does subglottal pressure increase under contrastive focus? · p&p7 osnabrück 1 does subglottal...
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P&P7 Osnabrück 1
Does subglottal pressure increase under contrastive focus?
Indirect evidence using a new experimental set-up
Susanne Fuchs1, Caterina Petrone1,2, Laura Koenig3,4
1: ZAS Berlin 2: LPL, Aix-en-Provence & CNRS (Frankreich) 3: Haskins Laboratories, New Haven (USA)
4: LIU Brooklyn NY (USA)
Unterstützt durch das für PB1 am ZAS
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P&P7 Osnabrück 2
Hintergrund: Sprechatmung
• Liefert den Luftstrom fürs Sprechen
• Wird global kontrolliert (Ebene von Sätzen, langen Phrasen) • Subglottaler Druck sinkt beim Sprechen von längeren Phrasen (-> Effekt auf f0, downtrend, declination) Lieberman (1967)
• Nicht nur globaler Parameter, sondern kann lokal kontrolliert werden
• betonte Silben
Ladefoged & Loeb (2009)
Demolin (unveröffentlicht)
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P&P7 Osnabrück 3
Hintergrund: Sprechatmung
Global kontrolliert
Langsame Bewegungen
Rolle des Zwerchfells
Lokal kontrolliert
Schnelle Bewegungen, schnelle neuronale Leitung
Rolle der Zwischenrippenmuskeln
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P&P7 Osnabrück 4
Hintergrund: Sprechatmung
Ladefoged und Loebs (2009):
EMG der internen Intercostalismuskeln (Auswertung der Daten aus den 60gern mit neueren Methoden)
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P&P7 Osnabrück 5
Zielstellung unserer Arbeit
Untersuchung der Rolle der Atmung beim Sprechen
1. Wird der subglottale Druck in prominenten Silben (unter Fokus) erhöht?
2. Läßt sich dies auf die Beteiligung der Atemmuskeln des Brustkorbs zurückführen?
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P&P7 Osnabrück 6
Methoden – früher und heute
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P&P7 Osnabrück 7
Methoden subglottalen Druck zu messen
• Punktieren der Luftröhre: z.B. Lecuit and Demolin (1998)
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P&P7 Osnabrück 8
Indirekte Methode Draper, Ladefoged Whitteridge (1960)
„Tracheal pressures were estimated from oesophageal pressures, recorded from a small latex balloon, about 1.5 cm in diameter and 2.5 cm long…. The balloon was passed through the nose until it lay about 34 cm from the external nares. Radiological examination showed that this corresponded approximately to the level of the bifurcation of the trachea in subjects… balloon .. was filled with 2 ml air… „ S. 1837
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P&P7 Osnabrück 9
Indirekte Methode
• PAS (Phonatory Aerodynamic System)
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P&P7 Osnabrück 10
Indirekte Methode: Messung von Pio
Aus Didier Demolin: www.specknet.org/publications/Workshop_9/Didier_Demolin.pdf
Psub=Pio
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P&P7 Osnabrück 11
Wie sieht ein Profil des intraoralen Drucks aus?
Psub=Pio
Bei Plosiven !!
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P&P7 Osnabrück 12
Beziehung Psub und Pio
Psub
Pio
Pio
Psub
Akustik
Aus Löfqvist, A., Carlborg, B. & Kitzing, P. (1982), JASA 72(2): 633-635
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P&P7 Osnabrück 13
Unsere Methode
Respitrace 2 Gürtel: Brust- und
Bauchvolumina
Piezoresistiver Drucksensor Klein und fein
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P&P7 Osnabrück 14
Sprachmaterial
Frage-Antwort Paradigma Target /t/#/t/ -> als 1 /t/ realisiert
Kein Fokus Malt SIE Tanja? ER malt Tanja, aber nicht sie.
Rechter Fokus: Malt er SONJA? Er malt TANJA, aber nicht Sonja.
Linker Fokus: MAG er Tanja? Er MALT Tanja, aber mag sie nicht.
5 Targetsätze * 3 Fokus * 4 Wiederh. * 12 Sprecher=720
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P&P7 Osnabrück 15
So sehen die Daten aus:
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P&P7 Osnabrück 16
Annotation der Daten
+ +
+
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P&P7 Osnabrück 17
Fälle, die ausgeschlossen wurden
13.6 % der Daten
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P&P7 Osnabrück 18
Beispiel einer Sprecherin
X
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P&P7 Osnabrück 19
Was erwarten wir ?
1. Unterschiede in der Slope zwischen den verschiedenen Fokusbedingungen, falls subglottaler
Druck eine Rolle spielt. 2. Effekt auf den Brustgürtel, wenn Zwischenrippen- muskeln beteiligt sind
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P&P7 Osnabrück 20
Ergebnisse
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P&P7 Osnabrück 21
Ergebnisse: Akustik
Wurde Fokus wirklich realisiert von den Sprechern?
ja.
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P&P7 Osnabrück 22
Ergebnisse: Akustik
Andere Fokusunterschiede: Verschlussdauer ja, Aspirationsdauer #
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P&P7 Osnabrück 23
Ergebnisse: Intraoraler Druck
Slope (Pio = Psub)
Subglottaler Druck steigt unter Fokus an.
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P&P7 Osnabrück 24
Ergebnisse: Intraoraler Druck
Geschwindigkeits- Differenz zwischen: Druckabfall und Druckanstieg
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P&P7 Osnabrück 25
Ergebnisse: Atmung
Variation in Vokalintervallen
V1 sign. bei linkem Fokus V2 sign. bei rechtem Fokus
Indirekte Evidenz - Brustmuskeln sind daran beteiligt.
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P&P7 Osnabrück 26
Konklusion
1. Sprechatmung wird sowohl global als auch lokal kontrolliert.
2. Rolle der Sprechatmung auf die Prosodie/Intonation sollte neben der Kontrolle des Larynx zukünftig stärker betrachtet werden.
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P&P7 Osnabrück 27
Danksagung
Diese Arbeit wurde durch eine Förderung des BMBF und durch die DFH Saarbrücken unterstützt.
Wir danken Jörg Dreyer für den exzellenten technischen Support und unseren Versuchspersonen.