2. contrastive analysis
TRANSCRIPT
A. Microlinguistic C.A.1. Phonology
2. Morphology
3. Vocabulary
4. Syntax
1. Receptive
B. Macrolinguistic C.A.
2. Productive
a. Listening
b. Reading
a. Speaking
b. Writing
a. Structural/Descriptive Grammar
b. Transformational-Generative Grammar
c. Case Grammar
CHAPTER – IIAREAS OF CONTRASTIVE
ANALYSIS
1. C.A. in Structural/Descriptive Grammar Language analysis on the smallest components of
language: phonetics/phonology, morphology, vocabulary, and syntax
a. C.A. in Phonology
To reveal what sounds of L2 are (not) easy to pronounce
What sounds of L2 are (not) contrast to those of L1
Scopes:
o Segmental
o Suprasegmentalo Distribution
o Segmental
1. VOWELS
L1 (Indonesia):/i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /o/, /ǝ /
L2 (English): /i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /ǝ/, /æ/, /o/, /Λ/; /i:/, /3/, /α:/, /u:/, /o:/
Pronunciation Components
Indonesia
English
FrontHalf-closeVoicedNeutral or
spread
++++
++++
a. Pronunciation
Ex.: - Vowel /i/
b.Distribution I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
Indonesia English Indonesia English Indonesia English
indah it [it] pil pill [phil] rapi money [mΛni]
intan in [in] batik kid[khid] tapi hurry [hΛri]
- Vowel /e/
a. Pronunciation
Pronunciation Components
Indonesia
English
FrontHalf-closeVoicedSpread
++++
++++
b. Distribution
I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
Indonesia English Indonesia English Indonesia English
enak enter hebat send[send]
- -
elok elegy becek
rent[rent]
- -
[entǝ]
[elǝʤi]
2.DIPHTHONGSL1
(Indonesia):/ai/, /oi/, /au/
L2 (English):
/eǝ/, /uǝ/, /iǝ/, /ai/, /oi/, /ei/, /au/, /ǝu/
Pronunciation Components
Indonesia
English
Centering
Closing
-+
++
a. Pronunciation
Ex.: - Diphthong /ai/
b. Distribution
Indonesia English Indonesia English
I - library[laibreiri
]
santai dry
halau how
[ai]
ensurement[ensuǝmen
t]
[drai]
[hau]
EnglishIndonesia
I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
-
3.CONSONANTS
Analysis on:1. Voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation
and distribution2. Possible difficulties
3. The absence of sound elements of L2/L3 in L1
Ex.: - Consonant /l/
Components Indonesia
English
Voiced
Alveolar in front positions
Alveolar in medial positions
Alveolar in final positions
Velar in final positions
Lateral
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
a.Features:
b. Distribution
Indonesia English Indonesia English
lateleav
e
malangkuli
collarsilent
pukulbinal
dull
bull
EnglishIndonesia
I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
lupalima
Ex.: - Consonant /t/
Components Indonesia
English
Voiceless
Alveolar
Plosive (stop)
Aspirated stressed syllable
Non-aspirated unstressed syllable
Unplosive in the final
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
a.Features:
Ex.: - Consonant /t/
Components Indonesia
English
Voiceless
Alveolar
Plosive (stop)
Aspirated stressed syllable
Non-aspirated unstressed syllable
Unplosive in the final
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
a.Features:
4. CONSONANT CLUSTERS (CC)
Analysis on:1. Components and
distribution2. The absence of sound elements of L2/L3 in L13. Possible difficulties
a. CC /bl/
Components and Distribution
Indonesia English English
--
capablepossibl
e
EnglishIndonesia
I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
blokirblus
Indonesia
blackblade
ibliskiblat
ablazeablong
b. CC /st/
Components and Distribution
Indonesia English English
--
restlist
EnglishIndonesia
I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
stasiunstadio
n
Indonesia
stablestaff
kestablian
restaterestore
c. CC /pl/
Components and Distribution
Indonesia English English
--
applepurple
EnglishIndonesia
I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
plastikplester
Indonesia
playplea
taplakkapling
aplombreplace
d. CC /str/
Components and Distribution
Indonesia English English
--
--
EnglishIndonesia
I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
stropstrateg
i
Indonesia
strongstrateg
y
--
astriderestring
e. CC /spl/
Components and Distribution
Indonesia English English
--
--
EnglishIndonesia
I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
--
Indonesia
spleensplash
--
resplendidasplash
f. CC /ndz/
Components and Distribution
Indonesia English English
--
endsbinds-
EnglishIndonesia
I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l
--
Indonesia
--
--
--
A. Stress
B. Pitch
C. Juncture
o Suprasegmental
A.Stress1. Word Stress
a. English phoneme
b. Indonesia not phoneme
2. Sentence Stressa. English phoneme
b. Indonesia phoneme
Examples:a. English: - He
didn’t 'want to go.- 'He didn’t
want to go.b. Indonesia: - Dia tidak 'mau pergi.
- 'Dia tidak mau pergi.
B. Pitch
1. Low Pitch (1): where the voice falls at the end of most types of sentences.
2. Normal Pitch (2): where the voice most often is.
3. High Pitch (3):where the voice usually rises to at the intonation focus
4. Very High Pitch (4): the voice rises to show stronger emotions.
Examples:
a. Statement: 2 3 1
- It’s fresh in here.
b. Commands: 2 3 1
- Let the book covered.
c. ‘Wh’ Question: 2 3 1
- Where did you leave it?
d. ‘Yes/No’ Question: 2 3
- Are you hungry?
e. Request: 2 3 - Could you open the door?f. Surprising: 2 4 - What?
C.Juncture1. Plus Juncture
/+/ in rapid
speech2. Single bar /l / inter-phrases
Examples:1. “/Whosthat?/”“/Siapaitu?/”
2. “That man /fell off/ the stairs.”“Orang itu /jatuh/ dari tangga.”
3. Double bar /l l / inter-clauses
3. “Mother / / I have the flu today.”“Ibu / / saya flu hari ini.”
4. Double cross /# /
at the end of sentences
4. “Don’t go yet #.”“Jangan pergi dulu #i.”
A. Intonation (meaningful variation of pitches)B. Adjectives
C. Nouns
2. C.A. in Morphology
D. Etc.
A. Form
B.Meaning
C.Distribution
3. C.A. in Vocabulary
1.Segemental
2.Suprasegmental
1. Lexical
2.Morphological
1. Grammatical: Noun, Pronoun, Verb, etc.2. Geographical: hood (A.E.) – bonnet (B.E.)
3. Social: “You are not good” and “You ain’t no good.”
Students’ Vocabulary Difficulties by Lado’s Research1. Homonyms: different words that are pronounced the
same, but may or may not be spelt the same
“tale” and “tail”
2. Homographs: different words spelt identically and pronounced the same
“lead”: to act as a leader; and “a kind of metal”
3. Polysemy: different words with different spelling but have the same or similar meaning
“coach” and “sofa”
4. Cognates: the same words of different source of language .“grogi” (Ind.) and “groggy”
(Eng.)“hostes” (ind.) and “hostess”
(Eng.)“isu” (Ind.) and “issue” (Eng.)
FALSE COGNATES
5. Foreign meaning of wordsLantai dasar (1) (Ind.) = ground floor (B.E.) =
first floor (A.E.)Lantai 2 = first floor (B.E.) = second floor (A.E.)
6. Different Connotation(Eng.) : You are fat.
Your baby is funny.
( - ) connotation(Ind.) : You are fat.
Your baby is funny.
(+) connotation7. Idioms
(Ind.): Dia panjang tangan. (= a thief)Mary bertangan dingin. (= running successful on
any work)(Eng.) : The long arms of the laws. (= laws find the
wrong)Mary has got cold fingers. (= afraid of doing
something)
A. the same medium, but different order
B. the same medium, different form
C. different medium
4. C.A. in SyntaxLado
proposes:
- “a garden flower” and “a flower garden”
- (Eng.): “The car runs.” = “El coche corre.” (Spanish)
“The cars run.” = “Los coches corren.” (Spanish)
Modal Lexicals
- (Eng.): “I would go.” = “Saya mungkin akan pergi.” (Ind.)
“I will go.” = “Saya akan pergi.” (Ind.)