' t( -a&il" rars, a!' t( (o&

!+iro!&!t9 Mo!ti -$rt(r stat' t(at t( (o& !+iro!&!t co$l' % a o)r-$l r'ictor o-

c(il'(oo' o%sit" or o+r)i/(t ro%l&s %as' o! t( %(a+iors o- t( ar!ts :Mo!ti, 011K;9

olan! "ei#man! Apter! and $ainaru :2; rort' t(at ar!t

sr+s as sol a/!ts o- c(a!/ )it(i! t( -a&il" $!it )(il t( c(il' sr+s as a/!ts o- c(a!/



20

T(r-or, )(! -a&ilis &o'l ositi+ ati!/ (a%its, c(a!/s last &$c( lo!/r %ca$s

t( i!tr+!tio!s -oc$ss o! t( -a&il", rat(r t(a! t( i!'i+i'$als attit$'s a!' (a%its9

Rsarc(rs -o$!' r/ar'lss o- t( co!o&ic stat$s i! -a&ilis t( !tir -a&il" ro-its -ro&

s(ari!/ rso!si%ilitis as t( $!it )or?s closl" to/t(r, &o'li!/ a (alt(ir li-st"l )it(

ac( ot(r, a!' >ri!ci!/ t( %!-it o- rcirocal rlatio!s(is9

Pr!o"e of the St#$

T( $ros o- t(is .$a!titati+ st$'" )as to i!+sti/at t( i&act o- t( USDA C(oos

M"Plat (alt(" '$catio!al i!-or&atio! o! t( rctio!s, attit$'s a!' %li-s o- A-rica!

A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! ar!ts r/ar'i!/ c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l t( --cts o-

c(a!/ i! t( rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s o- A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica!

ar!ts co!cr!i!/ c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l o! t( o%sit" l+l o- t(ir o)! c(il'r! a!' to

'tr&i! i- ar!ts rctio!s c(a!/ as a rs$lt o- i&l&!ti!/ USDA C(oos M"Plat

i!-or&atio! +rs$s @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/9

Theoret%&al Frame'or(

T(is st$'" -oc$s' o! A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! c(il'r! i'!ti-i' as



21

t(i!?i!/9 T(is -ra&)or? )ill assist ar!ts, '$cators, (alt( o--icials, a!' /o+r!&!t

o--icials )(o stri+ to rsol+ t(is ro%l& )(ic( )ill +!t$all" ro+i' i!tr+!tio!s -or t(

t)o t(!ic /ro$s %$r'! %" o%sit" :Aro!s, 0122;9

A''itio!all", t( o%4cti+ o- t(is rsarc( (as s+ral $ross5 :2; to /at(r i!-or&atio!

a%o$t c$rr!t ar!tal +i)oi!ts i! a r$ral stti!/, :0; $!'rsta!' (o) rctio!s, attit$'s,

a!' %li-s &a" i!sir c(a!/, a!' :; assss ossi%l $sa/ o- t( rs$lts i! -$t$r

i!tr+!tio!s9

Re"ear&h )e"t%on"

T(is rsarc( )as /$i'' %" t( -ollo)i!/ rsarc( .$stio!s a!' ("ot(ss5

29 <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t

c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II

:HPLP#II; r#tst scors %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! /ro$09 <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t

c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#II ost#tst scors, %as' o! t(

t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! rci+'9 <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! t( c(a!/ o- &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!'



22

Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; r#tst scors %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio! '$catio!

i!-or&atio! /ro$9 :Ho25 x 2 x 0;

H05 T(r is a statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s,

a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#II ost#tst

scors, %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! rci+'9 :Ho05 x 2 x 0;

H5 T(r is a statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!c i! t( c(a!/ o- &i!orit" ar!tsQ

rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(

'i--r!c %t)! t(ir r a!' ost#tsts HPLP#II scors, %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio!

'$catio! i!-or&atio! rci+'9 :Ho5 x 2 x 0;

H35 T(r is a statisticall" si/!i-ica!t rlatio!s(i %t)! &i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s,

attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir r, ost#

tsts, a!' c(a!/ HPLP#II scors a!' t( r, ost, a!' c(a!/ %o'" &ass i!'> :BMI; o-

t(ir c(il'r!9 :Ho35 r 1;



23

H15 T(r is !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!c i! t( c(a!/ o- &i!orit" ar!tsQ


'i--r!c %t)! t(ir r a!' ost#tsts HPLP#II scors, %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio!


H135 T(r is !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t rlatio!s(i %t)! &i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s,




S%*n%f%&an&e of the St#$

T( o%sit" i'&ic co!ti!$s to soar9 Rsarc(rs 'oc$&!t' t(at 2 &illio! U!it'

Stats c(il'r! a!' a'olsc!ts )r o%s )it( a %o'" &ass i!'> o- J t( rc!til :C(il'(oo'

O%sit" Tr!'s, 011K;9 Also, A>&a?r :011J; -o$!' t(at t(r ar &or t(a! !i! &illio!

A&rica! c(il'r! si> "ars a!' ol'r s$--ri!/ -ro& o%sit"9 C(il'r! o- all t(!ic /ro$s ar

a--ct' %" c(il'(oo' o%sit", sciall" a&o!/ t( lar/r &i!orit" o$latio!s9 Accor'i!/ to

t( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! :011;, &or t(a! o!#t(ir' o- c(il'r! a!'



24

Rsarc( s(o)s t(is is sciall" tr$ -or 'isa'+a!ta/' c(il'r! )(! (alt(" -oo' is %i!/

ro+i'' at t( sc(ools9 Rsarc(rs 'oc$&!t' a rlatio!s(i %t)! (alt(" ati!/ a!'

aca'&ic ac(i+&!t artic$larl" i! t( aras o- ra'i!/, )riti!/, slli!/, a!' &at(&atics

:=ris4a!sso!, Ro%i!so!, Ptticr), MacDo!al', =ras+c, @a!!, Gr!(al/(, <lls,

MacGo)a!, Far&r, S(a, Ma"(), T$/)ll, a!' <lc(, 011 Po)ll, <al?r, C(a!/, a!'

Gra!t(a&#McGr/or, 2 N$&a!!, M$r(", G)a, Grill!%r/r, a!' B)i%o, 011K;9 A/ai!,

t( i!cras i! r-or&a!c is '&o!strat' &ost )(! 'isa'+a!ta/' c(il'r! co!s$&

!$tritio$s -oo's o! a r/$lar %asis9 T(r-or, )it(i! t(is i!+sti/atio!, it )as i&orta!t to

i!cororat (alt(" ati!/ )(il 'isc$ssi!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit" -or A-rica! A&rica! a!'

Hisa!ic A&rica! c(il'r!9

Sco!', (alt( iss$s rlat' to c(il'(oo' o%sit" a!' t( s$%s.$!t (i/( cost o-

trat&!t -or t(s c(il'r! &$st % )ll t(o$/(t#o$t9 I! t( lo!/ r$!, o%s c(il'r! &a" rs$lt

i! o%s a'$lts i- i!+sti/ators -ail to a''rss (alt( iss$s9 For >a&l, =ola! t al9 :011J;

rort' t( cost -or trati!/ o%s a!' o+r)i/(t a'$lts !atio!all" i! 0113 )as ro4ct' to

ra!/ -ro& aro>i&atl" K9J %illio! to o+r 20 %illio!9



25

st$'" s(o)' t(at Hisa!ic A&rica! %o"s a!' !o!#Hisa!ic A-rica! A&rica! /irls a/s t)o

t(ro$/( !i!t! )r &or li?l" to % o%s t(a! !o!#Hisa!ic E$roa! A&rica! %o"s9

E--cti+ i!tr+!tio! trat&!t -or o%s &i!orit" c(il'r! s(o$l' % >a&i!' car-$ll"

i! or'r to &t t( tr&!'o$s c(all!/9 T( rs$lts o- t(is st$'" )ill % $s' to i!-or&

ar!ts -or a &or acti+ i!tr+!tio! to s$ort A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica!

-a&ilis i! co&%ati!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit"9

Dli&itatio!s o- t( st$'"

T( st$'" )as li&it' to t(ir', -o$rt(, a!' -i-t(#/ra' st$'!ts -ro& a! at#ris?

!+iro!&!t9 T( rs$lts o- t( .$stio!!air '!'' o! ar!ts rso!ss a!' t(ir a%ilit" to

rcall i!-or&atio!9 T( rsarc( )as li&it' to ar!tal rso!ss o- st$'!ts !roll' i! a r$ral

co$!t" i! so$t( c!tral T>as, i! t( sri!/ 01239

O!erat%onal Def%n%t%on of Term"

To !s$r a clar $!'rsta!'i!/ o- t( '-i!itio! tr&s $s' i! t(is i!.$ir", t( rsarc(r

ro+i'' -ollo)i!/ '-i!itio!s -or $!'rsta!'i!/ o- ac( tr&9

Att%t#e5 Is a &!tal ositio! a%o$t i!-or&atio! a!' o-t! tr" to 'isti!/$is( co!cts s$c( as



26

Bo#$ ,a"" In#e- B,I/0 BMI is a !$&%r calc$lat' -ro& a c(il's )i/(t a!' (i/(t9 BMI is

a rlia%l i!'icator o- %o'" -at!ss -or &ost c(il'r! a!' t!s

(tt5)))9c'c9/o+(alt(")i/(tassssi!/%&ic(il'r!8a%o$t8c(il'r!s8%&i9(t&l

CATCH0 Is Coor'i!at' Aroac( To C(il' Halt( :CATCH; a!' is a! +i'!c#%as',

coor'i!at' sc(ool (alt( ro/ra& 'si/!' to ro&ot ("sical acti+it", (alt(" -oo' c(oics

a!' t( r+!tio! o- to%acco $s i! c(il'r!9 CATCH Pro/ra& co+r ?i's -ro& rsc(ool

t(ro$/( t( /ra' a!' (as %! i&l&!t' i! t(o$sa!'s o- sc(ools a!' a-tr#sc(ool

or/a!iatio!s across A&rica a!' Ca!a'a :(tt5)))9catc(i!-o9or/;9 T( Coor'i!at'

Aroac( to C(il' Halt( is a ro/ra& 'si/!' to ro&ot ("sical acti+it", (alt(" -oo's

c(oics i! l&!tar" a!' &i''l sc(ool a/' c(il'r!

Cltrall$ Sen"%t%1e5 T( .$alit" o- %i!/ a)ar a!' accti!/ o- ot(r c$lt$rs9

Health$ L%fe"t$le0 is i!-or&atio! t(at lacs &(asis o! (alt(" ati!/, %$'/ti!/ -or (alt("

ati!/, a!' >rcisi!/9

H%*h Chole"terol5 is (a+i!/ too &$c( c(olstrol i! t( %loo' )(ic( ca! la' to srio$s

&'ical ro%l&s s$c( as (art attac?s a!' stro?s :Mrria&#<%strs M'ical Dictio!ar",

http://www.catchinfo.org/

http://www.catchinfo.org/



27

H$!erl%!%#em%a5 is a &'ical co!'itio! c(aractri' %" >cssi+ a&o$!ts o- -att" s$%sta!cs

s$c( as c(olstrol a!' tri/l"cri's i! t( %loo' o- a! i!'i+i'$al :Mrria&#<%strs M'ical

Dictio!ar", 0120;9

Let2" ,o1e3 Cam!a%*n0 is a co&r(!si+ i!itiati+, la$!c(' %" t( First La'", ''icat' to

sol+i!/ t( ro%l& o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! a /!ratio! so t(at ?i's %or! to'a" )ill /ro) $

(alt(ir a!' a%l to $rs$ t(ir 'ra&s :LtQs Mo+ Fact S(t, 0121;9

Obe"%t$5 '-i!' as a co!'itio! c(aractri' %" t( >cssi+ acc$&$latio! a!' stora/ o- -at

i! t( %o'" :Mrria&#<%strs M'ical Dictio!ar", 0120;9

Per&e!t%on5 is t( rocss o- >ri!ci!/ t( )orl' a!' &a?i!/ s!s o$t o- )(at o!

>ri!c :B%, B%, a!' R'&o!', 0122;9

Ph$"%&al A&t%1%t$5 is a!" %o'il" acti+it" t(at (ls to i&ro+ or rsr+ o+rall (alt( a!'

r/$lar &o'rat i!t!sit" ("sical acti+it" W s$c( as )al?i!/, c"cli!/, or articiati!/ i! sorts

(as a s$%sta!tial %!-it -or (alt( :<HO, 0120;9

Slee! A!nea5 is i!trr$t' %rat(i!/ )(il sli!/ :Mrria&#<%strs M'ical Dictio!ar",

0120;9



28

CHAPTER II

RE4IEW OF LITERATURE

O1er1%e'

D$ri!/ t( last !i! 'ca's, c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! A&rica (as /ro)! i!to a !atio!al

i'&ic9 T( i'&ic is !ot 4$st li&it' to a -) stats, %$t t( r+al!c o- c(il'(oo'

o%sit" is rs!t i! ac( stat9 Rsarc(rs -o$!' (i/( l+ls o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! ac( stat9

T($s, t( i&orta!c o- co&&$!icatio! ca&ai/!s is !cssar" to alrt t( $%lic9 Mor $s o-

ca&ai/!s is --cti+ i! co&&$!icati!/ )it( t( o$latio! as a )(ol a!' i!itiati!/ %(a+ioral

c(a!/ :Do!ato, 011;9

Bca$s o- t( (i/( l+ls o- o%sit" a&o!/ c(il'r! a!' a'$lts, a ca&ai/! )as '&'

!cssar" i! or'r to i!-or&, '$cat, a!' c(a!/ %(a+iors :Do!ato, 011;9 S$c(

co&&$!icatio! ca&ai/!s (a+ %! i! >ist!c si!c t( 2K1s9 Ho)+r, t( s$ccss o-

t(s ca&ai/!s is still $!'r r+i)9 As s$c(, t( sol$tio!s rci+' &i>' r+i)s9 T($s,

la'rs at +r" l+l o- /o+r!&!t, (alt( or/a!iatio!s, %$si!sss, a!' i!stit$tio!s o-

'$catio! ar c(all!/' to '+lo sol$tio!s )it(i! t(ir stat a!' co&&$!it" to r+ail a/ai!st



29

I! t( stat o- T>as, accor'i!/ to Holsc(r, Da", L, Fra!?o)s?i, =l'r, <ar', a!'

Sc($rr :0113;, t( rat o- o%sit" a&o!/ T>as c(il'r! (as &or t(a! 'o$%l'9 I! a''itio!,

t( i!ci'!cs o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" aar /ratst i! A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r!

:Holsc(r t al9, 0113;9 F$rt(r, accor'i!/ :Holsc(r t al9, 0113;, c(il'(oo' o%sit" tr!'s ar

r+al!t )it(i! +r" sc(ool 'istrict )(t(r or !ot t(" ar )it(i! t( $r%a!, r$ral or s$%$r%a!

co&&$!itis i! t( stat o- T>as9

T( attr! o- /ro)t( i! c(il'(oo' o%sit" aars t( /ratst a&o!/ Hisa!ic a!'

A-rica! A&rica! c(il'r!9 Ot(r st$'is rort' a si&ilar attr! )(r t( rat o- c(il'(oo'

o%sit" a&o!/ A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r! is (i/(r t(a! Ca$casia! c(il'r!

:O/'! a!' Carroll, 0121 Aro!s, 0122 C(il'(oo' O+r)i/(t a!' O%sit" Tr!'s, 011K;9 T(is

tr!' co!ti!$' i! ot(r st$'is t( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! rort' t(at

o- Hisa!icLati!o %o"s ar o+r)i/(t, as )ll as J9K o- A-rica!#A&rica! &als a!'

J290 o- M>ica!#A&rica! %o"s9 For -&al c(il'r!, t( statistics rort' 192 o-

Hisa!icLati!o /irls, 393 o- A-rica!#A&rica! /irls, a!' 9K o- M>ica!#A&rica! /irls

ar o+r)i/(t :Par?r, 011J;9 No!t(lss, -or Lati!o %o"s a!' A-rica! A&rica! /irls, t(



30

t(ro$/( )i/(t i! ?ilo/ra&s 'i+i'' %" t( s.$ar o- (i/(t i! &trs a!' ro$!'' to t( !arst

t!t( :O/'! t al9, 011;9 A''itio!all", o%sit" is >css -at!ss or a'iosit", )(ras

o+r)i/(t '-i!' as t( total %o'" )i/(t i! >css o- t( )i/(t sta!'ar'9 BMI rrs!t'

t( &ost co&&o! &t(o' to a'4$st t( )i/(t -or (i/(t i! c(il'r! :O/'!, Carroll, a!' Fl/al,

011;9

%arly i! t( &i'#211s, t( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! i'!ti-i'

c(il'r! %t)! t( a/s t)o a!' si> a!' si> t(ro$/( !i!t! "ars as at ris? -or %i!/

o+r)i/(t )(! t( BMI )as Jt( rc!til %$t lss t(a! J t( rc!til9 T( C!trs -or

Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! -$rt(r '-i!' o+r)i/(t as a BMI -or a/ at or a%o+ t( s>#

sci-ic Jt( rc!til accor'i!/ to t( /ro)t( c(arts '+lo' %" t( C!trs -or Disas

Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! :O/'! t al9, 011;9

T( o%sit" i'&ic co!ti!$s to % )i'sra' i! t( U!its Stats a!' is sciall" a

'istrssi!/ ro%l& -or t( !atio!s c(il'r!9 C(il'r! %t)! a/s si> to !i!t! ar

o+r)i/(t a!' rrs!t t(irt" rc!t o- t( o%s a!' o+r)i/(t total o$latio!9 T(s

alar&i!/ !$&%rs ro&t' rsarc(rs to !co$ra/ /ratr articiatio! %" olic" &a?rs,



31

+/ta%ls9 T( rs$lt )as a si/!i-ica!t r'$ctio! o- o%sit" a&o!/ -&al st$'!ts )it(i! t(is

sc(ool9

Sco!', t( rsarc(rs !ot' t(at t( -or&atio! o- local coalitio!s i! Nort( Caroli!a

)r $s-$l i! assisti!/ t( i!stit$tio! o- olicis t(at '&a!'' sc(ools sr+ (alt(" &!$s

a!' !co$ra/, r/$lar ("sical acti+itis9 Lastl", t( rsarc(rs !co$ra/' t( sta%lis(&!t

at t( !atio!al, stat, a!' local olicis to la%or to/t(r to co&%at c(il'(oo' o%sit"9 T(

rsarc(rs s$//st' rco&&!'atio!s to rco/!i c(il'(oo' o%sit" as a !atio!al ro%l&

rat(r t(a! a local ro%l& :Dit t al9, 0110;9

Alo!/ )it( t(s c(a!/s, ot(r rsarc(rs ost$lat' t(at it )as ss!tial to trac? t(

rs$lts o- t(s c(a!/s i! -i/(ti!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit"9 T( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!'

Pr+!tio! i! colla%oratio! )it( -'ral, stat, a!' local (alt( ro-ssio!als '+lo'

i!'i+i'$al stat la!s also to -i/(t c(il'(oo' o%sit" :D$!t, B$ttr-oss, Ha&r, a!' =$str,

011J;9 T( rsarc(rs -o$!' t(at &ost stat ro/ra&s scor' o! a+ra/ )as 093 o$t J91 :D$!t

t al9, 011J;9 T( rsarc(rs also !ot' t(at a! arl" r+i) o- stat la!s allo)' -or

&o'i-icatio!s a!' c(a!/s i! >isti!/ ro/ra&s to sr+ t( tar/t' o$latio! :D$!t t al9,



32

i!str$ct a!' s$ort "o$!/ st$'!ts /ai! a (alt(-$l li-st"l9 CATCH is a coor'i!at' sc(ool

(alt( ro/ra& assisti!/ o+r a (al- &illio! sc(ool c(il'r! a!' t(o$sa!'s o- l&!tar" sc(ools

i! T>as to i&ro+ t(ir ati!/ (a%its a!' i!cras t(ir ("sical acti+it" l+ls :C!trs -or

Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!, 011K;9

T(r ar i/(t co&o!!ts $tili' i! t( CATCH Pro/ra&5 Halt( '$catio!, ("sical

'$catio!, (alt( sr+ics, c(il' !$tritio! sr+ics, co$!sli!/ a!' s"c(olo/ical sr+ics,

(alt(" sc(ool !+iro!&!t, (alt( ro&otio! -or sta--, a!' -a&il"co&&$!it" i!+ol+&!t9

CATCH (as /$i'' sc(ools, -a&ilis, a!' c(il'r! i! (alt(" li+i!/ -or aro>i&atl" 0J "ars

:C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!, 0120;9 C(il' a!' A'olsc!t Trial -or

Car'io+asc$lar Halt( %/a! as a $!i+rsit" st$'" i! t( lat 21s a!' (a+ to'a" /ro)! i!to

a! a-tr sc(ool ro/ra& t(at s(o)s c(il'r! (o) to % (alt(" -or a li-ti&9 Rsarc(rs -o$!'

t(at )(! t( Pass a!' CATCH st$'" i!t/rat' as littl as t! &i!$ts r 'a" o- &o+&!t

acti+itis )it(i! a classroo& stti!/ :9/9, '$ri!/ sci!c class; co$l' la' to si/!i-ica!t ositi+

aca'&ic i&ro+&!ts :M$rra" t al9, 011;9

Health$ l%fe"t$le9 Bca$s o- t( i!cras' a)ar!ss o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" a!' its



33

ar!t is o%s :M"rs a!' Var/as, 0111;9 Mo!ti :0113; -o$!' t(os ar!ts )(o )r o%s or

o+r)i/(t (a' a 'irct i&act o! t( ossi%ilit" t(at t(ir c(il' )ill s$--r -ro& o%sit" or

o+r)i/(t ro%l&s9 A''itio!all", Mo!ti :0113; -o$!' t(at r!atal car/i+rs la" a '-i!it

rol i! '$cati!/ ar!ts i! rlatio! to (alt(" c(oics a!' (o) t(ir c(oics i&act (alt( iss$s

i! t(ir c(il'r!9 T( --ct o- t(is rlatio!s(i ca! sr+ as a lo!/#lasti!/ i&act i! t( li+s o-

t( ar!ts, c(il'r!, a!' t( s$cc'i!/ /!ratio!s :Mo!ti, 0113;9

I! li! )it( t(is )or?, Mo!ti :0113; )as a%l to '&o!strat t(at t(r >ist' a ossi%l

corrlatio! %t)! t( c(il's o+r)i/(t ro%l&, -a&il" i!tractio!, t( )a" -a&il" i!tro'$c

!) to its &&%rs, a!' t( (o& !+iro!&!t9 Mo!ti also !ot' t(at, t( (o& !+iro!&!t

co$l' % a rlia%l r'ictor o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" or o+r)i/(t ro%l&s %as' $o! t(

%(a+iors o- t( ar!ts :Mo!ti, 011K;9 Si&ilarl", S&it( :011; -o$!' t(at o%s or o+r)i/(t

ar!ts ar &or li?l" to (a+ o+r)i/(t c(il'r!9 T( (alt( iss$ st&&i!/ -ro& o%s or

o+r)i/(t s$%4cts is )ll#'oc$&!t'9

Ho)+r, t( o!st o- t(s (alt( ro%l&s starts lo!/ %-or a'$lt(oo'9 Srio$s (alt(

ro%l&s s$c( as ("rlii'&ia, ("rt!sio!, sl a!a, s$'ot$&or cr%ral, a!' Blo$!tQs



34

tas?s t(at -$!ctio! -or t( )ll#%i!/ o- %ot( t( i!'i+i'$al &&%rs a!' t( -a&il" co&o!!t

:Gr$%r a!' Hal'&a!, 011;9

F$rt(r, Gola!, <i&a!, Atr, a!' Fai!ar$ :2; rort' t(at t( ar!t sr+ as

>cl$si+ a/!ts o- c(a!/ )it(i! t( -a&il" $!it )(il t( c(il' sr+s as a/!ts o- c(a!/

:Gola! t al9, 2;9 T(ro$/( t( ar!t#c(il' rlatio!s(i, rsarc(rs ost$lat t(at t(is

rlatio!s(i s$orts t( i'a t(at t( /i+#a!'#ta? !at$r o- t( a'$lt#c(il' rlatio!s(i ca!

(l to -acilitat (alt(" st& as a &a!s o- i!-l$!ci!/ (alt(ir %(a+iors o- %ot( ar!ts

a!' c(il'r! :Gr$%r a!' Hal'&a!, 011;9 F$rt(r, )(! -a&ilis $s ositi+ ati!/ (a%its t(

c(a!/s last &$c( lo!/r9 I! a''itio!, rsarc(rs s$//st )(! it is a -a&il" i!tr+!tio! rat(r

t(a! t( i!'i+i'$als attit$'s a!' (a%its it t!'s to % &or --cti+9 St$'is s(o) t(at

r/ar'lss o- t( co!o&ic stat$s o- t( -a&il" $!it, t( !tir -a&il" ca! %!-it -ro& s(ari!/

rso!si%ilitis -or a (alt(ir li-st"l as it )or?s closl" )it( ac( &&%r &o'li!/ a

rcirocal rlatio!s(i9 T( -a&il" is a co&l> !tit"9 For >a&l, i- a -a&il" &&%r is ill,

t( ar!t a!' c(il' rlatio!s(i )or?s (a!'#a!'#(a!' to (l t( ill -a&il" &&%r as )ll as

t( s$ort s"st& -or t( -a&il" $!it :M'ali a!' Col#=ll", 0110;9



36

Br?", a!' Col'it, 0111;9 F$rt(r, Gr$%r a!' Hal'&a! :011; -o$!' t(at -a&il" &&%rs

t!'' to s(ar si&ilar ati!/ (a%its, >rcis ro$ti!s, -oo' a!' acti+it" r-r!cs, %loo'

rss$r l+ls, %o'" )i/(t, %o'" co&ositio!, a'iosit" a!' ("sical acti+it" rat(r t(a! 'i--r

i! t(s aras9 Si&ilarl", rsarc( -o$!' t(at t(!ic a!' c$lt$ral iss$s alto/t(r &a" i&act

(alt(" li-st"l c(oics9

Im!a&t of ethn%&%t$ on foo# &ho%&e". Rsarc(rs -o$!' t(at t(!ic -oo's &a"%

'&' !tirl" )it(i! t( !or&s -or a artic$lar t(!ic or c$lt$ral /ro$ (o)+r, its (alt(

co!t!t &a" % rat' oor9 Bca$s o- t(s %li-s, t(!ic or c$lt$ral /ro$s &a" rso!'

'i--r!tl" to (alt(" ro&otio! co&&$!icatio! a!' i!+ol+&!t %as' $o! t(ir i!tr!al

%li-s a%o$t (alt(" -oo's a!' (o) to at (alt(" &als :Gr$%r, Hal'&a!, 011;9 Accor'i!/

to D)"r t al9 :0111;, Ca$casia! A&rica! -a&ilis t!'' to c(a!/ t(ir 'itar" a!' ("sical

acti+it" (a%its &or t(a! M>ica! A&rica! -a&ilis a-tr a! i!tr+!tio!, to r'$c

car'io+asc$lar ris? a&o!/ sc(ool c(il'r!9 T( -ail$r o- M>ica! A&rica! -a&ilis to &o'i-"

t( 'itar" a!' ("sical acti+itis o- t(ir c(il'r! ca! % ti' to a !$&%r o- raso!s9 O!

raso! co$l' % c$lt$ral or rso!al %li- a%o$t )i/(t or >rcisi!/9



37

c(il'(oo' o%sit"5 :2; (o& !+iro!&!t t(at ro&ots (alt(" -a&il" (a%its, :0; --cti+

ar!ti!/ %(a+ior, :; !$tritio!al ati!/ (a%its, :; co&&it&!t to (alt(" ("sical li-st"l, :3;

li-st"l c(a!/s, a!' :J; 'ail" >rcisi!/9 Alt(o$/( t(ir aroac( aars raso!a%l, A&rica

s&s to % losi!/ t( %attl co!cr!i!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit"9

<ar' :0110; a!' Aro!s :0122; 'isco+r', -ro& t(ir rsarc(, t( i!--cti+!ss o-

c(il'(oo' o%sit" ast ro/ra&s9 Mi!orit" c(il'r! co!ti!$ to (a+ srio$s ro%l&s )it(

o%sit" t(at is s$%sta!tiall" /ratr t(a! Ca$casia!s or Asia! c(il'r!9 T($s, it )o$l' aar

raso!a%l t(at !) aroac(s to co&%at o%sit" i! A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica!

c(il'r! co&&$!itis9 Mo!ti :011; -o$!' t(at t( &or r+!ti+ &as$rs a!' i!tr+!tio!s

&t(o's $tili' i! t( %attl a/ai!st c(il'(oo' o%sit", t( closr t( s$ccss to )i!!i!/ t(

-i/(t9

<it(i! t( co!t>t o- (is )or?, t( i&act o- social lar!i!/ a!' c$lt$ral '+lo&!t

t(oris )as r+al!t :Mo!ti, 011;9 Mo!ti :011; raso!' t(at ar!ts la"' a critical rol

o! )(at c(il'r! at, (o) t(" at, )(! t(" at, a!' t( actio!s t(at t(ir c(il'r! too? i!

or'r to &ai!tai! a (alt(" )i/(t9 Par!ts ar rol &o'ls -or t(ir c(il'r! %ca$s o- t(ir



38

"o$t( )it(i! t( U!it' Stats :=ola!, Li+r&a!, a!' =raa?, 0113;9 T( co&&itts classi-i'

t( c$lt$ral -actors, social co!str$cts, t( !+iro!&!tal -actors i!+ol+' i! c(il'(oo' o%sit",

a!' so$/(t to rort !) -o$!' aroac(s -or r+!tio! --orts :=ola! t al9, 0113;9 T(is

aroac( )as strat/ic i! !at$r i! t(at it att&t' to rso!' to t( o%sit" i'&ic o! a

!atio!al, stat a!' local l+l :=ola! t al9, 0113 Aro!s 0122;9 For >a&l, at t( !atio!al

l+l, =ola! t al9 :0113; so$s' olicis t(at t( I!stit$t o- M'ici! s(o$l' a''rss iss$s

t(at ca$s' a r'$ctio! i! t( !$&%r o- o%s c(il'r! )it(i! t( U!it' Stats t(ro$/(

i&l&!ti!/ 'it a!' ("sical acti+it" c(a!/s9 T(s olicis )o$l' a''rss a!' i'!ti-" 'its

t(at %!-icial -or &ai!tai!i!/ a (alt(" )i/(t t( i&orta!c o- ("sical acti+it" to ro&ot'

(alt(" )i/(t &ai!t!a!c9

S&hool5 home5 an# *o1ernment &ollaborat%on9 Si!c it ta?s "ars to &as$r a

t$r!aro$!' to ac(i+ a!' &ai!tai! (alt(#rlat' rs$lts, t( co&&itt also i&l&!t' lo!/#

tr& /oals to r'$c t( o%sit" i'&ic :=ola! t al9, 0113;9 S$c( /oals as !co$ra/i!/

c(il'r! to )al? or ri' %i?s to sc(ool ac( 'a", !co$ra/ 'ail" co!s$&tio! o- -r$its a!'

+/ta%ls, i!cras accss to (alt(" -oo's i! all co&&$!itis r/ar'lss o- socioco!o&ic



39

T(is aroac( )as !cssar" %ca$s it tar/t' i!'i+i'$als )(o s(ar' i! t( ri&ar"

'+lo&!t o- c(il'r!9 For >a&l, ar!ts a!' '$cators )r tar/t' %ca$s o- t( ti&

t(at t(ir c(il'r! s!t )it( t(&9 Bca$s o- t( co!!ctio! t(at t( c(il' -ls to)ar' (is(r

i&&'iat car/i+r, it )as ost$lat' t(at (alt(" %(a+iors )r rlicat' %as' o! t( )or?

o- social a!' c$lt$ral '+lo&!tal t(orists9 Sco!', Aro!s :0122; s$//st' t(at

or/a!iatio!s )r i&orta!t s$c( as <o&!, I!-a!ts, a!' C(il'r! :<IC; o--ics a!'

co&&$!it" a/!cis t(at (a' 'irct co!tact )it( local -a&ilis co!cr!i!/ !$tritio! a!' ot(r

(alt(" li-st"l iss$s9 T(s or/a!iatio!s co$l' '$cat as )ll as ro+i' t( s$%sta!cs t(at

ar!ts !'' to (l t(ir c(il'r! &ai!tai! a (alt(" 'it9

T(is i'a o- tac(i!/ st$'!ts to &a? (alt(" c(oics is !ot' %" ot(r rsarc(rs9

Par?r :011J; !ot' i! t( articl, Fi/(ti!/ C(il'(oo' O%sit" i! Mi!orit" Co&&$!itis

)ritt! %" Da+is a!' (r rsarc( ta&, t(at c(il'r! !'' to % ta$/(t (o) to coo? !$tritio$s

&als -or t(&sl+s9 T( rsarc(rs oi!t' o$t t(at a !$&%r o- &ot(rs ar )or?i!/ o$tsi'

t( (o& a!' c(il'r! % i!+ol+' i! rari!/ t(ir &als :Par?r, 011J;9 S( all/' t(at

st$'!ts $s$all" sttl -or .$ic?, as" c(oics t(at ar (i/( i! -at a!' salt5 i!sta!t !oo'ls,



40

I&act o- P("sical Acti+it" o! C(il'(oo' O%sit"9 Rsarc(rs !ot' t( lac? o- ("sical

acti+itis, t( co!s$&tio! o- $!(alt(" -oo' li? s$/ar#la'! so-t 'ri!?s, coo?i a!' ca?s

co!tri%$t' to (alt( ro%l&s i! c(il'r! o- all socioco!o&ic co!o&ic stat$s :SES;,

sciall" t(os o- &i!orit" a!' t(!ic /ro$s :C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!,

011;9

Holsc(r t al9 :0113; rais' co!si'ra%l co!cr!s a%o$t t( ("sical (alt( o-

&i!oritis, sci-icall" A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r!9 T(s st$'is also rais

.$stio!s a%o$t t( co!tri%$ti!/ -actors, )(ic( &a" a'' to a! o!/oi!/ ro%l& -or A&ricas

c(il'r! )it( c(il'(oo' o%sit" :Holsc(r t al9, 0113;9

N$&ro$s -actors co!tri%$t' to t( i!cras' i!ta? o- $!(alt(" -oo' a!' 'cras'

("sical acti+it", )(ic( &a?s it 'i--ic$lt -or c(il'r! to c(oos !'' ("sical acti+it" a!'

(alt(" -oo' c(oics9 Accor'i!/ to a rort %" t( Yo$t( Ris? B(a+ior S$r+illa!c S"st&,

a!' C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! :0121;, c(il'r! ar >os' to $!(alt("

li-st"l ractics i! t(ir (o&, sc(ools, a!' co&&$!itis9 T( -ollo)i!/s ar so& o- t(



41

sr+ic statio! :-ri' c(ic?!, (ot 'o/s, sa$sa/ o! a stic?, a!' Fr!c( -ris a!' ot(r

-att" -oo's;9

39 S!'i!/ >cssi+ a&o$!ts o- ti&s )atc(i!/ &o+is, TV, co&$tr /a&s, (o!

/a&s, a!' la"i!/ (a!'#(l' /a&s9

T( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! oi!t' o$t )it( c(il'r! s!'i!/ o+r

s+! (o$rs a 'a" articiati!/ i! lo)#i&act acti+it", t(" (a+ +irt$all" !o &o+&!t )(il

co!s$&i!/ -ast, (i/( caloric s!ac?s, a!' as" to /t to -oo's9 T( lss ("sical acti+it" c(il'r!

articiat i!, t( &or it la's to a! i!cras i! t( c(il'(oo' o%sit" i'&ic :C!trs -or

Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!, 011;9

T( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!, N$tritio! P("sical Acti+it" O%sit"

as?' t( .$stio!5 (o) &$c( ("sical acti+it" 'o "o$t( !' Accor'i!/ to t( C!trs -or

Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! /$i'li!s, c(il'r! a!' a'olsc!ts a/s si> to s+!t! !'

at last o! (o$r or &or o- ("sical acti+it" ac( 'a"9 T(is >rcis s(o$l' -oc$s o! t(r t"s

o- actio!s5 aro%ic, &$scl#str!/t(!i!/, a!' %o!#str!/t(!i!/ :C!trs -or Disas Co!trol

a!' Pr+!tio!, 011;9 It is ara&o$!t t(at c(il'r! a!' "o$t( articiat i! all t(r t"s o-



42

39 Bo!#str!/t(!i!/ acti+itis s(o$l' % ractic' at last t(r 'a"s a )?

%ca$s %o!#str!/t(!i!/ is si/!i-ica!t as it ro'$cs a -orc o! t( %o!s t(at

ro&ot %o! /ro)t( a!' str!/t( t(ro$/( i&act )it( t( /ro$!' :C!trs -or

Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!, 011;9

I! 0121, First La'" Mic(ll O%a&a a!!o$!c' a !) i!itiati+ to co&%at c(il'(oo'

o%sit"9 T( actio! co!sist' o- -o$r arts5 :2; ro+i'i!/ (alt(" l$!c(s at sc(ool, :0;

i!crasi!/ t( l+l o- 'ail" ("sical acti+it", :; ro+i'i!/ ar!ts t( a%ilit" to /t (alt("

-oo's i! +r" co&&$!it", a!' :3; '$cati!/ ar!ts a!' c(il'r! a%o$t (alt(" ati!/

:Gr$!&a", 0121;9

E#&at%onal Le1el an# Im!a&t on Obe"%t$

Alt(o$/( t(r ar !$&%rs o- st$'is t(at i!'icat so& co!!ctio! %t)! '$catio!

l+l a!' o%sit" a&o!/ a'$lts, t(r ar &i!$sc$l st$'is t(at >a&i! o%sit" i! A-rica!

A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r! a!' t( l+l o- '$catio! o- t(ir ar!ts9 Ho)+r, t(r ar

&or st$'is t(at >a&i! '$catio! a!' o%sit" )it(i! a'$lts9 I! t(ir st$'", Molari$s, Si'll,



43

Alt(o$/( t(ir rs$lts )r !ot co!cl$si+, t(r 'os aar to % so& +i'!c o- a ossi%l

corrlatio! :Parata?$l t al9, 011;9

I! a!ot(r rlat' st$'" o- o%sit" a!' sc(ool l+l, Sa!!#N$i4t!, La(ti#=os?i,

Ma!!isto, =!?t, Rissa!!, Aro&aa, a!' Hlio+aara :011; -o$!' t(at t( >os$r to '$catio!

a!' 'cras' l+ls o- o%sit" &a" (a+ co!!ctio!s9 Ho)+r, t( rsarc(rs also co!cl$''

t(at social stat$s rat(r a!' accss &a" % a &or si/!i-ica!t co!tri%$tor to o%sit" rat(r t(a!

l+l o- '$catio! :Sa!!#N$i4t! t al9, 011;9 For i!sta!c, t( &or a'+a!c' o!s l+l

o- '$catio! &a" also i!'icat /ratr socio#co!o&ic stat$s9 A (i/(r socio#co!o&ic stat$s

&a" &a! a! oort$!it" -or i!'i+i'$als to %$" la!r a!' (alt(ir -oo's, as )ll as t(ir

a%ilit" to $rc(as >rcis .$i&!t a!' o)! &&%rs(i i! -it!ss cl$%s9

<(! ar!ts rci+ +al$a%l (alt( '$catio!, t(" ca! &o'l t( corrct %(a+ior

tac( -a&il" attr!s o- (alt(" ati!/, a!' ("sical acti+it"9 Rsarc(rs -o$!' t(at ar!ts ca!

(l 'tr&i! )(at (alt(" -oo' c(oics ar a+aila%l i! t( (o&, %ri!/ i! ror co!trol a!'

%ala!c, a!' (l i'!ti-" a!' ro+i' a -$! to -a&ilis ("sical acti+itis :St"ls t al9, 011K;9

Moro+r, i! a!ot(r st$'", @o(!so!, ="+i?, S?"tt(, Dar", a!' Sor!s! :0122; -o$!'



44

Socioco!o&ic Stat$s a!' O%sit"

Rsarc(rs -o$!' a !$&%r o- st$'is t(at s(o)s t( rlatio!s(i %t)! o%sit" a!'

socioco!o&ic stat$s :<a!/, 0112 For' a!' D)alto)s?i, 011;9 I! a st$'" co!'$ct' %"

:<a!/, 0112;, t( rsarc(r >a&i!' (alt( st$'is o- c(il'r! si>#i/(t! "ars ol' -ro& t(

U!it' Stats, C(i!a, a!' R$ssia -ro& 2#239 Ho)+r, (alt( st$'is o- C(i!a a!' R$ssia

co+r' o!l" 20 a!' 2 rscti+l" :<a!/, 0112;9 I! C(i!a a!' R$ssia, <a!/ :0112;

ost$lat' t(at lo) socioco!o&ic stat$s )o$l' &a! (i/( l+ls o- o%sit" a&o!/ t(s

c(il'r!9 O! t( ot(r (a!', rsarc(rs -o$!' t(at lo) socioco!o&ic stat$s 'i' !ot !cssaril"

corrlat to (i/( l+ls o- o%sit" a&o!/ t(s c(il'r! :<a!/, 0122;9 Ho)+r, li&it' accss

to -oo' %ca& a! !or&o$s iss$ i! C(i!a a!' R$ssia :<a!/, 0122;9 A''itio!all", t(

i!'i+i'$al )it( lo)r socioco!o&ic stat$s -ro& t(s co$!tris aars to (a+ li&it' accss

to a lar/r .$a!tit" o- -oo'9 O%sit" )as i'!ti-i' i! i!'i+i'$als )(o (a' a (i/(r l+l o-

socioco!o&ic stat$s +rs$s i!'i+i'$als -ro& C(i!a or R$ssia a!' t( U!it' Stats :<a!/,

0122;9

No!t(lss, t( o%sit" i'&ic (as 'isroortio!atl" a--ct' so& t(!ic a!' racial



45

("sical acti+it" :R$i, Pr, a!' <il-l", 0113;9 I! a''itio!, &a!" &i!orit" c(il'r! -ro&

co!o&icall" strss' -a&ilis &a" % at#ris? a!' srio$sl" i&act' %" t( lac? o- s$--ici!t

!i/(%or(oo' s$r&ar?ts )it( -rs( -r$it a!' +/ta%ls, a!' sa- la" aras to articiat i!

("sical acti+itis )it( t(ir ar!ts9

F$rt(r, t( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! rort' -i!'i!/s accor'i!/ to

t( 011 P'iatric N$tritio! S$r+illa!cs S"st& :P'NSS; o!#t(ir' o- t( 9K &illio! lo)#

i!co& c(il'r! %t)! a/s t)o a!' -o$r "ars )r o%s or o+r)i/(t, a!' o+r J11,111

)r o%s :C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!, 011;9 T( C!trs -or Disas Co!trol

a!' Pr+!tio! also t(ori' c(il'r!s (alt( ris?s occ$r )(il t(" ar "o$!/ a!' latr -or

c(il'r! )it( o%sit"9 A''itio!al, c(il'r! )it( o%sit" ar ro! to (a+ (i/( %loo' rss$r,

(i/( c(olstrol, t" 0 'ia%ts, )(ic( is ral at#ris? -actors -or car'io+asc$lar 'isas :C!trs

-or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!, 011;9

Rsarc(rs rort t(at lo)#i!co& -a&ilis $s $%lic (alt( ro/ra&s to rli+ t(ir

cost o- &'ical rso!si%ilitis -or t(ir c(il'r! )it( s+r 'isass9 Par!ts $s ro/ra&s s$c(

as, <o&! I!-a!ts a!' C(il'r! :<IC;, C(il'r!s Halt( I!s$ra!c Pro/ra& :CHIPS; a!' ot(r



46

F$rt(r, t( a+ra/ -a&il" i!co& -or c$sto'ial ar!ts )as aro>i&atl" 0,111 a!' t(

roortio! o- c$sto'ial ar!ts a!' t(ir c(il'r! li+i!/ at or %!at( t( o+rt" l+l i! 011

)as aro>i&atl" 293, )it( t( rat o- ar!ts $tilii!/ $%lic assista!c ro/ra&s clos to

1 :Grall, 011;9

Po1ert$ an# a&&e""%b%l%t$ of 6al%t$ foo#9 T( l+ls o- o%sit" -or c(il'r! i! t(

U!it' Stats s& to (a+ &a!" co!tri%$ti!/ '"!a&ics, s$c( as oor 'it, lac? o- >rcis,

accssi%ilit" to .$alit" -oo', a!' a !$&%r o- ot(r +aria%ls9 <(il it is !ot co!cl$si+, t( rol

o- socioco!o&ic stat$s i! ot(r co$!tris aars li&it'9 For' a!' D)alto)s?i :011;

-o$!' t(at socioco!o&ic stat$s la"s a si/!i-ica!t rol i! (alt(" ati!/ -or A-rica! A&rica!

a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r!9 T(s rsarc(rs sta%lis( t(at ro%l&s >ist i! t( a+aila%ilit" o-

.$alit" -oo' '$ to accssi%ilit" a!' a--or'a%ilit"9 For >a&l, i! &a!" co&&$!itis )(r

A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r! li+, t(r is a lac? o- /rocr" stors )it(i! t(ir

i&&'iat !i/(%or(oo's t(at (a+ s$--ici!t .$alit" -oo' -or $rc(as9 S$c( it&s as -rs(

-r$its, a! arra" o- 'i--r!t color' +/ta%ls, la! &ats, a!' lss rocss' -oo's ar o-t!

&issi!/ -ro& t(s local /rocr" stors or i! li&it' s$lis9



47

Parental !er&e!t%on9 Rsarc(rs ost$lat' -or .$it so& ti& t(at ar!tal attit$'s

a!' %li-s ar stro!/ 'tr&i!a!ts o! (o) ar!ts rso!' to t( iss$ o- c(il'(oo' o%sit"

:A?(tar#Da!s(, D/(/(a!, Morriso!, a!' Fo!s?a, 0122 Vi+ia!, Bc?r a!' Carrl, 0120;9 As

!ot' i! -i/$r 2, t( co!ct$al &o'l ill$strats t( ar!ts t(o$/(ts, attit$'s a!' %li-s

r/ar'i!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit" :rso!all" co!str$ct' %" i!+sti/ator;9 T( ar!ts rctio! is

t( -o$!'atio! -or t(o$/(ts, %li-s, a!' t(ir actio!s9 Also, it '&o!strats t( i&act it (as o!

t( c(il's %li- s"st& a%o$t c(il'(oo' o%sit" :Vi+ia!, Bc?r, a!' Carrl, 0120;9



• Thoughts• Beliefs

• Attitudes• Education

Pece!tions

• "#e$eight oo%ese

• AficanA&eican '(is!anic

)hilden• Actions• *egati#e o

Positi#e+nte#entions

,esults

48

F%*re 7 Conceptual Model



49

Also, a !$&%r o- st$'is !ot' t(at &a!" ar!ts (a+ ro%l&s rco/!ii!/ o+r)i/(t

ro%l&s i! t(ir c(il'r!9 O%sit" is !ot 4$st a local ro%l& rsarc(rs a/r it is a

)orl')i' ro%l& :Va!(ala, =i!a!!#=i$?aa!!i&i, =ar??o!!, Laiti!a!, a!' =orlai!!,

0122 C(ai&o+it, Iss!&a!, Mo--at, a!' Prsa', 011 Hac?i a!' Bo)ls, 011K Bra!!o!,

A(lrs#Sc(&i't, a!' Harriso!, 011 Car!ll, E')ar's, Cro?r, Bo!i-ac, a!' <ar'll, 011J

@$li$sso!, Rola!ts, Mar?sta', a!' B4r?!s, 0122 V$orla, Sa(a, a!' Sa(o, 0121 Hol&#

D!o&a, L)i!so(!, Ga$, @oi!r, Stri/l#Moor, a!' Ota&!'i 011J;9 T(r ar a !$&%r o-

-actors t(at co!tri%$t to ar!ts i!a%ilit" to rco/!i t(ir c(il' is o+r)i/(t5 :2; lac? o-

$!'rsta!'i!/ t( srio$s!ss o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" :0; '$catio!al -actors a!' :; c$lt$ral %li-s

o- t( ar!ts t(at a (alt(" c(il' is a %i//r c(il'9

I! t(ir st$'", Pa"as, B$'', a!' Pola!s?" :0121; -o$!' t(at &a!" ar!ts '&o!strat' a

lac? o- co!cr! a%o$t t( srio$s!ss o- o%sit"9 Si&ilarl", Nsia(#=$&i, Aria, Mi?(ail,

Fi!/lass, a!' Bi!!s :011; rort' t(at ar!ts lac?' co!cr! a%o$t c(il'(oo' o%sit", %$t

raso!' t(at ar!ts !'' to % '$cat' a%o$t t( 'isas as )ll as (o) t(" co$l' (a+ a

ositi+ i&act $o! t( !cssar" i!tr+!tio!s9 F$rt(r, rsarc(rs -o$!' a! associatio!



50

Bo#$ ,a"" In#e- B,I/ a" an In"trment

I! calc$lati!/ c(il'r! a!' t!s %o'" &ass i!'> %t)! a/s t)o a!' !i!t! "ars

ol', it is ss!tial to $s t( C!trs o- Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! corrso!'i!/ BMI#-or#

a/ rc!til /ro)t( c(art -or ac( c(il's a/ a!' s>9 Accor'i!/ to t( C!trs o- Disas

Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio! a %o'" &ass i!'>, is calc$lat' %" $si!/ a! i!'i+i'$als )i/(t a!'

(i/(t :(tt5)))9s(r'ocs99co&rs!tatio!Ki!'>;

F$rt(r, -or a'$lts 01 "ars a!' t( ol'r o! )o$l' !' to $tili t( A'$lt BMI

Calc$lator9 Ho)+r, % co/!ia!t t(at, t( BMI calc$lator is !ot &a!t to sr+ as a so$rc o-

cli!ical /$i'a!c a!' is !ot i!t!'' to % a s$%stit$t -or ro-ssio!al &'ical a'+ic

:(tt5!cc'9c'c9/o+'!a%&i;

Si!c t( BMI is sta%lis(' %" a/, )i/(t, a!' (i/(t, it is o!l" a! i!'icator o- %o'"

-at!ss9 For >a&l, t)o i!'i+i'$als )it( t( sa& BMI co$l' (a+ 'i--r!t a&o$!ts o- %o'"

-at9 T(r-or, it is s$//st' t(at rso!s co!si'r s?i!/ (l -ro& t(ir (alt(#car ro+i'rs

o! (alt(" )i/(t stat$s a!' co!si'ri!/ i!'i+i'$alQs circ$&sta!cs :C!trs o- Disas Co!trol

a!' Pr+!tio!, 011J;9 T( BMI ar t( !$&%rs calc$lat' -ro& a c(il's a/, (i/(t, a!'

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/http:%2F%2Fwww.shrdocs..com%2Fpresentation%2F39837%2Findex

http://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/

http://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/http:%2F%2Fwww.shrdocs..com%2Fpresentation%2F39837%2Findex



51

sc(ools9 I! ss!c, %o'" &ass i!'> ca! % $tili' to alrt ar!ts a!' (alt( ro-ssio!al i!

arl" rso!' to 'tct a!' li&i!at o%sit"#rlat' (alt( co&licatio!s9 I! t( last t(irt" "ars,

A&rica! c(il'(oo' o%sit" rats (a+ tril', sai' Mic(ll O%a&a9 Narl" 31 o- A-rica!

A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! c(il'r! ar o+r)i/(t or o%s, )it( a t(ir' o- c(il'r! i!

+r" t(!ic /ro$ )i/(i!/ i! at o+r)i/(t or o%s9 O+r)i/(t or o%s c(il'r! r$! t( ris?

o- '+loi!/ 'ia%ts, (art 'isas, ca!cr, ast(&a, a!' (i/( %loo' rss$r at so& oi!t i!

t(ir li+s :(tt5sc(ool#-st9co&articl&ic(ll#o%a&as#c(-s#sc(ools#ro/ra&#&a?s#

!cssar"#stri;

T( calc$lator ro+i's %o'" &ass i!'> :BMI; a!' t( corrso!'i!/ BMI#-or#a/ rc!til

o! t( CDC BMI#-or#a/ /ro)t( c(art9 T(is calc$lator s(o$l' % $s' -or c(il'r! a!' t!s,

a/s t)o t(ro$/( !i!t! "ars ol' :BMI Calc$lator -or c(il' a!' t!, s -i/$r 0;9

Ethn%&%t$ an# !arental !er&e!t%on". C$lt$ral iss$s co!cr!i!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit"

a&o!/ A-rica! A&rica!s a!' Hisa!ics A&rica! ar !ot !)9 Co!s.$!tl", i!+sti/ators

-o$!' rlatio!s(is >ist %t)! t( actio!s ar!ts ta? i! rso!s to c(il'(oo' o%sit" a!'

t(ir c$lt$ral rscti+ :S(rr", McDi+itt, Birc(, Coo?, Sa!'rs, Pris(, Fra!cis, a!' Sca!lo!,

http://school-fest.com/article/michelle-obamas-chefs-schools-program-makes-necessary-stri






52

Rsarc(rs also 'oc$&!t' a !$&%r &i!oritis (a+ a t!'!c" to &isrrs!t t(ir

c(il's )i/(t :Stra$ss, 23 Millr, Gra!t, Dr$&&o!', <illia&s, Ta"lor, a!' Go$l'i!/, 011K

Mitc(ll, <a?, a!' <illia&s, 011 M"rs a!' Var/as, 0111 @--r", Voss, Mtcal-, Al%a, a!'

<il?i!, 011J Li!'sa", S$ss!r, Gra!", a!' Ptrso!, 0121 Ba"ls, 0121 So$to#Gallar'o,

@i&!#Cr$, a!' Bacar'i#Gasco!, 0122;9

&indsay t al9 :0121; rort' t(at Lati!o &ot(rs (a+ a ro!sit" !ot to .$at

-oo' co!s$&tio! to (alt(" )i/(t9 To a crtai! >t!t, t(s &ot(rs (a' a t!'!c" to

%li+ t(at it is %ttr -or a c(il' to % si/!i-ica!tl" lar/r rat(r t(a! s?i!!"9 O! rctio! is

a s?i!!" c(il' t!'s to rrs!t oor (alt( a!' oor ar!ti!/ s?ills i! t( Lati!o c$lt$r

:Li!'sa" t al9, 0121;9 I! r+io$s st$'is, rsarc(rs -o$!' t(at M>ica! A&rica! &ot(rs

)r &or accti!/ o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" :Ol+ra, S$&i!s?i, a!' Po)r, 011J Co!t!to, Basc(,

a!' "%rt, 011;9

Misrctio! o- c(il'r!s )i/(t is !ot o!l" a ro%l& i! t( U!it' Stats a !$&%r

o- r+io$s st$'is -o$!' si&ilar -i!'i!/s to % a /lo%al iss$ :Bra!!o!, A(lrs#Sc(&i't, a!'

Harriso!, 011 Ec?sti!, Mi?(ail, Aria, t al, 011 Hac?i a!' Bo)ls 011K <st,



53

011J @o!s, Par?i!so!, Dr)tt, DP(il, H"la!', Prac, A'a&so!, a!' Gats(a' Mill!!i$&

St$'" Cor, 0122;9

Alt(o$/( st$'is i!+sti/ati!/ ar!tal rctio! o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" )it(i! &i!orit"

c(il'r! ar !ot !), rsarc(rs co!cl$' a''itio!al st$'is )ill (l %ri!/ $!'rsta!'i!/9

Rsarc(rs rort t(at --cti+ i!tr+!tio!s -or &i!orit" o$latio!s ar still ro%l&atic i!

co&ariso! to Ca$casia! ar!ts :Ba$/(c$& t al9, 0111 M"rs a!' Var/as, 0111 =illio! t al9,

011;9

Ch%l#hoo# obe"%t$ %nter1ent%on effort". D$ri!/ t(is rio', s+ral ro/ra&s att&t'

to c$rtail t( -r.$!cis o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" :<(ita?r, <ri/(t, P, Si'l, a!' Dit, 2K

=r!, 011J Hit&a!!, =ola!, Liss!r, 011 Fr'&a! a!' Str!, 0113 Harri!/to! t al9,

0121;9 Rsarc(rs r+i)' t( r+al!c o- o%sit" i! t( ar!ts as a! i!'icator o- ossi%l

c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! c(il'r! :<(ita?r t al9, 2K;9 Co!+rsl", st$'is (a+ also s(o)! t(at

o+r)i/(t c(il'r! )ill li?l" %co& o+r)i/(t a'$lts :L$t-i""a t al9, 011;9 <(ita?r t al9

:2K; -o$!' t(at t(r )as a corrlatio! %t)! ar!tal o%sit" a!' o%sit" i! c(il'r!9 T("

-o$!' t(at c(il'r! )(os ar!ts )r o+r)i/(t or o%s (a' a /ratr c(a!c o- %i!/



54

'clain, P!t, N/$"!#Ro'ri/$, S(i!, Ri//s, a!' Sr$i4t#Mt :0122;

>a&i!' t( i&orta!c o- ati!/ %(a+iors i! &i!orit" c(il'r!9 T(" !ot' t(at ati!/

%(a+iors ar )ll#sta%lis(' )(! c(il'r! ar "o$!/9 Sco!', t(" -o$!' t(at 'itar"

i!tr+!tio!s i! "o$t(s )r &ostl" $!s$ccss-$l, a!' littl --orts too? lac -or i!tr+!tio!

)it( &i!orit" c(il'r! :McClai! t al9, 0122;9 T( i&orta!c o- 'itar" i!tr+!tio! &a"%

i!cl$'' i! t( )or? :Har%a$/(, Bo$!'s, =ol%o, Molaiso!, a!' a!/, 0121;9

I! t(ir rsarc(, Har%a$/( t al9 :0122; co!'$ct' a cross#sctio! o- 2,0J1 Ha' Start

st$'!ts -ro& t(irt" Ha' Start C!trs t(ro$/(o$t t( stat o- Mississii9 T( 2,0J1 i!cl$''

9 No!#Hisa!ic Blac? st$'!ts a!' !o!#Hisa!ic <(it st$'!ts9 T( rs$lt o- t(

st$'" i!'icat' t(at &or t(a! o- t( rsc(oolrs )r at#ris? o- o%sit" or )as alra'"

o+r)i/(t :Har%a$/( t al9, 0122;9 T(s rats >c'' t( !atio!al a+ra/ -or rsc(oolrs

o- 090 :Har%a$/( t al9, 0122;9 T( !' to r#+al$at (alt( olicis a!' (alt(

i!tr+!tio!s -or rsc(oolrs i! Mississii )o$l' % !cssar", sciall" -or No!#Hisa!ic

A-rica! A&rica! st$'!ts9 Rsarc(rs %li+ 'itar" i!tr+!tio!s s(o$l' % )ll t(o$/(t#o$t

as a ossi%ilit"9



55

acti+itis +rs$s s'!tar" %(a+ior a!' )or?' to -i!' sol$tio!s :Tr&%la", LBla!c, =(o,

Sa$!'rs, Laro$c(, Coll", Gol'-il', a!' Gor%r, 0122;9

I! t(ir st$'", Tr&%la" t al9 :0122; >a&i!' cross#sctio!al, rtroscti+,

roscti+, cas#co!trol, ra!'o&i' co!troll' a!' lo!/it$'i!al st$'is o! s'!tar" %(a+ior

+rs$s (alt( i!'icators9 A-tr t(ir r+i), Tr&%la" a!' (is associats co!cl$'' t(at

i!cras' s'!tar" %(a+ior -or %o"s a!' /irls la's to i!cras' (alt( ro%l&s i! t(

&a4orit" o- t(s st$'is at J9 :Tr&%la" t al9, 0122;9 Bca$s t( i&act o- c(il'(oo'

o%sit" co!ti!$s at a! i'&ic l+l )it(i! t( U!it' Stats a!' t( )orl', all !titis, local,

stat, !atio!al a!' )orl')i' artis &$st )or? 'ili/!tl" to/t(r to )i! t( -i/(t o! c(il'(oo'

o%sit"9

Alt(o$/( &a!" rsarc(rs a/r t(at i!tr+!tio!s ar !'' to 'cras c(il' o%sit",

t(r is !ot a co!s!s$s o! )(at i!tr+!tio! is t( &ost --cti+9 I! -act, Hit&a!! t al9

:011; -o$!' t(at i!tr+!tio!s co!'$ct' i! 21#011J o-t! -ail'9 S$%s.$!t i!tr+!tio!s

t(at tar/t' o! i!tr+!tio! +rs$s &$ltil i!tr+!tio!s t!'' to % so&)(at s$ccss-$l9

For >a&l, Hit&a!! t al9 :011; -o$!' t(at a! i!tr+!tio! t(at i!cras' ("sical acti+it"



56

Theoret%&al Per"!e&t%1e"

As Fr'&a! a!' Str! :0113; -o$!', t( r+al!c o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" i!crass

"arl"9 Rc!tl" st$'is rort' t(at c(il'(oo' o%sit" a--cts o! i! +r" -i+ c(il'r! i! t(

U!it' Stats9 Pr4$'ic a/ai!st o+r)i/(t c(il'r! %/i!s arl" i! c(il'(oo' a!' %co&s

/ra'$all" acct' as art o- &a!" or/a!iatio!s, sciall" )it(i! t( '$catio!al !+iro!&!t

:Dit, 2;9

C$rr!t rsarc( s$orts t( t(or" t(at &$ltil actio!s a&o!/ +r" l+l o-

/o+r!&!t a!' )it(i! local co&&$!itis ar t( sort to co&%at t( c(il'(oo' o%sit" i'&ic

i! A&rica9 As a rs$lt, ca&ai/!s at +r" l+l o- /o+r!&!t, local sc(ools, a!'

co&&$!itis, ar!ts a!' c(il'r! rci+ '$catio! a%o$t t( 'a!/rs o- c(il'(oo' o%sit"9

T(s ro/ra&s ar/$ -or co&r(!si+ li-st"l c(a!/s t(at i!cl$' 'it &o'i-icatio!,

(alt(" ati!/, a!' >rcis :Aro!s, 0122 Fr'&a! a!' Str!, 0113 Do!ato, 011;9 A''rssi!/

s$c( iss$s call -or t( co!crt' --orts o- olic"&a?rs9

Alt(o$/( t( co$!tr" &a' tr&!'o$s --orts to li&it t( sra' o- c(il'(oo' o%sit"

a&o!/ &i!orit" c(il'r!, it co!ti!$s to ris 'rasticall" :Holsc(r t al9, 0113;9 Holsc(r t al9



57

2; to i!cras t( a)ar!ss o- o+r)i/(t a!' o%sit" as a si/!i-ica!t $%lic (alt(

t(rat

0; to i!cras arl" rco/!itio! o- o+r)i/(t a!' >cssi+ )i/(t /ai!

; to i&ro+ &a!a/&!t o- ol )(o ar o+r)i/(t or o%s a!' t(os )it(

o%sit"#rlat' 'isass

3; to i!cras oort$!it", i!'i+i'$alit", a!' '$ratio! o- %rast-'i!/ '$ri!/ i!-a!c"

J; to '+lo t( li-lo!/ (alt(" ati!/ (a%its

;to i!cras t( li-lo!/ ("sical acti+it" oort$!itis

K; to 'cras >os$r to tl+isio! a!' a!ot(r rcratio!al scr! ti&

; to i!cras t( olicis a!' !+iro!&!tal s$orts -or ("sical acti+it", (alt("

ati!/, a!' i!cl$'i!/ %rast-'i!/

; to i!cras a!' s$stai! --ici!t $%lic (alt( rso!ss to t( o%sit" i'&ic a!'

21; $tili as >a!'' s$r+illa!c a!' ro/ra& +al$atio! to r+!t o+r)i/(t a!'

o%sit"9

F$rt(r, t(s rsarc(rs rort' t(at t( o%sit" i'&ic a--ct' all a/ /ro$s, %o"s



58

For >a&l, =ola! t al9 :0113; so$s' t(at all l+ls o- /o+r!&!t !'' to assist i!

co&%ati!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit"9 First, i! or'r -or t(s c(a!/s i! /o+r!&!t to % --cti+,

la'rs(i t(at ro&ot '$catio! a!' sc$rs !'' -$!'i!/ is !cssar"9

Sco!', '+lo strat/is !'' to carr" t( -i/(t a/ai!st c(il'(oo' o%sit" to (o&s

)(r c(il'r! rsi'' :=ola! t al9, 0113;9 T(is strat/" )o$l' ro+i' (alt(" -oo' otio!s

at (o&, '$cat c(il'r! a%o$t (alt(" c(oics, a!' !co$ra/ r/$lar >rcis :=ola! t al9,

0113;9 T(s strat/is ar 'irct a!' sci-ic to t( ro%l&9 Ho)+r, c(il'(oo' o%sit"

ro%l&s ar &$c( &or co&licat' :Go, 011;9 I- c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! &i!orit" c(il'r!

co$l' % c(a!/' %" $si!/ a %(a+ioral aroac(, si/!i-ica!t c(a!/ i! t( i!ci'!cs o-

c(il'(oo' o%sit" a&o!/ A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! c(il'r! s(o$l' (a+

'ro' lo!/ a/o9

Ho)+r, accor'i!/ Aro!s :0122;, t( c(il'(oo' o%sit" ro%l& is &$c( &or

co&l>9 It i!+ol+s $!'rsta!'i!/ 'irct ca$ss a!' ot(r ossi%l co!tri%$ti!/ -actors9

Pro%a%l, co!si'ratio! o- social co/!itio! lar!i!/ &o'l t(or" )o$l' %ttr >lai! t(

o!/oi!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit" ro%l& -or A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r!9 T(is t(or"



59

Theoret%&al frame'or(

Alt(o$/(, a r+i) o- t( rsarc( o! c(il'(oo' o%sit" (l' i! t( o+rall

$!'rsta!'i!/ o- t( iss$s co!cr!i!/ t(is i'&ic i! t( U!it' Stats, t( stat o- T>as a!'

co$!tis i! so$t( c!tral T>as9 It is t( )or? o- Al%rt Ba!'$ra :Social Lar!i!/ T(or"; a!'

L+ V"/ots?" :Socio#c$lt$ral T(or"; t(at ro+i' a ossi%l otio! to s$ort a!' co!'$ct t(

c$rr!t rsarc(9 T(s a$t(ors so$s t( i&act o- t( social !+iro!&!t a!' c$lt$r o!

%(a+ior9 T(ir )or? is t( %asis o- t( t(ortical -ra&)or? o- t(is st$'"9

Social Lar!i!/ T(or" so$ss t( i&orta!c o- lar!i!/ )it(i! t( ri&ar" co!t>t

o- o%sr+atio!, att!tio!, rt!tio!, &oti+atio!, a!' rro'$ctio! :Ha?+oort, 0110;9 I! a''itio!,

Socio#c$lt$ral T(or" rco/!is t( i&orta!c o- c$lt$r o! lar!i!/9 T( cr$cial t!t o-

socio#c$lt$ral t(or" is t( i&orta!c o- social i!tractio! i! t( '+lo&!t o- t(i!?i!/9

Accor'i!/ Par?r :011J;, t( i&orta!c o- t(s t)o t(oris is s$ort' %" Dr9 S(lia

Da+is, a ro-ssor i! t( Sc(ool o- N$rsi!/ at t( U!i+rsit" o- Mississii M'ical C!tr, a!'

-o$!'r o- t( $!i+rsit"s Car'io+asc$lar Ris? R'$ctio! i! C(il'r! :CRRIC; Co&&itt9 Dr9

Da+is %li+s t( r+al!c o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" a&o!/ A-rica! A&rica! c(il'r! o-



61

%t)! ar!tal rctio! o- A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic ar!ts a!' t( ro%l& o-

o+r)i/(t or o%sit" a&o!/ t(ir c(il'r!9

Alt(o$/( t(r ar &assi+ a&o$!ts o- i!-or&atio! a+aila%l to ar!ts +ia t( &'ia,

&a/ai!s, a!' t( )% a%o$t c(il'(oo' o%sit" a!' t( s+r i&act it (as o! t( )(ol

-a&il" &otio!all", co!o&icall", a!' aca'&icall", o%sit" i!ci'!cs co!ti!$ to scalat i! a

!$&%r o- A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic co&&$!itis9 T(is st$'" is si/!i-ica!t %ca$s it

>a&i!s ar!ts rctio!s, attit$'s a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'(oo' o%sit" i! t( A-rica!

A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic co&&$!itis, i! a r$ral stti!/9

I! a''itio!, Fr'&a! a!' Str! :0113; -o$!' t(at ositi+ !+iro!&!ts la"' a

si/!i-ica!t rol i! &a!a/i!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit"9 T( s$orti+ at&os(r )as !co$ra/i!/ a!'

s$orti+ o- c(a!/9 F$rt(r, rsarc(rs co!cl$'' t(at t(r ar a !$&%r o- ot(r +aria%ls

t(at ca! % $s-$l i! (li!/ to co!trol c(il'(oo' o%sit"9 T(s ot(r +aria%ls i!cl$'' t(

articiatio! o- -'ral, stat, local /o+r!&!ts, sc(ools, ar!ts, a!' &"ria' ot(rs :Fr'&a!

a!' Str!, 0113;9

CHAPTER III



62

29 T( rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s o- &i!orit" ar!ts a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt("

li-st"l09 T( i&act o- t( USDA C(oos M"Plat (alt(" '$catio!al i!-or&atio! o! t(

rctio!s, attit$'s a!' %li-s o- &i!orit" ar!ts a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l9 T( c(a!/ o- &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s

(alt(" li-st"l, %as' o! t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! rci+'9. T( --cts o- c(a!/s i! t( rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s o- &i!orit" ar!ts a%o$t

c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l o! t( o%sit" l+l o- t(ir c(il'r!9

Re"ear&h )e"t%on"

T(is rsarc( )as /$i'' %" t( -ollo)i!/ rsarc( .$stio!s a!' ("ot(ss5

29 <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t

c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II

:HPLP#II; r#tst scors %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! /ro$09 <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t

c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#II osttst scors, %as' o! t(

t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! rci+'9 <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! t( c(a!/ o- &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!'



63

Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; rtst scors %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio! '$catio!

i!-or&atio! /ro$9 :Ho25 x 2 x 0;

H05 T(r is a statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s,

a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#II osttst

scors, %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! rci+'9 :Ho05 x 2 x 0;

H5 T(r is a statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!c i! t( c(a!/ o- &i!orit" ar!tsQ


'i--r!c %t)! t(ir r a!' osttsts HPLP#II scors, %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio!


H35 T(r is a statisticall" si/!i-ica!t rlatio!s(i %t)! &i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s,

attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir osttsts, a!'

c(a!/ HPLP#II scors a!' t( ost, a!' c(a!/ %o'" &ass i!'> :BMI; o- t(ir

c(il'r!9 :Ho35 r 1;

Nll H$!othe"e"

H125 T(r is !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s,



64

'i--r!c %t)! t(ir r a!' osttsts HPLP#II scors, %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio!




c(a!/ HPLP#II scors a!' t( ost, a!' c(a!/ %o'" &ass i!'> :BMI; o- t(ir

c(il'r!9 :Ho35 r 1;

I#ent%f%&at%on of Re"ear&h ,etho#

A !o!.$i+al!t co!trol /ro$ .$asi#>ri&!tal rsarc( 'si/! )as $s' to 'tr&i!

t( --cti+!ss o- t( USDA C(oos M"Plat (alt(" '$catio!al i!-or&atio! i! c(a!/i!/

ar!ts rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t t( (alt(" li-st"ls o- t(ir c(il'r!9 I! t(

.$asi#>ri&!tal 'si/! (as o- t(is st$'", t( rsarc(r &a!i$lat' t( i!'!'!t

+aria%l :X;#a !$tritio!al, '$catio!al i!-or&atio! %" ra!'o&l" assi/!i!/ o! l+l :X2;USDA

C(oos M"Plat (alt(" '$catio!al i!-or&atio! to t( >ri&!tal /ro$ A

:(tt5)))9c(oos&"lat9/o+'o)!loa'sGtti!/Start'<it(M"Plat9'-;9 Moro+r, X0, @$st



65

>ri&!tal 'si/! is $s' to ro+i' a'.$at so$rcs o- co!trol -or i!+ali'it" :Ga", Mills, a!'

Airasia!, 011;9

T( rsarc(r $tili' a !o!.$i+al!t co!trol /ro$ 'si/!, )(r t)o :or &or;

trat&!t /ro$s ar rtst', a'&i!istr' trat&!t, a!' ost#tst' :Ga", Mills, a!' Airasia!,

011;9 A $asi#>ri&!tal 'si/! ro+i's a'.$at co!trol o- so$rcs o- i!+ali'it"9 T(

so$rcs o- i!tr!al a!' >tr!al i!+ali'it" ar (istor", &at$ratio!, tsti!/, i!str$&!tatio!,

slctio!, a!' &ortalit"9 Ho)+r, t( .$asi#>ri&!tal 'si/! 'os !ot ro+i' co!trol -or

r/rssio!, sctio! i!tractio!s a!' rtst #X i!tractio!9 I! a tr$ >ri&!tal 'si/!, t(r is

co!trol -or !arl" all so$rcs o- i!tr!al a!' >tr!al i!+ali'it" :Ga", Mills, a!' Airasia!, 011;9

T( rsarc(r >a&i!' t( -asi%ilit" o- &lo"i!/ a tr$ >ri&!tal 'si/! %ca$s

a! >ri&!tal rsarc( &t(o' is t( &ost o)r-$l &t(o'olo/" t(at a! i!+sti/ator ca!

$tili9 I! >ri&!tal rsarc(, t( i!+sti/ator &a!i$lats t( i!'!'!t +aria%l a!'

c(ooss t( !at$r o- t( trat&!t, )(o rci+s trat&!t, a!' to )(at >t!t9 E>ri&!tal

rsarc( is co!si'r' t( %st )a" to crat ca$s#a!'#--ct rlatio!s(is a&o!/ +aria%ls

:Fra!?l a!' <all!, 011;9



66

rsarc( .$stio!s a!'or tst t( co&a!io! !$ll ("ot(ss9 T( &ost lo/ical )a" to 'scri%

t( rsarc( 'si/! o- t(is st$'" is to 'isc$ss it .$stio! %" .$stio! a!' to start )it( t( +aria%l

:s; o- i!trst to t( rsarc(r9

For rsarc( .$stio! 2 :<(at is t( 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s,

a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l

Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; r#tst scors %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! /ro$;

t( +aria%l o- i!trst is ar!tal %li-s co!cr!i!/ c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l as &as$r' %"

scors o! t( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II .$stio!!air9 T( rsarc(r )as 4$st

i!trst' i! 'tr&i!i!/ t( 'i--r!c i! %li-s o- t)o /ro$s o- ar!ts :%ot( /ro$s a--iliat'

)it( o! sc(ool, A a!' B i! t( sa& 'istrict; t(ro$/( t( a'&i!istratio! o- Halt(#

Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II .$stio!!air :HPLP#II;9 T( 'si/! -or .$stio! 2 )as,

t(r-or, a t)o#/ro$ 'si/! a!' s$&&ari' as -ollo)s5

Par!ts o- /ra's #J c(il'r! i! t( /ro$ A :C(oos M"Plat; co&lt HPLP#II

Par!ts o- /ra's #J c(il'r! i! /ro$ B :@$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/; co&lt HPLP#II

Gro! Prtstt

67



67

%st % 'scri%' i! tr&s o- i!'!'!t a!' '!'!t +aria%ls9 T( i!'!'!t +aria%l is

t( t" o- !$tritio!al, '$catio!al i!-or&atio! rci+', a!' t( '!'!t +aria%l is ar!ts

%li- a%o$t (alt(" li-st"l9 T( i!'!'!t +aria%l (as t)o l+ls9 Gro$ A is USDA

C(oos M"Plat (alt(" '$catio!al i!-or&atio! a!' /ro$ B is @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/

:(tt5)))9ar!ti!/i!-ol9or/; a !o!# USDA '$catio!al i!-or&atio!9 As r+io$sl"

&!tio!', t( 'si/! -or t( rsarc( .$stio! 0 )as a .$asi#>ri&!tal 'si/! a!'

s$&&ari' as -ollo)s5

Gro! Prts

t

I!tr+!tio

!

Postts

t

N o ! r a ! ' o & A

s s i / ! & ! t

Gro$

A

O X2 O

Gro$

B

O X0 O

68



68

T( +aria%ls o- i!trst i! t( rsarc( .$stio! 3 :<(at is t( rlatio!s(i %t)!

&i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as

&as$r' %" t(ir r, ost#tsts, a!' c(a!/ HPLP#II scors a!' t( r, ost, a!' c(a!/ %o'"

&ass i!'> :BMI; o- t(ir c(il'r!; ar t( c(a!/ i! ar!ts %li- a%o$t t( c(il'r!s

(alt(" li-st"l, )(ic( is t( i!'!'!t +aria%l a!' t( c(a!/ i! t( %o'" &ass i!'> o-

t(ir c(il'r! a-tr t( ar!ts (a+ r+i)' t( '$catio!al i!-or&atio!, )(ic( is t(

'!'!t +aria%l9

T( 'ata -or t( i!'!'!t +aria%l :ar!ts r a!' ost#tsts a!' c(a!/ HPLP#II

scors; i! t( rsarc( .$stio! -o$r 'tr&i! t( 'si/! -or .$stio! t)o9 Ho)+r, t( 'ata

-or t( '!'!t +aria%l :c(il'r!s r, ost, a!' c(a!/ BMI; )as collct' %-or a!' a-tr

t( i!tr+!tio!s )as /i+! to t(ir ar!ts %" t( sc(ool !$rs :st$'!ts a/, )i/(t a!' (i/(t;9

T( c(a!/ i! BMI )as calc$lat' %" s$%tracti!/ t( r#BMI -ro& t( ost#BMI scors9 T(

-ollo)i!/ 'si/! )as $s' to collct t( BMI scors5

Gro! Pr#BMI Ti& Post#BMI

& ! t

Gro$ A O ####### O

69



69

a!' >tr&l" lo) scors r/rss :&o+ (i/(r; to)ar' t( &a! :Mills, Ga" a!' Airasia!,

011;9 I! t(is st$'", t( rsarc(r 'i' !ot %li+ t(at t(r )as a!" si/!i-ica!t !$&%r o-

ar!ts )(os rtst %li- scor o! t( HPLP#II co$l' % classi-i' as o$tlirs a!' t(r-or

co$l' r/rss to)ar's t( &a! at ost tsti!/9

Tar*et Po!lat%on

T( tar/t o$latio! )as 2,J3 t(ir', -o$rt(, a!' -i-t(#/ra'r st$'!ts i! <allr Co$!t"

ISD9 T( tar/t o$latio! o- t(is st$'" r-lcts t( 'sir o- t( rsarc(r to i!+sti/at crtai!

+aria%ls associat' )it( o%sit" a&o!/st t(!ic &i!orit" o$latio!s9 Accor'i!/ to t(

litrat$r, o%sit" a&o!/ t(!ic &i!oritis :A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica!; is at a!

all#ti& (i/(9 Rsarc(r rort t(at rats o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" r&ai!s at srio$s i'&ic

l+ls i! A&rica! co&&$!itis :Do!ato, 011;9 Rsarc(rs also ascrtai! t(at attr!s o-

/ro)t( i! c(il'(oo' o%sit" aar lar/l" a&o!/ A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica!

c(il'r!9 I! t( stat o- T>as, t( rat o- o%sit" a&o!/ T>as c(il'r! (as &or t(a! 'o$%l',

a!' t( r+al!c o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" aars /ratst i! A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic

A&rica! c(il'r! co&ar' to E$roa! A&rica! c(il'r! :Holsc(r t al9, 0113;9

70



70

o$latio! i! <allr Co$!t" sc(ool 'istrict, A-rica! A&rica! st$'!ts rrs!t 290J a!'

Hisa!ic A&rica! st$'!ts 390 o- t( total o$latio!9

Sam!le

T( rsarc(r att&t' to $s t( !tir accssi%l o$latio! :N 1; as a sa&l9

T(r-or, t( rsarc(r 'i+i'' t( 1 st$'!ts %" ra!'o&l" assi/!i!/ !tir classs o-

st$'!ts to t( co!trol or trat&!t /ro$ t($s, ?i!/ ac( class assi/!&!t i!tact9 T(r )r

si> classs o- t(ir'#/ra'rs9 T($s, t(r classs )r assi/!' to co!trol /ro$ a!' t(r to t(

trat&!t /ro$9 T(r )r -i+ classs o- -o$rt(#/ra'rs t(r-or, t)o classs )r assi/!'

to co!trol t( /ro$ a!' t(r to a trat&!t /ro$9 T(r )r si> classs o- -i-t(#/ra'rs9 T($s,

t(r classs )r assi/!' to co!trol t( /ro$ a!' t(r to a trat&!t /ro$9 Bot( /ro$s

co!trol a!' trat&!t (a' 2J st$'!ts ac( )it( a co&%i!' total o- 1 st$'!ts a-tr t(

st$'!ts (a' %! ra!'o&l" assi/!' to i!tact /ro$s, t( 1 ar!ts )r lac' i!to co!trol or

trat&!t /ro$s9 T( 1 articia!ts i! t( st$'" )r t(ir', -o$rt( a!' -i-t(#/ra'r st$'!ts

air' )it( t(ir ar!ts )it( a! t(!ic co&ositio! o- A-rica! A&rica! 0392 :! K3;,

Hisa!ic A&rica! 192 :! 23;, E$roa! A&rica! 29K :! 30;9 T( /!'r &a?#$



72



72

&a! o- t( rso!ss to s$%scal it&s9 T( $s o- &a!s rat(r t(a! s$&s o- scal it&s is

rco&&!'' to rtai! t( o! to -o$r &tric o- it& rso!ss a!' to allo) &a!i!/-$l

co&ariso!s o- scors across s$%scals :S A!'i> E; :<al?r, Sc(rist, * P!'r, 2K;9

T( .$stio!!air )as %$ilt )it( a -o$r#oi!t rso!s -or&at to &as$r t( -r.$!c"

o- sl-#rort' (alt(#ro&oti!/ %(a+iors9 It a''rsss (alt( rso!si%ilit", ("sical acti+it",

!$tritio!, /ro)t(, a!' i!trrso!al rlatio!s9 T( rsarc(r ro+i'' t( Halt(#Pro&oti!/

Li-st"l Pro-il#II .$stio!!air i! E!/lis( a!' Sa!is( la!/$a/ :<al?r, Sc(rist, * P!'r,

2K;9

4al%#%t$ an# Rel%ab%l%t$

T( +ali'it" a!' rlia%ilit" o- t(is i!str$&!t )r r$ta%l t(ro$/( 'ata -ro& K20

a'$lts a/s 2 to 0 )r $s' to assss +ali'it" a!' rlia%ilit" a!' co!t!t +ali'it" %" litrat$r

r+i) a!' co!t!t >rtsQ +al$atio! :<al?r, Sc(rist, * P!'r, 2K;9 Co!str$ct +ali'it"

s$ort' %" -actor a!al"sis t(at co!-ir&' a si>#'i&!sio!al str$ct$r o- (alt(#ro&oti!/

li-st"l, %" co!+r/!c )it( t( Prso!al Li-st"l .$stio!!air :r 9K;, a!' %" a !o!#

si/!i-ica!t corrlatio! )it( social 'sira%ilit"9 Critrio!#rlat' +ali'it" i!'icat' %" si/!i-ica!t

73



73

T( sco!' i!str$&!t $s' i! t(is st$'" )as a! aro+' )i/(i!/ scal a!' (i/(t

&as$ri!/ %ar9 T(is '+ic is $s' at t( l&!tar" sc(ool to &as$r t( )i/(t a!' (i/(t o-

t( st$'!ts a!!$all"9

E#&at%onal Crr%&lm

U!it' Stats Dart&!t o- A/ric$lt$r C(oos M"Plat :C(oos M"Plat; T(

rsarc(r $tili' t)o 'i--r!t '$catio!al c$rric$la i! t(is st$'"9 T( -irst c$rric$l$& $s'

)as t( U!it' Stats Dart&!t o- A/ric$lt$r a!' t( sco!' :A !o!#-or&al '$catio!al

!t)or? t(at li!?s t( rso$rcs a!' acti+itis to t( USDA, t( @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/

altr!ati+ '$catio!al i!-or&atio! '+lo' %" E>t!sio! A&ricas Rsarc(#%as' Lar!i!/

Nt)or?9 C(oos M"Plat is a! ico!9 T( U!it' Stats Dart&!t o- A/ric$lt$r C(oos

M"Plat '$catio! i!-or&atio! )%sit is :)))9C(oosM"Plat9/o+;, a!' t( @$st i! Ti&

Par!ti!/ altr!ati+ '$catio!al i!-or&atio! sit is :(tt5)))9ar!ti!/i!-ol9or/; :S

A!'i> D;9

T( rsarc(r $tili' t( C(oos M"Plat 21 tis to a /rat lat !$tritio! '$catio!

sris as i!tr+!tio! trat&!t )it( t( >ri&!tal /ro$9 T( c$rric$l$& i!-or&atio!



75



75

T(r )as also a -r s$%scritio! to @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/ E#N)slttrs

:(tt5)))9ar!ti!/i!-ol9or/;9 T( c$rric$l$& ro+i'' t( -ollo)i!/ tis -or ar!ts5

:2; E>lor to/t(r# "o$!/ c(il'r! lar! t(ro$/( acti+, (a!'s#o! la"9 St asi' ti&

to 4oi! "o$r c(il' or c(il'r! to s!' ti&9 Tal?, list! a!' s(o) i!trst i! (is or (r

acti+itis9:0; Tal? a!' list!#c(il'r! also lar! %" tal?i!/ a%o$t )(at t(" !otic a!' )(at t("

)o!'r9 As? "o$r c(il' .$stio!s a!' list! to t(ir .$stio!s9 As?, )(at 'o "o$

t(i!? )o$l' (a! i- <(at ls co$l' "o$ tr" T" o- .$stio!s9:; It is o? to sa", I 'o!t ?!o)9 Par!ts 'o!t !' to % a! >rt to (l t(ir

c(il'r! %$il' /oo' -o$!'atio! i! &at(, ra'i!/, a!' sci!c9 Lar!i!/ is all a%o$t

%i!/ c$rio$s, o%sr+atio!, a!' tr"i!/ 'i--r!t t(i!/s o$t9:3; Pro+i' oort$!itis -or s$ccss9 S$ccss is t( %st st& %$il'r t(r is9:J; Hl ?i's -l /oo' a%o$t t(&sl+s9:; Tac( t( 'i--r!c %t)! rais a!' %ra//i!/ o! o! sl-9 Tac( "o$r c(il' to %

ro$' o- t(&sl+s :>a&l5 "o$ 'i' a /rat 4o%;9:K; E>rss "o$r a--ctio! o-t! t(ro$/( ("sical co!tact s$c( as ($/s, ?isss, ats, or a!

ar& o+r t( s(o$l'r :(tt5)))9ar!ti!/i!-ol9or/;9

A-tr ac( ar!t (as co&lt' t( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II r#tst

76



76

T( rsarc(r $tili' t( Statistical Pac?a/ -or Social Sci!cs :SPSS; Vrsio! 00 to

a!al" a!' /!rat 'scriti+ a!' i!-r!tial statistics9 T( 'scriti+ a!al"sis ill$strat' t(

-$!'a&!tal c(aractristics o- t( rsarc( o$latio!9 T( rsarc(r $tili' 'ia/ra&s, ta%l,

a!' c(arts a!' !$&rical a!al"sis to >lai! t( 'ata9

I! or'r to tst t( -o$r !$ll ("ot(ss t( rsarc(r $s' s+ral i!-r!tial statistical

tc(!i.$s, s$c( as t#tst -or i!'!'!t sa&ls, t#tst -or air' sa&ls, a!' Parso!s

Corrlatio!s9 T( -ollo)i!/ ta%l ill$strats t( -o$r rsarc( .$stio!s )it( t( corrso!'i!/

i!'!'!t a!' '!'!t +aria%ls a!' t( rl+a!t statistical &t(o's &lo"'9

Rsarc( $stio!s a!' Statistical Tc(!i.$s Matri>

Re"ear&h )e"t%on" In#e!en#ent4ar%able I4/

De!en#ent4ar%able D4/

Stat%"t%&alTe&hn%6e"

R) 7. <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ

rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s

(alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#

Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; rtst

scors %as' o! !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio!

/ro$

T" o-

!$tritio!

'$catio!

i!-or&atio!

X2 CMP *

X0 @ITP

HPLP#II

Prtst scors

I!'!'!t

Sa&ls t#

tst

R) <. <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ

rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s

T" o-

!$tritio!

HPLP#II

Posttst scors

I!'!'!t

a!' air'

77



77

Smmar$ of Re"ear&h Pro&e#re

T(is .$asi#>ri&!tal st$'" )as co!'$ct' '$ri!/ sri!/ 01239 A-tr t( rsarc(r

s$ccss-$ll" '-!'' t( roosal a!' sc$rs aro+al -ro& t( $!i+rsit"s I!stit$tio!al

R+i) Boar' :IRB;9 All IRB r.$ir&!ts )r a'(r' to %" t( rsarc(r t(ro$/( Prairi

Vi) A*M U!i+rsit"9 T( rsarc(r sc('$l' a! aoi!t&!t )it( t( sc(ool a'&i!istrator

a!' tac(rs to a'&i!istr t( ar!ts co!s!t lttr9 T( rsarc(r r.$ir' t(at all

articia!ts si/! a co!s!t -or& %-or t( .$stio!!air )as a'&i!istr' :S A!'i> C;9

T( sc(ool a'&i!istrators lac t( co!s!t -or&s i! t( st$'!ts T$s'a" )?l" -ol'rs i! a

co!-i'!tial sal' !+lo9

O!c t( rsarc(r rci+' t( si/!' co!s!t -or&s

articiati!/ ar!t, t( sc(ool s!t t( HPLP#II r#tst .$stio!!air :S A!'i> A; i!

st$'!ts T$s'a" )?l" -ol'rs i! a co!-i'!tial sal' !+lo :F%r$ar" 22, 0123;9 T(

.$stio!!air co!sist' o- -i-t"#t)o 'scriti+ .$stio!s9 Also, t( rsarc(r &t )it( t(

sc(ool a'&i!istrators!$rs to o%tai! i!itial i!-or&atio! o! st$'!ts :)i/(t, (i/(t, a!' a/; to

'tr&i! t(ir r#BMI, :t(o$/( sco!'ar" 'ata;9

78



78

T( rsarc(r rotct' t( i'!tit" a!' co!-i'!tialit" o- ac( articia!t o- t( st$'"

%" collcti!/ '&o/ra(ic i!-or&atio! >cl$'i!/ rso!al i'!ti-"i!/ i!-or&atio!9 T(

rsarc(r co!'$ct' t(is .$asi#>ri&!tal .$a!titati+ i!+sti/atio! t(ro$/( o! l&!tar"

sc(ool i! a r$ral co$!t" i! so$t( c!tral T>as9 I! t(is st$'" t( rsarc(r >lor' t(

(!o&!a rlat' to ar!tal rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s o! (alt(" ati!/ a!' ("sical

acti+it" o- A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! c(il'r! i'!ti-i' as o+r)i/(t or o%s9

79



79

CHAPTER I4

ANAL8SIS OF DATA

T( $ros o- t(is st$'" )as to i!+sti/at t( i&act o- t( U!it' Stats Dart&!t

o- A/ric$lt$r C(oos M"Plat :USDA C(oos MY Plat; (alt(" '$catio!al i!-or&atio! o!

&i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s r/ar'i!/ o%sit" i! c(il'r!9 T( rsarc(r

r-or&' a .$a!titati+ st$'" $si!/ !o!#.$i+al!t co!trol /ro$ 'si/! to i'!ti-" t(

rlatio!s(i %t)! t( ar!tal rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s r/ar'i!/ o%sit" i! t(ir

c(il'r!9

Fro& a o$latio! o- 2,J3 t(ir', -o$rt(, a!' -i-t(#/ra' st$'!ts, a ra!'o& assi/!&!t

o- 2K i!tact /ro$s o- a total o- K articia!ts )r slct' -or t( st$'"9 T(irt"#!i! s$%4cts

)r assi/!' to t( trat&!t /ro$, a!' t(irt"#s+! s$%4cts )r assi/!' to t( co!trol

/ro$9 A! ass$&tio! o- ra!'o& assi/!&!t is t(at t( rocss )ill ss!tiall" l+l t(

+aria!c %t)! t( co!trol a!' trat&!t /ro$s :!o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!c %t)!

t( t)o /ro$s;9

T( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; .$stio!!air )as $s' to collct

80



80

D$ri!/ t( st$'" t( rsarc(r ro+i'' @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/ '$catio!al i!-or&atio!

trat&!ts to t( co!trol /ro$ a!' USDA C(oos MYPlat '$catio!al i!-or&atio! trat&!ts

to t( >ri&!tal /ro$ i! a co!-i'!tial sal' !+lo9 T( >ri&!t /ro$ a!' t(

co!trol /ro$ %ot( rci+' t( HPLP#II osttst .$stio!!air s!t %" sc(ool a'&i!istrators i!

st$'!ts T$s'a" )?l" -ol'rs i! a co!-i'!tial sal' !+lo9 Ei/(t"#-i+ :J; o$t o- J

HPLP#II osttst .$stio!!airs )r co&lt' a!' rt$r!'9

All statistical a!al"ss )r co!'$ct' )it( t( Statistical Pac?a/ -or t( Social

Sci!cs +rsio! 00 :SPSS 0091;9 T( -ollo)i!/ ar t( rs$lts -or t( rsarc( .$stio!s a!' t(

corrso!'i!/ !$ll ("ot(ss9

R)7. <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t

c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II;

r#tst scors %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! /ro$

H125 T(r is !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s,

a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#Pro&oti!/

Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; r#tst scors %as' o! t( t" o- !$tritio! '$catio!

81



trat&!t9 Ta%l 2 ill$strats t( co&ariso! %t)! t( total a!' s$%scals :Halt(

Rso!si%ilit", P("sical Acti+it", N$tritio!, Sirit$al Gro)t(, I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, Strss

Ma!a/&!t; HPLP#II rtst &a!s o- t( >ri&!tal : 093J3, 0932, 091K, 090J, 090,x

09KK, * 090; a!' co!trol : 093JK, 090K, 091J, 09K, 09J2, 0922, * 09Kx ; /ro$s : p -

191J;9 T( rs$lts r+al' t(at t(r )r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs %t)! t(

t)o /ro$Qs total a!' s$%scals :Halt( Rso!si%ilit", P("sical Acti+it", N$tritio!, Sirit$al

Gro)t(, I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, Strss Ma!a/&!t; rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t

c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l rior to t( trat&!t :t #1910, 19J, #19222, #191J, #192, 19J0,

* #19132 p = 19KK, 19K2, 1920, 1930, 19, 19JK, * 19K;9 T(r-or, t( rsarc(r -ail'

to r4ct !$ll ("ot(sis o! a!' co!cl$'' t(at t(r )r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs

i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as

&as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; r#tst scors rior to t(

trat&!t9

Ta%l 2Comparison of Pretest HPLP-II Group Means

82



F$rt(r&or, t( rsarc(r co!'$ct' a''itio!al I!'!'!t Sa&ls t#tsts tst to

>lor i- t(r )r a!" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!'

%li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#II r#tst scors :2 Total *

S$%scals;, %as' o! t(!icit" -or t( >ri&!tal a!' co!trol /ro$s rior to t( trat&!t9

Ta%l 0 ill$strats t( co&ariso! %t)! t( total a!' s$%scals :Halt( Rso!si%ilit",

P("sical Acti+it", N$tritio!, Sirit$al Gro)t(, I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, Strss Ma!a/&!t;

HPLP#II rtst &a!s o- A-rica! A&rica! : 09J31, 09J21, 09K1, 0931, 09K1, 09J1, *x

09K1; a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! : 09303, 090, 29K, 0903, 093J, 09, * 09311x ; ar!ts

-ro& t( >ri&!tal /ro$ a!' A-rica! A&rica! : x 09311, 092, 092J1, 0900J, 09K, 09J,

* 09311; a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! : 093K0, 090, 091K, 09302, 09, 0903, * 09Kx ; ar!ts

-ro& t( co!trol /ro$ : p - 191J;9 T( rs$lts i!'icat' t(at t(r )r !o statisticall"

si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs %t)! A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ics A&rica!s -ro& %ot( t(

>ri&!tal a!' co!trol /ro$ total a!' s$%scals :Halt( Rso!si%ilit", P("sical Acti+it",

N$tritio!, Sirit$al Gro)t(, I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, Strss Ma!a/&!t; rctio!s, attit$'s,

a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l rior to t( trat&!t5 >ri&!tal /ro$ :t

83



Ta%l 0Comparison of Pretest HPLP-II Group Means by Ethnicity

Gro$ HPLP#II Scor Et(!icit" N Ma! SD t #+al$ MDGro$ A5 CMP Pr HPLP#II5 T AA 21 09J31 91J 9JK 9J2J 922J

HA 0 09303 932Pr HPLP#II5 HR AA 21 09J21 932 291KJ 90 900K0

HA 0 090 9J3J0Pr HPLP#II5 PA AA 21 09K1 9K3J 290 9220 91K

HA 0 29K 91Pr HPLP#II5 N AA 21 0931 910 2911 90 922K

HA 0 0903 930J

Pr HPLP#II5 SG AA 21 09K1 9KK2 #90K 9K0 #913HA 0 093J 9JKK

Pr HPLP#II5 IR AA 21 09J1 91K #92KJ 90 #910HA 0 09 9J30

Pr HPLP#II5 SM AA 21 09K1 9K2K #923J 9 #9111HA 0 09311 9J03

Gro$ B5 @ITP Pr HPLP#II5 T AA 09311 92 #93J 9J3 #91K03HA 0 093K0 931J

Pr HPLP#II5 HR AA 092 93 #9K 933 #92312HA 0 090 93J1

Pr HPLP#II5 PA AA 092J1 93J 93 9K1 91K1KHA 0 091K 93J3

Pr HPLP#II5 N AA 0900J 9320 #292J 903 #92JKHA 0 09302 930

Pr HPLP#II5 SG AA 09K 9J33 #933 9J03 #923JHA 0 09 9JK0

Pr HPLP#II5 IR AA 09J 93213 #90 9KK3 #912HA 0 0903 9JJ

Pr HPLP#II5 SM AA 09311 93331 912K 9 9113

HA 0 09K 9J1K3Gro$5 CMP C(oos M"Plat :Trat&!t; * @ITP @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/ :Co!trol;HPLP#II Scor5 T Total, HR Halt( Rso!si%ilit", PA P("sical Acti+it", N N$tritio!, SG Sirit$al

84



&i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as

&as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#II osttst scors :O! Total * Si> S$%scals;, %t)! t( co!trol a!'

>ri&!tal /ro$s a-tr t( trat&!t )as a'&i!istr'9 Ta%l ill$strats t( co&ariso!

%t)! t( total a!' s$%scals :Halt( Rso!si%ilit", P("sical Acti+it", N$tritio!, Sirit$al

Gro)t(, I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, Strss Ma!a/&!t; HPLP#II osttst &a!s o- t(

>ri&!tal : x 093J3, 090, 09002, 093J, 09K11, 091, * 09KK; a!' co!trol : x 09J1J,

09K1, 092K, 09J, 091J, 091, * 090K; /ro$s : p - 191J;9 T( rs$lts s(o)' t(at t(r

)r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs %t)! t( t)o /ro$Qs total a!' s$%scals :Halt(

Rso!si%ilit", P("sical Acti+it", N$tritio!, Sirit$al Gro)t(, I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, Strss

Ma!a/&!t; rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l a-tr t(

trat&!t )as a'&i!istr' :t #19J23, 1921, 192K, 193, #19K, 19130, * #29KJ1 p = 191,

192, 19J, 19J2, 193, 19K, * 1913;9 T(r-or, t( rsarc(r -ail' to r4ct !$ll

("ot(sis t)o a!' co!cl$'' t(at t(r )r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! &i!orit"

ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir

Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; osttst scors a-tr t( trat&!t )as

85



Ta%l Comparison of Posttest HPLP-II Group Means

HPLP#II Scors Gro$ N Ma! SD t #+al$ MDPost HPLP#II5 T Gro$ A5 CMP 093J3 9J223 #9J23 91 #91J2

Gro$ B5 @TP K 09J1J 930Post HPLP#II5 HR Gro$ A5 CMP 090 9JKJ 921 92 9122

Gro$ B5 @TP K 09K1 9313KPost HPLP#II5 PA Gro$ A5 CMP 09002 922 92K 9J 9100

Gro$ B5 @TP K 092K 9J1JPost HPLP#II5 N Gro$ A5 CMP 093J 93J1 93 9J2 9133

Gro$ B5 @TP K 09J 932

Post HPLP#II5 SG Gro$ A5 CMP 09K11 90J #9K 93 #921J3Gro$ B5 @TP K 091J 93J

Post HPLP#II5 IR Gro$ A5 CMP 091 9J 9130 9K 911J1Gro$ B5 @TP K 091 933

Post HPLP#II SM Gro$ A5 CMP 09KK 9J2 #29KJ1 913 #90J12Gro$ B5 @TP K 090K 9K1J

Gro$s5 CMP C(oos M"Plat :Trat&!t; * @ITP @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/ :Co!trol;HPLP#II Scor5 T Total, HR Halt( Rso!si%ilit", PA P("sical Acti+it", N N$tritio!, SG Sirit$alGro)t(, IR I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, * SM Strss Ma!a/&!t

To -$rt(r >lor .$stio! t)o, t( rsarc(r co!'$ct' &or I!'!'!t Sa&ls t#

tsts to >lor i- t(r )r a!" statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ

rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#

II osttst scors :2 Total * S$%scals;, %as' o! t(!icit" -or t( >ri&!tal a!' co!trol

/ro$s a-tr t( trat&!t )as a'&i!istr'9 Ta%l 3 'isla"s t( co&ariso! %t)! t( total



88



Ho)+r, t(r )r &i!i&al /ro)t(s -or Halt( Rso!si%ilit" : M 191321;, P("sical

Acti+it" : M 192321;, N$tritio!, a!' Sirit$al Gro)t( : M 19232;9

S$%s.$!tl", ta%l si> s(o)s a co&ariso! %t)! osttst a!' rtst HPLP#II /ro$

&a!s -or t( >ri&!tal /ro$ %" t(!icit"9 T( rs$lts r+al' t(at t(r )r !o

statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! A-rica! A&rica! ar!ts r a!' osttsts total a!'

s$%scals HPLP#II scors -ro& t( >ri&!tal /ro$9 Li?)is, t(r )r !o statisticall"

si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! Hisa!ic A&rica! ar!ts r a!' osttsts total a!' s$%scals HPLP#

II scors -ro& t( >ri&!tal /ro$, >ct -or t( s$%scal5 Sirit$al Gro)t( : M

#19211 t #090 p 1910K;9 T($s, Hisa!ic ar!ts >ri!c' a statisticall" si/!i-ica!t

r/rssio! i! t(ir Sirit$al Gro)t( scor9 Ho)+r, A-rica! A&rica! ar!ts >ri!c'

&i!i&al /ro)t( i! Total HPLP#II : M 19211;, P("sical Acti+it" : M 192211;, N$tritio!

: M 192111;, Sirit$al Gro)t( : M 193111;, I!trrso!al Rlatio!s : M 19011 ;, a!'

Strss Ma!a/&!t : M 19011;9 I! co!trast, Hisa!ic A&rica! ar!ts o!l" >ri!c'

&i!i&al /ro)t( i! Halt( Rso!si%ilit" : M 191J;, P("sical Acti+it" : M 192J2K;, a!'

N$tritio! : M 1920;9

89



Ta%l J Comparison bet!een Posttest " Pretest HPLP-II Group Means

Gro$ Pair' Scors Ma! N SD MD t #+al$Gro$ A5 CMP Pair 2 Post HPLP#II5 T 093J3 9J223 91111 9111 29111

Pr HPLP#II5 T 093J3 93KKPair 0 Post HPLP#II5 HR 090 9JKJ 91321 901 9K2

Pr HPLP#II5 HR 0932 9JKKJPair Post HPLP#II5 PA 09002 922 92321 291 90

Pr HPLP#II5 PA 091K 9Pair 3 Post HPLP#II5 N 093J 93J1 9232 29J1 920K

Pr HPLP#II5 N 090J 93J

Pair J Post HPLP#II5 SG 09K11 90J #9200 #92 90Pr HPLP#II5 SG 090 90

Pair Post HPLP#II5 IR 091 9J #910 #9J31 9JPr HPLP#II5 IR 09KK 9JJ1

Pair K Post HPLP#II5 SM 09KK 9J2 #912J3 #9230 9Pr HPLP#II5 SM 090 9JJK

Gro$ B5 @ITP Pair 2 Post HPLP#II5 T 09J1J K 930 913 912 9JJ0Pr HPLP#II5 T 093JK K 90

Pair 0 Post HPLP#II5 HR 09K1 K 9313K 91K1 9K2 93KPr HPLP#II5 HR 090K K 93JJJ

Pair Post HPLP#II5 PA 092K K 9J1J 9210K 931 9JPr HPLP#II5 PA 091J K 9J10K

Pair 3 Post HPLP#II5 N 09J K 932 9120 92K 9JPr HPLP#II5 N 09K K 933

Pair J Post HPLP#II5 SG 091J K 93J #913J #933 9KPr HPLP#II5 SG 09J2 K 9J1

Pair Post HPLP#II5 IR 091 K 933 #9112 #91 90Pr HPLP#II5 IR 0922 K 9J03

Pair K Post HPLP#II5 SM 090K K 9K1J 900K 29K3 91

Pr HPLP#II5 SM 09K K 93JGro$5 CMP C(oos M"Plat :Trat&!t; * @ITP @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/ :Co!trol;HPLP#II Scor5 T Total, HR Halt( Rso!si%ilit", PA P("sical Acti+it", N N$tritio!, SG Sirit$al

90



Ta%l Comparison bet!een Posttest " Pretest HPLP-II for E#perimenta$ Group by Ethnicity

Et(!icit" Pair' Scors Ma! N SD MD t #+al$A-rica!A&rica!

Pair 2 Post HPLP#II5 T 09K01 21 9331 9211 9K11 9J10Pr HPLP#II5 T 09J31 21 91J

Pair 0 Post HPLP#II5 HR 09J11 21 9J33 #91211 #910 9KKPr HPLP#II5 HR 09J21 21 932

Pair Post HPLP#II5 PA 0931 21 9J21 92211 93 9KPr HPLP#II5 PA 09K1 21 9K3J

Pair 3 Post HPLP#II5 N 09J1 21 9301 92111 932 9JPr HPLP#II5 N 0931 21 910

Pair J Post HPLP#II5 SG 921 21 933 93111 293K 92KJPr HPLP#II5 SG 09K1 21 9KK2

Pair Post HPLP#II5 IR 0921 21 9K 9011 9JK 9323Pr HPLP#II5 IR 09J1 21 91K

Pair K Post HPLP#II5 SM 091 21 9J00 9011 2923 902Pr HPLP#II5 SM 09K1 21 9K2K

Hisa!icA&rica!

Pair 2 Post HPLP#II5 T 090 0 9303 #9102 #9J03 91JPr HPLP#II5 T 09303 0 932

Pair 0 Post HPLP#II5 HR 0932 0 9JKJ 91J 92 9K02Pr HPLP#II5 HR 090 0 9J3J0

Pair Post HPLP#II5 PA 0922 0 930 92J2K 9 92Pr HPLP#II5 PA 29K 0 91

Pair 3 Post HPLP#II5 N 0933 0 93J00 920 293J 923Pr HPLP#II5 N 0903 0 930J

Pair J Post HPLP#II5 SG 09J3 0 9J20 #921 #090 910KPr HPLP#II5 SG 093J 0 9JKK

Pair Post HPLP#II5 IR 09J1 0 9J32J #920 #292 923Pr HPLP#II5 IR 09 0 9J30

Pair K Post HPLP#II5 SM 090 0 93J #9221 #290JK 902

Pr HPLP#II5 SM 09311 0 9J03Gro$5 CMP C(oos M"Plat :Trat&!t; * @ITP @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/ :Co!trol;HPLP#II Scor5 T Total, HR Halt( Rso!si%ilit", PA P("sical Acti+it", N N$tritio!, SG Sirit$al

91



To a!s)r rsarc( .$stio! t(r, s+ral I!'!'!t Sa&ls t#tsts )r 'o! to

'tr&i! i- t(r )r a!" statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s,

attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t( 'i--r!c %t)!

t(ir r a!' osttsts :c(a!/; HPLP#II scors :2 Total * S$%scals;, %t)! t(

>ri&!tal a!' co!trol /ro$s9 Ta%l K ill$strats t( co&ariso! %t)! t( total a!'

s$%scals :Halt( Rso!si%ilit", P("sical Acti+it", N$tritio!, Sirit$al Gro)t(, I!trrso!al

Rlatio!s, a!' Strss Ma!a/&!t; HPLP#II c(a!/ &a!s o- t( >ri&!tal a!' co!trol9 T(

rs$lts r+al' t(at t(r )r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs %t)! t( t)o /ro$Qs

total a!' s$%scals :Halt( Rso!si%ilit", P("sical Acti+it", N$tritio!, Sirit$al Gro)t(,

I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, Strss Ma!a/&!t; rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s

(alt(" li-st"l rior to t( trat&!t :t #19J3, #192KK, 1900J, 2912, #193, #192, * #293J3

p = 19K03, 191, 190, 1900, 190, 19K1J, * 192J1;9 T(r-or, t( rsarc(r -ail' to r4ct

!$ll ("ot(sis t(r a!' co!cl$'' t(at t(r )r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i!

&i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as

&as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; c(a!/ scors9

92



Ta%l KComparison of Chan%e HPLP-II Group Means

HPLP#II Scor Gro$ N Ma! SD t #+al$ MDC(a!/ HPLP#II5 T Gro$ A5 CMP 9111 933 #9J3 9K03 #913

Gro$ B5 @TP K 913 930JC(a!/ HPLP#II5 HR Gro$ A5 CMP 9132 92J #92KK 91 #912

Gro$ B5 @TP K 91K 92JC(a!/ HPLP#II5 PA Gro$ A5 CMP 9232 912 900J 90 91

Gro$ B5 @TP K 921 933C(a!/ HPLP#II5 N Gro$ A5 CMP 923 9JK 2912 900 923K

Gro$ B5 @TP K 912 9JJ21

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 SG Gro$ A5 CMP #920 910 #93 90 #910Gro$ B5 @TP K #913 93

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 IR Gro$ A5 CMP #91 9121 #92 9K1J #9122Gro$ B5 @TP K #911 9JK30

C(a!/ HPLP#II SM Gro$ A5 CMP #912J 9KJK #293J3 92J1 #903J2Gro$ B5 @TP K 901 9K0

Gro$s5 CMP C(oos M"Plat :Trat&!t; * @ITP @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/ :Co!trol;HPLP#II Scor5 T Total, HR Halt( Rso!si%ilit", PA P("sical Acti+it", N N$tritio!, SG Sirit$alGro)t(, IR I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, * SM Strss Ma!a/&!t

I! a''itio!, t( rsarc( co!'$ct' &or I!'!'!t Sa&ls t#tsts to >lor i- t(r

)r a!" statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!'

%li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#II c(a!/ scors :2 Total *

S$%scals;, %as' o! t(!icit" -or t( >ri&!tal a!' co!trol /ro$s9 Ta%l ill$strats t(

co&ariso! %t)! t( total a!' s$%scals :Halt( Rso!si%ilit", P("sical Acti+it", N$tritio!,

93



Ta%l Comparison of Chan%e HPLP-II Group Means by Ethnicity

Gro$ HPLP#II Scor Et(!icit" N Ma! SD t #+al$ MDGro$ A5 CMP C(a!/ HPLP#II5 T AA 21 921 92J 93 930 90302

HA 0 #910 9C(a!/ HPLP#II5 HR AA 21 #9121 291K33 #9010 932 #91

HA 0 91J 9K33C(a!/ HPLP#II5 PA AA 21 9221 9KK #92 91 #9132K

HA 0 92J0 90C(a!/ HPLP#II5 N AA 21 9211 933 #9J3 9K0J #910

HA 0 92 9K1K

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 SG AA 21 9311 9J 09JK 9123 9K21HA 0 #921 9K2KC(a!/ HPLP#II5 IR AA 21 901 9J3 29J3 923 9330

HA 0 #92 9K02C(a!/ HPLP#II5 SM AA 21 901 90 291 91 93J21

HA 0 #922 9J2

Gro$ B5 @ITP C(a!/ HPLP#II5 T AA 9211 9J3J 90 9K33 91JJHA 0 913 933

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 HR AA 90K 9033 29220 90K3 90KKHA 0 9123 923J

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 PA AA 9111 9JJ0 #93 90 #9221HA 0 922 92K2

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 N AA 912 9J3 #9102 9 #9113KHA 0 912K 9J0

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 SG AA 91KJ 9J13 9JJ 9JJ 92J3HA 0 #91K 91J

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 IR AA #91J1 9J0 #901 92 #91J3HA 0 911 9JJ0

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 SM AA 900J 9JK3 #912 9J #9111

HA 0 902 931Gro$5 CMP C(oos M"Plat :Trat&!t; * @ITP @$st i! Ti& Par!ti!/ :Co!trol;HPLP#II Scor5 T Total, HR Halt( Rso!si%ilit", PA P("sical Acti+it", N N$tritio!, SG Sirit$al

94



To a''rss .$stio! -o$r, t( rsarc(r 'i' s+ral Parso!Qs Corrlatio! to 'tr&i! i-

t(r )r a!" statisticall" si/!i-ica!t rlatio!s(is %t)! &i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s,


c(a!/ HPLP#II scors a!' t( ost, a!' c(a!/ %o'" &ass i!'> :BMI; o- t(ir o)! c(il'r!9

Ta%ls a!' 21 s(o)s t( Parso!Qs corrlatio!s rs$lts -or t( ost HPLP#II, ost BMI, t(

c(a!/ HPLP#II, a!' t( c(a!/ BMI scors9 T( statistics r+al' t(at t(r )r !o

statisticall" si/!i-ica!t rlatio!s(is %t)! &i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s

a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir osttsts, a!' c(a!/ HPLP#II scors, a!'

t( ost a!' c(a!/ %o'" &ass i!'> :BMI; o- t(ir o)! c(il'r! -or t( total a!' s$%scals

scors -ro& %ot( t( >ri&!tal a!' co!trol /ro$s9 T( o!l" statisticall" si/!i-ica!t

rlatio!s(i )as %t)! t( s$%scal ost Sirit$al Gro)t( a!' ost BMI :r = 1933 p

1911J;9 T($s, t( rsarc( -ail' to r4ct !$ll ("ot(sis -o$r9

95



Ta%l

Corre$ation Matri# for Post HPLP-II " Post &MI by Group

Gro$ St$'!tQs BMI5 Fall 0123Gro$ A5CMPn

Post HPLP#II5 T Parso! Corrlatio! #912Si/9 :0#tail'; 91

Post HPLP#II5 HR Parso! Corrlatio! 91Si/9 :0#tail'; 9JK3

Post HPLP#II5 PA Parso! Corrlatio! #9113Si/9 :0#tail'; 90

Post HPLP#II5 N Parso! Corrlatio! #920

Si/9 :0#tail'; 930Post HPLP#II5 SG Parso! Corrlatio! #9222

Si/9 :0#tail'; 9J11Post HPLP#II5 IR Parso! Corrlatio! #913

Si/9 :0#tail'; 9KPost HPLP#II5 SM Parso! Corrlatio! 9100

Si/9 :0#tail'; 93

Gro$ B5 @ITPn K

Post HPLP#II5 T Parso! Corrlatio! 9031Si/9 :0#tail'; 92J0

Post HPLP#II5 HR Parso! Corrlatio! #91KSi/9 :0#tail'; 921Post HPLP#II5 PA Parso! Corrlatio! 910

Si/9 :0#tail'; 9Post HPLP#II5 N Parso! Corrlatio! 912

Si/9 :0#tail'; 91K2Post HPLP#II5 SG Parso! Corrlatio! 933

Si/9 :0#tail'; 911JPost HPLP#II5 IR Parso! Corrlatio! 923

Si/9 :0#tail'; 903

Post HPLP#II5 SM Parso! Corrlatio! 913JSi/9 :0#tail'; 9K2

96



Ta%l 21

Corre$ation Matri# for Chan%e HPLP-II " Chan%e &MI by Group

Gro$ St$'!tQs C(a!/ BMIGro$ A5CMPn

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 T Parso! Corrlatio! 913Si/9 :0#tail'; 9K

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 HR Parso! Corrlatio! 912JSi/9 :0#tail'; 90

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 PA Parso! Corrlatio! #9122Si/9 :0#tail'; 93

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 N Parso! Corrlatio! #913

Si/9 :0#tail'; 9KC(a!/ HPLP#II5 SG Parso! Corrlatio! 913

Si/9 :0#tail'; 920C(a!/ HPLP#II5 IR Parso! Corrlatio! 91

Si/9 :0#tail'; 92C(a!/ HPLP#II5 SM Parso! Corrlatio! 920K

Si/9 :0#tail'; 9331

Gro$ B5 @ITPn K

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 T Parso! Corrlatio! 911KSi/9 :0#tail'; 9J

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 HR Parso! Corrlatio! #91Si/9 :0#tail'; 91C(a!/ HPLP#II5 PA Parso! Corrlatio! #91

Si/9 :0#tail'; 9C(a!/ HPLP#II5 N Parso! Corrlatio! 911

Si/9 :0#tail'; 9JKC(a!/ HPLP#II5 SG Parso! Corrlatio! 9023

Si/9 :0#tail'; 901C(a!/ HPLP#II5 IR Parso! Corrlatio! #91KJ

Si/9 :0#tail'; 92

C(a!/ HPLP#II5 SM Parso! Corrlatio! #92JJSi/9 :0#tail'; 9J

97



T( !$ll ("ot(sis )as rtai!', i!'icati!/ t(at t(r )r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t

'i--r!cs i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt("

li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; rtst scors

rior to t( trat&!t9

Rsarc( $stio! 05 <(at is t( 'i--r!c i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s,

a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#II ost#tst scors,

%as' o! t" o- !$tritio! '$catio! i!-or&atio! rci+'T( !$ll ("ot(sis )as rtai!', i!'icati!/ t(at t(r )r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t

'i--r!cs i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt("

li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II :HPLP#II; osttst scors

a-tr t( trat&!t )as a'&i!istr'9 Ho)+r, )(! t(is .$stio! )as >lor' %" t(!icit",

t( rs$lts i!'icat' t(at -or t( s$%scals Sirit$al Gro)t( a!' Strss Ma!a/&!t, A-rica!

A&rica! ar!ts :x 921 * 091; >ri!c' &or /ro)t( t(a! Hisa!ic A&rica! ar!ts

: x 09J3 * 090; -ro& t( >ri&!tal /ro$9 T( rs$lts co!-ir&' t(at t(r )r

statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! Sirit$al Gro)t( a!' Strss Ma!a/&!t %t)! A-rica!

98



Rsarc( $stio! 35 <(at is t( rlatio!s(i %t)! &i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s,

attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir ost#tsts, a!'

c(a!/ HPLP#II scors a!' t( ost, a!' c(a!/ %o'" &ass i!'> :BMI; o- t(ir o)! c(il'r!T( !$ll ("ot(sis )as rtai!', i!'icati!/ t(at t(r )r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t

rlatio!s(is %t)! &i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s

(alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir ost#tsts, a!' c(a!/ HPLP#II scors, a!' t( ost, a!'

c(a!/ %o'" &ass i!'> :BMI; o- t(ir o)! c(il'r! -or t( total a!' s$%scal scors -ro& %ot(

t( >ri&!tal a!' co!trol /ro$s9 Ho)+r, )(! t(is .$stio! )as >lor' %" t(!icit",

t( rs$lts i!'icat' t(at a statisticall" si/!i-ica!t rlatio!s(is >ist' %t)! t( s$%scal ost

Sirit$al Gro)t( a!' ost BMI :r = 1933 p 1911J;9

Smmar$ of F%n#%n*"

I! s$&&ar", t( $ros o- t(is .$asi#>ri&!tal .$a!titati+ st$'" )as to >a&i! t(

i&act o- t( U!it' Stats Dart&!t o- A/ric$lt$r C(oos M"Plat :USA C(oos MYPlat;

(alt(" '$catio!al i!-or&atio! o! &i!orit" ar!ts rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s r/ar'i!/

o%sit" i! t(ir c(il'r!9 Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II )as $s' to collct t( 'ata9 T(

99



ar!ts -ro& t( >ri&!tal /ro$9 : M 193JJ * 193021 t 091J * 090K3 p 1911 *

1910;9

100



CHAPTER 4

SU,,AR85 CONCLUSIONS5 AND RECO,,ENDATIONS

Intro#&t%on

C(atr V rs!ts a s$&&ar" o- t( st$'" i!cl$'i!/ t( ro%l&, $ros o- t( st$'",

rsarc( .$stio!s, &t(o'olo/", co!cl$sio!s a!' rco&&!'atio!s9 Co!cl$sio!s )r 'ra)!

-ro& ac( rsarc( .$stio! a!' ("ot(ss tst'9 I&licatio!s a!' rco&&!'atio!s -or -$t$r

rsarc( ar also i!cl$''9

Problem

C(il'(oo' o%sit" -or A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! c(il'r! is at a

'isroortio!at rat co&ar' to E$roa! A&rica!9 Rsarc(rs 'oc$&!t' t(at t(r ar

&or t(a! !i! &illio! A&rica! c(il'r! si> "ars a!' ol'r )(o ar o%s :A>&a?r, 011J;9

Not)it(sta!'i!/, /!'r, a/, a!' rac, t( rat o- o%sit" aars to % i!crasi!/ -or all

c(il'r! i! t( U!it' Stats9 Ho)+r, -or Lati!o A&rica! %o"s a!' A-rica! A&rica! /irls,

t( r+al!c o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" s$r-ac at a (i/(r rat co&ar' to E$roa! A&rica! or

Asia! A&rica! c(il'r! :Gor'o!#Lars!, A'air a!' Po?i!, 011;9 Bt)! t( lat 211s a!'



103







,etho#olo*$

T( rsarc(r s!t o$t 1 HPLP#II rtst .$stio!!airs a!' rci+' J co&lt'

a!' rt$r!' HPLP#II ost#.$stio!!airs9 O- t( J articia!ts )r E$roa! A&rica!

ar!ts9 Si!c t( rsarc(r )as i!trst' o!l" i! &i!orit" ar!ts, t( E$roa! A&rica!

ar!ts )r r&o+' -ro& t( sa&l9

Co!s.$!tl", t( sa&l )as K articia!ts :! K;9 S+!t"#si> rrs!ts &i!orit"

ar!ts )(o co&lt' a!' rt$r!' HPLP#II r a!' ost .$stio!!airs, )(ic( )as 39K o-

t( tar/t o$latio! :N 2,J3; a!' 039 o- t( accssi%l o$latio! :N 1;9 T(r )r

K ar!ts air' )it( t(ir st$'!ts i! t( co!trol /ro$ a!' ar!ts air' )it( t(ir

st$'!ts i! t( trat&!t /ro$9 O- t( K articia!ts, K9 )r Hisa!ic A&rica! :! J;

a!' 09K )r A-rica! A&rica! :! 2;9 Data )as collct' at t)o 'i--r!t oi!ts i! ti&

104



statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! &i!orit" ar!tsQ rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t

c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l, as &as$r' %" t(ir HPLP#II osttst scors :2 Total *

S$%scals;, %t)! t( co!trol a!' >ri&!tal /ro$s a-tr t( trat&!t )as a'&i!istr'9

T( rsarc(r co!'$ct' a Post Hoc Tst, M$ltil Co&ariso!s -or Last Si/!i-ica!t

Di--r!c :LSD;, to 'tr&i! )(ic( o- t( t(!ic /ro$s )r statisticall" si/!i-ica!tl"

'i--r!t -or t( s$%#scal Sirit$al Gro)t(9 T( rs$lts co!-ir&' t(at t(r )r statisticall"

si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs i! Sirit$al Gro)t( a!' Strss Ma!a/&!t %t)! A-rica! A&rica!

a!' Hisa!ic A&rica! ar!ts -ro& t( >ri&!tal /ro$9 : M 193JJ * 193021 t 091J

* 090K3 p 1911 * 1910;9Con&l"%on

T( rs$lts i!'icat' t(at t(r )r !o statisticall" si/!i-ica!t 'i--r!cs %t)!

A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ics A&rica!s -ro& %ot( t( >ri&!tal a!' co!trol /ro$ total

a!' s$%scals :Halt( Rso!si%ilit", P("sical Acti+it", N$tritio!, I!trrso!al Rlatio!s, a!'

Strss Ma!a/&!t; rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t c(il'r!s (alt(" li-st"l c(a!/

scors9 I! t( s$%scals Sirit$al Gro)t( a!' Strss Ma!a/&!t, A-rica! A&rica! ar!ts

105



29 Sc(ool la'rs to % &or roacti+ a!' i!t!tio!al i! '$cati!/ &i!orit" ar!ts a!'

/$ar'ia!s a%o$t t( i&orta!c o- a''rssi!/ c(il'(oo' o%sit"9

09 Sc(ool la'rs i&l&!t a! USDA N$tritio! E'$catio! ro/ra& -or ar!ts/$ar'ia!s

a!' c(il'r!99 Sc(ool la'rs a!' ar!ts/$ar'ia!s colla%orat i! &o!itori!/ a!' ositi+l" a''rssi!/

c(il'r! BMI so as to ositi+l" i&act c(il'r!Qs (alt(939 Sc(ool la'rs !s$r t(at c(il'r! (a+ accss to o!l" (alt(" -oo's a!' 'ri!?s at

sc(ool9

Re&ommen#at%on" for Frther Re"ear&h

7. A "t#$ &ol# be &on#&te# '%th a more r%*oro" an# tre e-!er%mental #e"%*n.

<. A "t#$ &ol# be &on#&te# '%th a "%m%lar "t#$ '%th mlt%!le #o"a*e of the

treatment o1er a lon*er !er%o# '%th%n a &ontrol en1%ronment.

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term" of ethn%& &om!o"%t%on.

>. A "t#$ &ol# be &on#&te# '%th a "%m%lar "t#$ '%th a more re!re"entat%1e "am!le.

?. A "t#$ &ol# be &on#&te# ha1%n* !art%&%!at%on from more "&hool" %n the &ont$.

@. A "t#$ &ol# be &on#&te# '%th a "%m%lar "t#$ '%th $on* a#lt" %n the%r fre"hman

$ear of &olle*e.

106



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-ro&5 (tt5)))9c'c9/o+!)s011K1Catc(9(t&l

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(tt5)))9c'c9/o+(alt(""o$t(o%sit"-acts9(t&9

C!trs -or Disas Co!trol a!' Pr+!tio!9 :011J;9 Halt(" )i/(t#its !ot a 'it, its a

li-st"l BMI Prc!til Calc$lator -or C(il' a!' T! E!/lis( Vrsio!9 Rtri+' -ro&5

(tt5as9!cc'9c'c9/o+'!a%&i

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C(il'r!s Halt( I!s$ra!c Pro/ra& :CHIP; or C(il'r!s M'icai'9 :0120;9 *e#as Hea$th and

Human .er)ices Commission, Rtri+' -ro&5 (tt5)))9c(i&'icai'9or/!A%o$t

Co!t!to, I9 R9, Basc(, C9, * "%rt, P9 :011;9 Bo'" i&a/, )i/(t, a!' -oo' c(oics o- Lati!a

)o&! a!' t(ir "o$!/ c(il'r!9 'ourna$ of Nutrition Education &eha)ior , J, 0#039

Cra)-or', M9 A9 :011;9 Marat(o!rs5 A c(il'(oo' o%sit" r+!tio! ro/ra&9 :Mastrs

T(sis;9A+aila%l -ro& (tts5'ocs9/oo/l9co& 'ata%as9 :Doc No930K12#12c#

000JK9'oc

Da+is, M9 M9, Ga!c#Cl+la!', B9, Hassi!?, S9, @o(!so!, R9, Para'is, G9, * R!ico), =9

:011K;9 Rco&&!'atio!s -or r+!tio! o- c(il'(oo' o%sit"9 'ourna$ of the (merican

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a!' o%sit" a&o!/ A-rica! A&rica! c(il'r!9 *he (&NF 'ourna$ , 00:;, J#JK9

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'isas9 'ourna$ of the (merican (cademy of Pediatrics, 212, J2#J0J9

Dit, <9 H9, Bla!', M9 G9, Gort&a?r, S9 L9, Mollo", M9, * Sc(&i', T9 L9 :0110;9 Polic" tools

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http://www.chipmedicaid.org/en/About



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Glli, A9, Mir, U9, * Es4o, F9 :011K;9 Dos ro+isio! o- -oo' i! sc(ool i!cras /irls

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0,23#2JJ9

G!o+si, S9, Gi$ssa!i, M9, Fai!i, A9, Vi/orita, -9, Pir$i, F9, Strara+a, M9 M9, Stlla, A9, *

Valscc(i, M9 G9 :011J;9 (cta Paediatrica, 3:;, K3K#KJ09

Go, @9 :011;9 Critical !' -or a &$lti#&o'l aroac( to co&%at o%sit"9 Life E#tension, 2J

:;, 0#J9

Gola!, M9, <i&a!, A9, Atr, A9, * Fai!ar$, M9 :2;9 Par!ts as t( >cl$si+ a/!ts o-

c(a!/ i! t( trat&!t o- c(il'(oo' o%sit"9 (merican 'ourna$ of C$inica$ Nutrition, K,

221#22J9

Gor'o!#Lars!, P9, A'air, L9 S9, * Po?i!, B9 M9 :011;9 T( rlatio!s(i o- t(!icit",

socioco!o&ic -actors, a!' o+r)i/(t i! US a'olsc!ts9 +besity /esearch22, 202#9

Gor'o!#Lars!, P9, McM$rra", R9 G9, * Po?i!, B9 M9 :011J;9 A'olsc!t ("sical acti+it" a!'

i!acti+it" +ar" %" t(!icit"5 T( !atio!al lo!/it$'i!al st$'" o- a'olsc!t (alt(9 'ourna$

of Pediatrics, 2J :;, 12#19

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s$r+illa!c s"st&9 Morbidity and Morta$ity 5ee6$y /eport 7MM5/4 .ur)ei$$ance,

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Hac?i, M9, * Bo)ls, C9 L9 :011K;9 Matr!al rctio! o- t(ir o+r)i/(t c(il'r!9 'ourna$

of Pub$ic Hea$th Nursin% , 03:;, J#J39

Ha?+oort, I9 :0110;9 T(oris o- lar!i!/ a!' '+lo&!t5 I&licatio!s -or ac '$catio!9

.ocia$ ($ternati)es, 02:2;, 2#009

Har%a$/(, B9 L9, Bo$!'s, <9, =ol%o, @9, Molaiso!, E9, * (a!/, L9 :011;9 Pr+al!c sti&ats

o- o+r)i/(t i! (a' start rsc(oolrs9 'ourna$ of Pediatric Nursin% , 03:J;, J1#J9

Harri!/to!, @9 <9, N/$"!, V9 9, Pa$lso!, @9 F9, Garla!', R9, Pas.$i!lli, L9, * L)is, D9 :0121;

I'!ti-"i!/ t( tii!/ oi!t a/ -or o+r)i/(t 'iatric ati!ts9 C$inica$ Pediatrics,

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H, M9, * E+a!s, A9 :011K;9 Ar ar!ts a)ar t(at t(ir c(il'r! ar o+r)i/(t or o%s Do

t(" car Canada Fami$y Physician, J:;, 23#239

Hit&a!!, B9 L9, =ola!, @9, * Liss!r, L9 :011;9 C(il'(oo' o%sit"5 S$ccsss a!' -ail$rs o-

r+!ti+ i!tr+!tio!s Nutrition /e)ie!s K :S$l 2;5S#S DOI5

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http://parenting247.org/article.cfm?ContentID=1180&challenge=7&AgeGroup=3

http://parenting247.org/article.cfm?ContentID=1180&challenge=7&AgeGroup=3



Hol&#D!o&a, @9 M9, L)i!so(!, P9 M9, Ga$, @9 M9, @oi!r, T9 E9, Stri/l#Moor, R9, *

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ol' c(il'r!5 A! i!+sti/atio! o- /!'r 'i--r!cs9 Internationa$ 'ourna$ of Eatin%

isorders, :;, 00#0J9

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(tt5co!t!t9ti&9co&ti&ri!to$t1,2,2J131J,119(t&l

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@a!s!, <9 * Br$/, @9 :011;9 Par!ts o-t! 'o !ot rco/!i o+r)i/(t i! t(ir c(il',

r/ar'lss o- t(ir socio#'&o/ra(ic %ac?/ro$!'9 European 'ourna$ of Pub$ic Hea$th

2:;, 3J#3K9

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Medica$ 'ourna$ , 1, 0#039

114

http://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1850405,00.html

http://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1850405,00.html



@o!s, A9 R9, H"la!', R9 M9, Par?i!so!, =9 N9, * A'a&so!, A9 @9 :011;9 D+loi!/ a -oc$s

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:0122;9 Par!tal rctio!s o- )i/(t stat$s i! c(il'r!5 T( Gats(a' Mill!!i$&

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o+r)i/(t a!' $!'r)i/(t i! c(il'r! a!' a'olsc!ts9 (cta Paediatrica, 211,01#0J9

=r!, D9 :011J;9 Mti!/ t( c(all!/ o- o%sit"9 ,(.H/9. Ma%aine, 0 :2;, 23#23J9

=illio!, L9, H$/(s, S9 O9, <!'t, @9 C9, Pas, D9, * Nic?las, T9 A9 :011;9 Mi!orit" &ot(rs

rctio!s o- c(il'r!s %o'" si9 Internationa$ 'ourna$ of Pediatric +besity, 2:0;, #

2109 Doi5 2192112K3KK211130

=ola!, @9 P9, Li+r&a!, C9 T9, * =raa?, V9 A9 :011J;9 Pre)entin% chi$dhood obesity: Hea$th in

the ba$ance <as(i!/to!, D9 C5 T( Natio!al Aca'&is Prss9

Scr! ?i's (alt( %as' o! %o'" &ass i!'>9 :!9'9;9 Rtri+' -ro& (tt5&tro=i'saril#

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Hotlli!/, I9 Ol?i! t al9 's9, Sta!-or' U!i+rsit" Prss9

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L$t-i""a, M9 N9, Garcia, R9, Da!?)a, C9 M9, Yo$!/, T9 * Lis?", M9 S9 :011;9 O+r)i/(t a!'

o%s r+al!c rats i! A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r!5 A! a!al"sis o- 'ata

-ro& t( 011#0113 !atio!al s$r+" o- c(il'r!s (alt(9 'ourna$ (merican &oard Fami$y

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20, 0KK#09

M'ali, @9 H9, * Col#=ll", =9 :0110;9 T( cli!ical i&orta!c o- '-i!i!/ -a&il"9 (merican

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rlati+ %o'" )i/(t, a!' c(a!/s i! t(ir associatio! o+r 21 "ars5 A! i!tr!atio!al

rscti+ -ro& t( <HO MONICA ro4ct9 (merican 'ourna$ of Pub$ic Hea$th, 1 :;,

201#209

Mo!ti, D9 :0113;9 Ca! a -a&il" r+!t o%sit" i! i!-a!ts a!' c(il'r! Internationa$ 'ourna$ of

Chi$dbirth Education, 2 :;, #9

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119



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&ot(rs9 (merican ietetic (ssociation, 213, 02J#0029

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120



St"ls, @9 L9, Mir, A9, S$t(rla!', L9 A9, * Ca&%ll, M9 :011K;9 Par!ts a!' car/i+rs

co!cr!s a%o$t o%sit" i! "o$!/ c(il'r!5 A .$alitati+ st$'"9 Fami$y and Community

Hea$th, 1:3;, 0K#0J9

Ta+ras, E9 M9, Gort&a?r, S9 L9, Mitc(ll, =9 F9, * Gill&a!, M9 <9 :011;9 Par!tal rctio!s

o- o+r)i/(t co$!sli!/ i! ri&ar" car5 T( rols o- ract(!icit" a!' ar!t

o+r)i/(t9 (rtic$es &eha)ior and Psycho$o%y, 2:;, 2K3#2129

Tr&%la", M9 S9, LBla!c, A9 G9, =(o, M9 E9, Sa$!'rs, T9 @9, Laro$c(, R9, Coll", R9 C9,

Gol'-il', G9, * Gor%r S9 C9 :0122;9 S"st&atic r+i) o- s'!tar" %(a+ior a!' (alt(

i!'icators i! sc(ool#a/' c(il'r! a!' "o$t(9 Internationa$ 'ourna$ of &eha)iora$

Nutrition and Physica$ (cti)ity, :;, 2# 009 'oi5 21, 2223K#J##9

U9S9 Dart&!t o- Halt( a!' H$&a! Sr+ics9 :0121;9 *he .ur%eon Genera$>s ?ision for a

Hea$thy and Fit Nation3 Roc?+ill, MD5 U9S9 Dart&!t o- Halt( a!' H$&a! Sr+ics,

O--ic o- t( S$r/o! G!ral9

U!it' Stats Dart&!t o- A/ric$lt$r :0120;9 C(oos&"lat9/o+9 Rtri+' -ro&

(tt5)))9c(oos&"lat9/o+'o)!loa'sGtti!/Start'<it(M"Plat9'-

121

http://www.choosemyplate.gov/downloads/GettingStartedWithMyPlate.pdf

http://www.choosemyplate.gov/downloads/GettingStartedWithMyPlate.pdf



Vr(i4'!, M9 <9, Ba?>, @9 C9, +a! <l, C9, =ol!, M9 A9, * +a! Sta+r!, <9 A9 :011J;9

Ori/i!al co&&$!icatio!5 Rol o- social s$ort i! li-st"l#-oc$s' )i/(t &a!a/&!t

i!tr+!tio!s9 European 'ourna$ of C$inica$ Nutrition, J:2;, S2K#S29

Vi+ia!, E9 M9, Bc?r, T9 L9, * Carrl A9 L9 :0120;9 <i/(t rctio!s o- ar!ts )it( c(il'r!

at ris? -or 'ia%ts9 &ioMed Centra$ /esearch Notes, J:3K;, 2#9 'oi5219222KJ#1J11#

3K9

V$orla, N9, Sa(a, M9#T9, * Salo, M9 =9 :0121;9 Par!ts $!'rsti&at t(ir c(il's o+r)i/(t9

(cta Paediatrica, , 2K3#2K9

<al?r, S9 N9, =rr, M9 @9, P!'r, N9 @9, * Sc(rist, =9 R9 :21;9 A Sa!is( la!/$a/ +rsio! o-

t( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il9 N$rsi!/ Rsarc(, :J;, 0#0K9

<al?r, S9 N9, Sc(rist, =9 R9, * P!'r, N9 @9 :2K;9 T( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il5

D+lo&!t a!' s"c(o&tric c(aractristics9 N$rsi!/ Rsarc(, :0;, K#29

<a!/, Y9 :0112;9 Cross#!atio!al co&ariso! o- c(il'(oo' o%sit"5 T( i'&ic a!' t(

rlatio!s(i %t)! o%sit" a!' socioco!o&ic stat$s9 Internationa$ 'ourna$ of

Epidemio$o%y, 1, 220#229

122



<st, D9 S9, Rac"!s?i, @9 M9, P(illis, M9 M9, Br$sac, 9, Ga$ss, C9 H9, * Mo!t/o&r", B9 E9 E9

:011;9 Par!tal rco/!itio! o- o+r)i/(t i! sc(ool#a/ c(il'r!9 *he +besity 'ourna$

Rtri+' -ro&5 )))9o%sit"4o$r!al9or/ 'oi521921o%"9011K9219

<(ita?r, R9 C9, <ri/(t, @9 A9, P, M9 S9, Si'l, =9 D9, * Dit, <9 H9 :2K;9 Pr'icti!/

o%sit" i! "o$!/ a'$lt(oo' -ro& c(il'(oo' a!' ar!tal o%sit"9 *he Ne! En%$and

'ourna$ of Medicine, K :2;, #K9

123

http://www.obesityjournal.org/






124



A!!en#%- A

HEALTH:PRO,OTING LIFEST8LE PROFILE II

En*l%"h an# S!an%"h



E t ' - < l? S N * Hill P l ? D M :2; P h i $ i f h



E>crt' -ro&5 <al?r, S9N9, * Hill#Polrc?", D9M9 :2;9 Psychometric e)a$uation of the

Hea$th-Promotin% Lifesty$e Profi$e II 9 U!$%lis(' &a!$scrit, U!i+rsit" o- N%ras?a M'icalC!tr9

A%stract

T(is articl 'scri%s t( r+isio! o- t( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il a!' t( s"c(o&tric +al$atio! o- t( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il II :HPLPII;9 T( J0#it&HPLPII is co&os' o- a total scal a!' si> s$%scals to &as$r %(a+iors i! t( t(ori''i&!sio!s o- (alt(#ro&oti!/ li-st"l5 sirit$al /ro)t(, i!trrso!al rlatio!s, !$tritio!,

("sical acti+it", (alt( rso!si%ilit", a!' strss &a!a/&!t9 Data -ro& K20 a'$lts a/' 2 to0 )r $s' to assss +ali'it" a!' rlia%ilit"9 Co!t!t +ali'it" )as sta%lis(' %" litrat$rr+i) a!' co!t!t >rtsQ +al$atio!9 Co!str$ct +ali'it" )as s$ort' %" -actor a!al"sis t(atco!-ir&' a si>#'i&!sio!al str$ct$r o- (alt(#ro&oti!/ li-st"l, %" co!+r/!c )it( t(Prso!al Li-st"l $stio!!air : r 9K;, a!' %" a !o!#si/!i-ica!t corrlatio! )it( social'sira%ilit"9 Critrio!#rlat' +ali'it" )as i!'icat' %" si/!i-ica!t corrlatio!s )it( co!c$rr!t&as$rs o- rci+' (alt( stat$s a!' .$alit" o- li- : rQs 90 to 932;9 T( al(a co--ici!to- i!tr!al co!sist!c" -or t( total scal )as 93 al(a co--ici!ts -or t( s$%scals ra!/'

-ro& 9K to 9K09 T( #)? tst#rtst sta%ilit" co--ici!t -or t( total scal )as 909 T(isr+is' a!' $'at' i!str$&!t )ill !a%l rsarc(rs to &as$r attr!s o- (alt(#ro&oti!/ %(a+ior i! i!tr+!tio! a!' o$tco& st$'is !cssar" -or t( a'+a!c&!t o- t( stat o- t(sci!c i! (alt( ro&otio!9

D-i!i!/ t( Di&!sio!s o- Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l

To -$rt(r str!/t(! co!t!t +ali'it" a!' i!s$r co!/r$!c )it( t( c$rr!t stat o- t(sci!c, t( rc!t litrat$r co!cr!i!/ t( 'i&!sio!s o- (alt(#ro&oti!/ li-st"l )asr+i)' As a rs$lt t( !a&s o- t(r 'i&!sio!s )r &o'i-i' -ro& t(os $s' i! t( HPLP

t ' l i li- :D = = l? i * G tt 2 L 2K T i * R



to)ar' /oals i! li- :Doss", =/a!, =ol?&ir, * G$tta, 2 La!, 2K Tra+is * R"a!,2;9

I!trrso!al Rlatio!s !tails $tilii!/ co&&$!icatio! to ac(i+ a s!s o- i!ti&ac" a!'

clos!ss )it(i! &a!i!/-$l, rat(r t(a! &or cas$al, rlatio!s(is )it( ot(rs9 Co&&$!icatio!i!+ol+s t( s(ari!/ o- t(o$/(ts a!' -li!/s t(ro$/( +r%al a!' !o!+r%al &ssa/s :Tra+is *R"a!, 2 <al?r, Sc(rist, * P!'r, 2K;9

N$tritio! i!+ol+s ?!o)l'/a%l slctio! a!' co!s$&tio! o- -oo's ss!tial -ors$st!a!c, (alt(, a!' )ll#%i!/9 It i!cl$'s c(oosi!/ a (alt(-$l 'ail" 'it co!sist!t )it(/$i'li!s ro+i'' %" t( Foo' G$i' P"ra&i' :Ar'll, 2 USDA, 20 USDHHS, 2;9

P("sical Acti+it" i!+ol+s r/$lar articiatio! i! li/(t, &o'rat, a!'or +i/oro$s

acti+it"9 It &a" occ$r )it(i! a la!!' a!' &o!itor' ro/ra& -or t( sa? o- -it!ss a!'(alt( or i!ci'!tall" as a art o- 'ail" li- or lis$r acti+itis :Bo$c(ar', S(ar',St(!s, S$tto!, * McP(rso!, 21 Dis(&a!, 2 USDHHS, 22;9

Halt( Rso!si%ilit" i!+ol+s a! acti+ s!s o- acco$!ta%ilit" -or o!Qs o)! )ll# %i!/9 It i!cl$'s a"i!/ att!tio! to o!Qs o)! (alt(, '$cati!/ o!sl- a%o$t (alt(, a!'>rcisi!/ i!-or&' co!s$&ris& )(! s?i!/ ro-ssio!al assista!c :Ar'll, 2Tra+is * R"a!, 2 <al?r, Sc(rist, * P!'r, 2K;9

Strss Ma!a/&!t !tails t( i'!ti-icatio! a!' &o%iliatio! o- s"c(olo/ical a!'

("sical rso$rcs to --cti+l" co!trol or r'$c t!sio! :A!to!o+s?", 2K Ar'll, 2USDHHS, 22;9

R-r!cs

A!to!o+s?", A9 :2K;9 9nra)e$in% the mystery of hea$th: Ho! peop$e mana%e stress and stay

!e$$ 9 Sa! Fra!cisco, CA5 @oss"#Bass9 Ar'll, D9 B9 :2;9 Hi%h $e)e$ !e$$ness: (n a$ternati)e

to doctors dru%s and disease9 Br?l", CA5 T! S' Prss9 Bo$c(ar', C9, S(ar', R9 @9,

St(!s, T9, S$tto!, @9 R9, * McP(rso!, B9 D9 :21;9 E#ercise fitness and hea$th9C(a&ai/!, IL5 H$&a! =i!tics Boo?s9 Dis(&a!, R9 =9 :2;9 E#ercise adherence: Its impact

b$i h $ h C( i IL H =i i B ? D B = L = l? i L



J1 N%ras?a M'ical C!tr O&a(a, NE 2#J1 310JJ#0 Fa>5 310JJ#K

Dear Colleague:

Thank you for your interest in the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. The original Health-PromotingLifestyle Profile became available in 1987 and has been used extensively since that time. ased on ouro!n ex"erience and feedback from multi"le users# it !as revised to more accurately reflect currentliterature and "ractice and to achieve balance among the subscales. The Health-Promoting LifestyleProfile II continues to measure health$"romoting behavior# conce"tuali%ed as a multidimensional "atternof self$initiated actions and "erce"tions that serve to maintain or enhance the level of !ellness# self$actuali%ation and fulfillment of the individual. The &'$item summated behavior rating scale em"loys a ($"oint res"onse format to measure the fre)uency of self$re"orted health$"romoting behaviors in thedomains of health res"onsibility# "hysical activity# nutrition# s"iritual gro!th# inter"ersonal relations and

stress management. *t is a""ro"riate for use in research !ithin the frame!ork of the +ealth ,romotion-odel ,ender# 1987/# as !ell as for a variety of other "ur"oses.

The develo"ment and "sychometric evaluation of the 0nglish and "anish language versions of theoriginal instrument have been re"orted in:

2alker# . 3.# echrist# 4. 5.# 6 ,ender# 3. . 1987/. The +ealth$,romoting ifestyle ,rofile:

Develo"ment and"sychometric characteristics. 3ursing 5esearch# '/# 7$81. 2alker# . 3.# ;olkan# 4.# echrist#

4. 5.# 6 ,ender# 3. . 1988/. +ealth$"romoting lifestyles of older adults:Com"arisons !ith young and middle$aged adults# correlates and "atterns. <dvances in 3ursing

cience#111/# 7$9=. 2alker# . 3.# 4err# -. .# ,ender# 3. .# 6 echrist# 4. 5. 199=/. < "anish

language version of the +ealth$,romoting ifestyle ,rofile. 3ursing 5esearch# 9&/# '8$'7.

Co"yright of all versions of the instrument is held by usan 3oble 2alker# 0dD# 53# ><<3# 4aren 5.

echrist# ,hD# 53# ><<3 and 3ola . ,ender# ,hD# 53# ><<3. The original Health-Promoting LifestyleProfile is no longer available. ?ou have "ermission to do!nload and use the +,,** for non$commercialdata collection "ur"oses such as research or evaluation "ro@ects "rovided that content is not altered in



A!!en#%- B

Letter to S&hool D%"tr%&t Per"onnel



Letter to S&hool D%"tr%&t S!er%nten#ent

Doris Mor/a!#Bloo& Hi//i!%otto&2K3 T(or! C"rss Dri+

C"rss, T>as KK300#21#3K1 :Ho&; W K2#J30#K :Cll;

'4&or/a!#%loo&+a&$9'$

Dar S$ri!t!'!t5

I a& a 'octoral st$'!t at Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit" a!' )ill % co!'$cti!/ rsarc(o! t( %li-s o- A-rica! A&rica!, Hisa!ic, a!' Ca$casia! ar!ts a%o$t c(il'(oo' o%sit" a!'(o) t(s %li-s a--ct (alt(" ati!/ a!' ("sical acti+it" o- c(il'r! i'!ti-i' as o+r)i/(tor o%s i! a r$ral sc(ool 'istrict9 I a& )riti!/ to rsct-$ll" r.$st "o$r r&issio! to co!'$ct&" st$'" i! "o$r sc(ool 'istrict9

Alt(o$/( tr&!'o$s --ort (a+ %! &a' to r'$c t( i&act o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" a&o!/&i!oritis, t( i!ci'!cs o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" a&o!/ A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r!co!ti!$ at a! alar&i!/ rat i! t( !atio! as )ll as i! t( stat o- T>as9 Rsarc( (as s(o)!t(at t( i!ci'!cs o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" >ist i! $r%a! as )ll as r$ral stti!/9

Bca$s o- t( $!i+rsit"s rlatio!s(i )it( t( local sc(ool 'istricts, I (a+ c(os! t(l&!tar" sc(ools )it(i! <allr Co$!t" to co!'$ct &" rsarc(9 I )ill % $si!/ t( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II $stio!!air9 S$ort' %" >t!si+ rsarc( o! )i/(t&a!a/&!t ractics a!' t(or" t(at ar rlat' o+r)i/(t a!' o%sit", t( .$stio!!air

%$il's $o! t( %o'" o- ?!o)l'/ %" as?i!/ t( ar!ts a%o$t t(ir rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t o+r)i/(t or o%sit" co!cr!i!/ t(ir c(il'r!9 To %/i! t( st$'", t( I!stit$tio!R+i) Boar' :IRB; at Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit" (as r.$st' t(at I (a+ r&issio! -ro&

Pri!t' Na&5 District5



Pri!t' Na&5 888888888888888888888888888888888 District588888888888888 Dat Si/!'5 88888888888888888888888888888888 Co!tact N$&%r5 8888888888888888888888888888888

T(a!? "o$ -or "o$r co!si'ratio! a!' articiatio!9 Doris Mor/a!#Bloo& Hi//i!%otto&, M9S9 Doctoral St$'!t, E'$catio!al La'rs(i, Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit"

mailto:[email protected]



Letter to S&hool Pr%n&%!al



D4&or/a!#%loo&+a&$9'$

Dar Pri!cial5

I a& a 'octoral st$'!t at Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit" a!' )ill % co!'$cti!/ rsarc(o! t( %li-s o- A-rica! A&rica!, Hisa!ic, a!' Ca$casia! ar!ts a%o$t c(il'(oo' o%sit" a!'(o) t(s %li-s a--ct (alt(" ati!/ a!' ("sical acti+it" o- A-rica!, Hisa!ic, a!' Ca$casia!c(il'r! i'!ti-i' as o+r)i/(t or o%s i! a r$ral sc(ool 'istrict9 I a& )riti!/ to rsct-$ll"r.$st "o$r r&issio! to co!'$ct &" st$'" i! "o$r sc(ool 'istrict9

Alt(o$/( tr&!'o$s --ort (a+ %! &a' to r'$c t( i&act o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" a&o!/

&i!oritis, t( i!ci'!cs o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" a&o!/ A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r!co!ti!$ at a! alar&i!/ rat i! t( !atio! as )ll as i! t( stat o- T>as9 Rsarc( (as s(o)!t(at t( i!ci'!cs o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" >ist i! $r%a! as )ll as r$ral stti!/9

Bca$s o- t( $!i+rsit"s rlatio!s(i )it( t( local sc(ool 'istricts, I (a+ c(os! t(l&!tar" sc(ools )it(i! <allr Co$!t" to co!'$ct &" rsarc(9 I )ill % $si!/ t( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II $stio!!air9 S$ort' %" >t!si+ rsarc( o! )i/(t&a!a/&!t ractics a!' t(or" t(at ar rlat' o+r)i/(t a!' o%sit", t( .$stio!!air

%$il's $o! t( %o'" o- ?!o)l'/ %" as?i!/ t( ar!ts a%o$t t(ir rctio!s, attit$'s, a!' %li-s a%o$t o+r)i/(t or o%sit" co!cr!i!/ t(ir c(il'r!9 To %/i! t( st$'", t( I!stit$tio!R+i) Boar' :IRB; at Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit" (as r.$st' t(at I (a+ r&issio! -ro&

Si/!'5



Si/!'5 88888888888888888888888888888888888888 Pri!t' Na&5 888888888888888888888888888888888 District588888888888888 Dat Si/!'5 88888888888888888888888888888888

Co!tact N$&%r5 8888888888888888888888888888888 T(a!? "o$ -or "o$r co!si'ratio! a!' articiatio!9

Doris Mor/a!#Bloo& Hi//i!%otto&, M9S9 Doctoral St$'!t, E'$catio!al La'rs(i, Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit"





Letter to S&hool D%"tr%&t Nr"e



D4&or/a!#%loo&+a&$9'$

Dar N$rs5

I a& a 'octoral st$'!t at Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit" a!' )ill % co!'$cti!/ rsarc(o! ar!tal t( %li-s o- A-rica! A&rica!, Hisa!ic, a!' Ca$casia! ar!ts a%o$t c(il'(oo'o%sit" a!' (o) t(s %li-s a--ct (alt(" ati!/ a!' ("sical acti+it" o- A-rica!, Hisa!ic,a!' Ca$casia! c(il'r! i'!ti-i' as o+r)i/(t or o%s i! a r$ral sc(ool 'istrict9 I a& )riti!/to rsct-$ll" r.$st "o$r r&issio! to co!'$ct &" st$'" i! "o$r sc(ool 'istrict9

Alt(o$/( tr&!'o$s --ort (a+ %! &a' to r'$c t( i&act o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" a&o!/&i!oritis, t( i!ci'!cs o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" a&o!/ A-rica! A&rica! a!' Hisa!ic c(il'r!

co!ti!$ at a! alar&i!/ rat i! t( !atio! as )ll as i! t( stat o- T>as9 Rsarc( (as s(o)!t(at t( i!ci'!cs o- c(il'(oo' o%sit" >ist i! $r%a! as )ll as r$ral stti!/9

Bca$s o- t( $!i+rsit"s rlatio!s(i )it( t( local sc(ool 'istricts, I (a+ c(os! t(l&!tar" sc(ools )it(i! <allr Co$!t" to co!'$ct &" rsarc(9 I )ill % $si!/ t( Halt(#Pro&oti!/ Li-st"l Pro-il#II $stio!!air9 S$ort' %" >t!si+ rsarc( o! )i/(t&a!a/&!t ractics a!' t(or" t(at ar rlat' o+r)i/(t a!' o%sit", t( .$stio!!air %$il's $o! t( %o'" o- ?!o)l'/ %" as?i!/ t( ar!ts a%o$t t(ir rctio!s, attit$'s, a!'

%li-s a%o$t o+r)i/(t or o%sit" co!cr!i!/ t(ir c(il'r!9 To %/i! t( st$'", t( I!stit$tio!R+i) Boar' :IRB; at Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit" (as r.$st' t(at I (a+ r&issio! -ro&( i i l ( ( l ( l l l ( l i ' i'i (

Pri!t' Na&5 District5



Pri!t' Na&5 888888888888888888888888888888888 District588888888888888 Dat Si/!'5 88888888888888888888888888888888 Co!tact N$&%r5 8888888888888888888888888888888

T(a!? "o$ -or "o$r co!si'ratio! a!' articiatio!9 Doris Mor/a!#Bloo& Hi//i!%otto&, M9S9 Doctoral St$'!t, E'$catio!al La'rs(i, Prairi Vi) A*M U!i+rsit"




A!!en#%- C

Parent Part%&%!at%on Con"ent Form



A!!en#%- D

Treatment Crr%&lm USDA/

7 T%!" Ntr%t%on E#&at%on Ser%e"

Choo"e ,$Plate E#&at%onal Informat%on

En*l%"h S!an%"h 4er"%on"/

Get mo1%n* bro&hre !h$"%&al e-er&%"e/

En*l%"h S!an%"h 4er"%on/

Perm%""%on to "e %nformat%on




A!!en#%- E

Alternat%1e Crr%&lm

;"t %n T%me Parent%n* alternat%1e treatment/

Wh%&h %#" Are ,o"t 4lnerable to Bll$%n* En*l%"h S!an%"h/

Fam%l$ Wor("En*l%"h S!an%"h/

Hel! %#" Feel Goo# abot Them"el1e"En*l%"h S!an%"h/



Wh% h %# A , t 4 l bl t



Wh%&h %#" Are ,o"t 4lnerable to

Bll$%n*Pla"/ro$!' /i%s ar a rit o- assa/ -or &ost sc(ool#a/ ?i's, %$t -or so& c(il'r!, tasi!/ atsc(ool ca! t$r! i!to o$tri/(t +iol!c a!' a%$s9 Rsarc(rs sa" t(at as &a!" as 2 i! 21c(il'r! s$--r ("sical attac?s, !a&#calli!/ a!' ot(r social a//rssio! at sc(ool, a!' a !)st$'" s$//sts t(at a c(il'Qs ris? o- %co&i!/ a c(ro!ic +icti& o- %$ll"i!/ &a" '!' o! -actorst(at aar +r" arl" i! li-9

ZSt$'is also s(o) t(at r +icti&iatio! %co&s i!crasi!/l" sta%l o+r ti&, )it( t( sa&c(il'r! !'$ri!/ s$c( !/ati+ >ri!cs t(ro$/(o$t c(il'(oo' a!' a'olsc!c,Z )rit t(a$t(ors o- a st$'" o! +icti&iatio!, $%lis(' i! t( c$rr!t iss$ o- (rchi)es of Genera$

Psychiatry3 ZT( co!s.$!cs associat' )it( (i/( a!' c(ro!ic +icti&iatio! ar &a!i-ol' a!'i!cl$' 'rssio!, lo!li!ss, lo) sl-#st&, ("sical (alt( ro%l&s, social )it('ra)al,alco(ol a!'or 'r$/ $s, sc(ool a%s!c a!' a+oi'a!c, 'cras i! sc(ool r-or&a!c, sl-#(ar& a!' s$ici'al i'atio!9Z

Gi+! t( o+r)(l&i!/ slat o- ot!tial (ar&, t( ai& o- t( st$'" )as to i'!ti-" arl" r'ictors o- +icti&iatio!, alo!/ )it( %(a+ioral i!tr+!tio!s t(at &a" r+!t it9 T( %$l? o- ast rsarc( o! t( &attr i!+ol+' ri&ar"#sc(ool#a/ c(il'r!, sa"s Mic(l Boi+i!, a s"c(olo/ist at U!i+rsit[ La+al i! $[%c, Ca!a'a, a!' a co#a$t(or o- t( st$'" t( !)rsarc( trac?s %(a+ior i! +r" "o$!/ ?i's \ as arl" as t(os i! r#rsc(ool, )(! c(il'r!-irst %/i! i!tracti!/ )it( o! a!ot(r sociall"9

T( rsarc( ta& st$'i' 'ata o! 2,K1 c(il'r! \ a%o$t (al- %o"s, (al- /irls \ a!' t(ir-a&ilis, all articia!ts i! t( $%c Lo!/it$'i!al St$'" o- C(il' D+lo&!t9 T( c(il'r!

&ot(r is (ostil a!' racti+, t( r'ictio! ris? i!crass9Z A''i!/ t( t(ir' l&!t, lo)socio#co!o&ic stat$s i!crass t(at li?li(oo' +! -$rt(r



socio co!o&ic stat$s, i!crass t(at li?li(oo' +! -$rt(r9

ZAt 1 &o!t(s, t(r is a lot o- ("sical a//rssio! a&o!/ ?i's,Z Boi+i! !ots, %$t &ost c(il'r!&a!a/ to a'4$st sociall" a!' +!t$all" '+lo t( +r%al s?ills !'' to !/otiat ac-$ll")it(i! a /ro$9 ZA//rssio! %co&s lss a!' lss o- a !or&ati+ )a" to /t t(i!/s 'o!,Z (sa"s9 B$t c(il'r! o! t( (i/(#ris? at( aar $!a%l to '+lo t(os social s?ills t(ira//rssio! !'s $ t$r!i!/ o! t(&9 ZAs c(il'r! /t ol'r, i! /ra' sc(ool, t(" slo)l" s(i-tt(ir a//rssio! a!' t!' to )it('ra) i!to s("!ss,Z Boi+i! sai'9

Boi+i!Qs st$'" )as car-$l to 'isti!/$is( a//rssio! -ro& ("racti+it" i! c(il'r!9 <(il

("racti+it" also o-t! ca$ss social ro%l&s a!' i!crass a c(il'Qs ris? o- %i!/ +icti&i' %"a%o$t sco!' /ra', t( a$t(ors 'i' !ot -i!' t(at it r'ict' r +icti&iatio! i! "o$!/c(il'r!9 Rat(r, it )as ("sical a//rssio! i! arl" c(il'(oo' \ %(a+ior s$c( as ?ic?i!/, %iti!/ a!' %$ll"i!/ \ t(at i!cras' a c(il'Qs o''s o- %co&i!/ a +icti& o- t(at sa& %(a+iorlatr o!9

I'!ti-"i!/ ris? -actors i! rsc(ool or +! arlir (ls ar!ts a!' sc(ool a'&i!istrators sti! arlir too9 C(il'r! )(o >(i%it a//rssi+ %(a+ior ca! % co$!sl' arlir, -or >a&l,

a!' (ars( ar!ts ca! % ta$/(t a /!tlr -or& o- 'iscili!9 T( a$t(ors sa" -$rt(r st$'" is!'' to a!s)r .$stio!s o- ca$s a!' --ct9 For i!sta!c, 'os c(il'r!Qs a//rssi+ %(a+ior ro&t (ars( ar!ti!/ or +ic +rsa A!' )(at a%o$t t( rol o- ol'r si%li!/s Ps"c(olo/ists?!o) t(at ol'r si%li!/s o-t! +icti&i t(ir "o$!/r %rot(rs a!' sistrs, so&ti&s to /rat'tri&!t st$'"i!/ t(s -a&il" '"!a&ics &a" (l ar!ts rotct "o$!/r si%li!/s starti!/ i!arl" c(il'(oo'9

Crtai!l", t( '+lo&!t o- t( +icti&i' c(il' !'s &or st$'", %$t t( !) ar o--rs

so& /$i'a!c -or )(r to %/i!9 Pattr!s o- +icti&iatio! %/i! as soo! as c(il'r! %/i! toi!tract sociall", Boi+i! sa"s, a!' ar!ts a!' car/i+rs !' to % alrt' to t( ro%l& i! t(

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Co"ri/(t la) >ists to rotct t( crators o- ori/i!al )or?s i! a!" &'i$&9 <(t(r a )ritr,

artist, &$sicia!, ro'$cr, or so&t(i!/ ls !tirl", t( (ol'r o- a co"ri/(t is rotct' -ro&

co"i!/, 'istri%$tio!, or r-or&a!c o- (is or (r )or? )it(o$t r&issio!9 T(is r&issio!,

)(! /i+!, i!+ol+s a lic!s a!' o-t! a -9 Us o- a )or? )it(o$t r&issio! is co"ri/(t

i!-ri!/&!t a!' is $!is(a%l %" ci+il a!' cri&i!al !altis9 Al)a"s r&&%r t(at &rl"

ac?!o)l'/i!/ or cr'iti!/ t( so$rc o- co"ri/(t' &atrial 'os !ot s$%stit$t -or o%tai!i!/

r&issio!9

O! ossi%l &a!s o- $si!/ &atrial )it(o$t o%tai!i!/ a co"ri/(t (ol'rQs r&issio! is

t(ro$/( ZFair Us9Z Fair Us # o$tli!' i! Sctio! 21K o- t( U9S9 Co"ri/(t Act o- 2K # stats

t(at, $!'r crtai! co!'itio!s, a co"ri/(t' )or? &a" % $s' )it(o$t rior r&issio! -or,

a&o!/ ot(r t(i!/s, tac(i!/, rsarc(, sc(olars(i, a!' criticis&9 Bsi's t( Fair Us '-!s,

'$cators &i/(t .$ali-" -or a! >&tio! to i!-ri!/&!t $!'r Sctio! 221 o- t( Co"ri/(t

Act9 Dista!c '$cators s(o$l' also ta? !ot o- Sctio! 220, )(ic( allo)s -or t( &a?i!/ o-

(&ral cois o- )or?s a$t(ori' to % $s' $!'r Sctio! 221:0;9 T( !tir t>t o- t(

U9S9 Co"ri/(t Act o- 2K # a!' sci-icall" Sctio!s 21K , 221 , a!' 220 # ca! % +i)' o! t(

U9S9 Co"ri/(t O--icQs <% sit9 T( Co"ri/(t O--ic also 'isc$sss Fair Us i! /ratr 'tail9

Note5 T( co!t!t o! t(is )%sit is ro+i'' -or i!-or&atio!al $ross o!l" a!' &a" !ot %

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