document resume li 004 052 title reference tools and
TRANSCRIPT
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DOCUMENT RESUME
. ED 070 497 LI 004 052
TITLE Reference Tools and Services: General TechnicalEncyclopedias and Engineering Handbooks.
INSTITUTION System Development Corp., Santa Monica, Calif.Research and Development Div.
SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C.; Officeof the Chief of Engineers (Army), Washington, D.C.
PUB DATE [69]CONTRACT OEC-1-7-071214-5116NOTE 124p.;(0 References); On-The-Job Training of Library
Personnel
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58DESCRIPTORS Encyclopedias; Engineering; Instructional Materials;
*Library Education; *Library Reference Services;*Library Technicians; Manuals; *On the Job Training;*Reference Materials; Workbooks
ABSTRACTThe reference tools discussed in these two units of
the instructional package (other units are: LI004051 and LI004053through 004055) are: General Technical Encyclopedias and EngineeringHandbooks. The unit concerned with encyclopedias summarizes the basicfeatures of a good encyclopedia and gives some general procedureswhich are helpful in establishing familiarity with a newencyclopedia. The unit on engineering handbooks looks at twospecialized sources of engineering information: (1) ',StandardHandbook for Mechanical Engineers, and (2) "Handbook of theEngineering Sciences." The use of both of these reference tools isdiscussed at length. (ED 032 085 discusses this instructionalpackage.) (Author /NH)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION St WELFAREOFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEH REPRO-DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION °RIG-MATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN-IONS STA-ID DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU-CATION POSITION OR POLICY.
C`-Tr
REFERENCE TOOLS AND SERVICES:OO0 General Technical EncyclopediasW
and
Engineering Handbooks
On-The-Job Training of Library Personnel
U.S. Office of EducationOEC-1-7-071214-5116
with support from the U.S. Army ATLIS Project
System Development Corporation2500 Colorado Ave.
Santa Monica, California 90406
FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY
1
REFERENCE TOOLS and SERVICES
General
Technical
Encyclopedias
L 1
On-The-Job Training of Library Personnel
reed under contractOEC-1-7-071214-5116with support from the U.S.Army AT! IS Prolect.
General Technical Encyclopedias:
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
Instructions for Using the Text
Part of the following instruction is in the form of a"programmed text"--that is, in working with it, youmust follow the instructions as to which pages to turnto, rather than reading it through, page by page. Itcontains a series of multiple-choice questions. At theend of each question are numbered answers; the numberof each answer is also the number of the page on whichthat answer is discussed. Don't worry about getting thewrong answers. The text will help you get through theentire series of questions, whether your first answersare right or wrong.
3
GENERAL TECHNICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA'S
Encyclopedias are one type of reference works and are intended to
be consulted for specific information rather than read through.
They are compilations of information organized in such a way as to
make it relatively easy to find specific-subjecWand facts.
A handbook is similar to an encyclopedia in that both provide basic
facts and information about subjects. But the handbook is usually
complete in one volume and is likely to consist of many tables, charts,
definitions and similar highly condensed information, often of a rather
specialized subject field. It frequently is- arranged by the major
topics of the overall subject, with a detailed alphabetical index
to assist the user in finding specific information. The encyclopedia,
on the other hand, has more extensive information in the form of
articles, usually arranged alphabetically, covering a wider range
of topics, and issued in several volumes. It usually covers many
subjects and therefore cannot provide much minor detail or spe
cialized information on any one particular subject.
The nature of an encyclopedia makes it difficult for the publisher to
revise it frequently. A good encyclopedia is likely ta have articles
written by authorities in the field who may not have the time to
2
write continually up-dated versions. It takes much time and money
to gather, edit, print and publish a large encyclopedia. The time
lag from beginning to publishing may be two years or more. Some
encyclopedias attempt to solve this problem by issuing annual year-
books which contain up-dated articles on subjects where there has
been either drastic change or sudden interest.
An encyclopedia is a good source in becoming acquainted with a subject
and in establishing basic guidelines in relation to other subjects.
Through cross references and bibliographies, one is referred to related
entries or additional information. It is a convenient way to get a
quick overview of a subject and to see what the special relation of
a specific subject is to a larger subject. On can pick up such
additional clues as special vocabulary or terminology, which will
be useful in searching other sources such as indexes to abstracting services.
*V& 1. The basic features of a good encyclopedia can be summarized as
follows:
1. Articles give basic information about specific subjects.
2. Arranged alphabetically or by broad categories.
3. Alphabetical subject index.
4. Cross references to lead the user to related topics.
5. Illustrations, schematic drawings, photographs, tables, etc.
accompany the text.
41,
5
3
6. Bibliographic citations to additional sources of information.
7. Articles signed by contributors.
8. Never quite up-to-date, but annual supplements, where published,
help bridge the gap.
There are some general procedures which are helpful in establishing
familiarity with a new encyclopedia.
i. Read the instructions or introduction. The publisher uses this
means of indicating the scope of the work, the general arrangement,
the level of user, the special features, the validity of the in-
formation. It is time well spent.
2. Check the method of alphabetical arrangement. There are two basic
methods: (a) word by word; (b) letter by letter, disregarding
spaces after words. This will affect the location of the specific
entry. For example, AIR POLLUTION filed word by word will come
before AIRCRAFT, but if the arrangement if letter by letter it will
come after AIRCRAFT. '
3. .Check the system fog cross references. They may stand
as separate entries (AIR POLLUTION see ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION),
or may appear within an article or at the end of an article.
4. Study the organization of major categories of entries. For example,
is everything on computers in one article or is it scattered in
several more specialized articles?
5. Are entries signed by the initial or full name of contributor? If
by initial, is there a list identifying the contributors? Does
6
14
the list show not only the name but the affiliation of the con-
tributor? Such a list can be used to identify people who may not
be in biographical directories.
6. Browse through the set, volume by volume, looking for special features.
Are there bibliographies, reading outlines, statistical tables,
cclor plates, maps, diagrams, line drawings, chart;, subjects you
did not expect to find in that encyclopedia?
7. Look over the index or indexes if more than one. If there are
special instructions for the index, be sure to read them and test
them. Does the index contain special information which might
not be found through the regular articles? What is the purpose
of the special indexes?
8. If abbreviations are used in the encyclopedia, find where they
are written out and defined. This may be in the introduction,
the index, or sometimes even in the text under "Abbreviations."
9. Think of a specific subject and try to find it in the encyclopedia,
first by going directly to the text, using any cross references
encountered. Then use the index to see if you have found all
the places in the encyclopedia which cover the subject.
10. Test the up-to-dateness by checking the bibliographies in articles
of recent special interest. If the most recent reference is more
than five years old, the encyclopedia may not be too up-to7date,
unless specific references to more recently dated events are found
in specific articles.
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.. Revised
edition. New York, NcGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966. 15 vols.
For many years there was no comprehensive multi-volume encyclopedia
covering science and technology. There were one-volume encyclopedias
which were more like dictionaries, and handbooks which contained com-
pact data but often did not give descriptive information useful to
the layman or non-specialist. In the 1950s the McGraw-Hill Book Com-
pany, publisher of many scientific and technical handbuoks and textbooks,
decided to attempt the compilation of an up-to-date encyclopedia which
would record many of the modern developments in these basic areas,
especially those stimulated by modern research and technological develop-
ments. The first edition, published in 1960, proved so popular and
useful that a second edition was brough out in 1966. Annual yearbooks
are published to cover new developments.
Read the information in the Prefaces to the first edition and the
revised edition of the McGraw -Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology .(which we will refer to as MUST). Turn to the next page.
8
6
Question
A high-school senior enters your library and tells you that she is
doing a paper on "revolutionary changes in scientific theory, 1950 -
1960." She feels a science encyclopedia might be helpful and has
hear favorable comments about MHEST.* What suggestions would you
make to her? Select the best answer and turn to the page indicated by
the number preceding it.
7. Point out that the material in MHEST is highly technical and
therefore unsuitable for her needs.
8. Suggest that she read the forematter in MUST very carefully.
9. Advise her that biographical, historical and philosophical
considerations are not treated in detail in MHEST; suggest
an alternative that will better suit her needs.
* Hereafter we shall use this abbreviation for the McGraw -Hill .
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology./v.
7
Your answer is that you would point out that the material in
MHEST is highly technical and therefore unsuitable for her needs.
Wrong. The articles in MHEST "are within the comprehension of
the interested high school student." Re-read the information in
the Prefaces and select another answer. The question is on
page 6.
10
ti
8
Your answer is that you would suggest that the patron read the
"forematter" in MHEST very carefully. Wrong. Although this is
good general advice to give a reader who is using any reference
work; it is not an especially helpful suggestion in this particular
case. Re-read the information in the Prefaces, return to the
question on page 6, and choose another answer.
9
Your answer is that you would advise the patron that biographical,
historical, and philosophical considerations are not treated in
detail in MHEST. You are correct. The Prefaces point out that
these questions are included "only as required in the natural and
factual development of technical subjects. "' and "only if needed
for the basic understanding of a scientific concept or its
technical application." You should suggest an alternative that
will better suit the patron's needs.
Turn to the next page.
10
In Volume I, turn to "Guide for Readers: Basic plan of the encyclopedia."
Read the information carefully.
Question
A patron tells you that he needs a more detailed definition of the
word "aeronomy" than the abridged dictionary provides. What sug-
gestions can you make to him? Select the best answer and turn to the
page with the corresponding number.
12. Consult an unabridged dictionary
13. Consult the glossary in MHEST
14. Look up the word in a base volume (1 -14) of REST
13
rr
..0M=IUMMI
11
If you have turned to this page, you are not following instructions.
Return to the question on page 9 and do as you are directed.
14
12
Your answer is that you would suggest the patron consult an
unabridged dictionary. This is not entirely incorrect. It
is true that unabridged dictionaries usually include all
scientific and technical words used by English-speaking people.
If you had consulted Webster's [Unabridged] International
Dictionary (3rd Edition), you would have found a very brief
definition. The patron said that he needed a detailed definition.
Return to the question on page 10 and select a better answer.
d"' 15
13
Your answer is that you would consult the glossary in MHEST.
You are guessing. There is no glossary in MHEST. Re-read
Guide for Readers: Basic plan of the encyclopedia at the
beginning of Volume I, return to the question on page 10 and
select the correct answer.
i6
3.4
Your answer is that you would look up the word in a base
volume of MUST. You are correct. Turn to page 98 of Volume I.
. Find aeronomy. Note that there is a detailed definition of the
word as well as separate articles covering its main subdivisions
and more specific aspects; cross-references are included.
Turn to the next page.
.17
15
Question
The patron says he would like to find out the professional affiliation
of C. G. Stergis who wrote the article in MHEST on aeronomy. How
would you assist him? Select the best answer and turn to the page
indicated by the number preceding it.
16. Suggest he consult American Men of Science
17. Tell him that the list of contributors to MHEST is
in Volume 15.
18. Refer him to the Appendix at the end of Volume I of
MHEST
18
16
Your answer is that you would suggest he consult American Men of
Science. This is not incorrect. Each entry in this work contains
such basic information ate name, position, address, field, birthplace,
degrees, positions held, memberships in organizations, and research
specialties. If you had looked in American Men of Science, you
would have found that C. G. Stergis is listed and that a complete
citation appears after his name. However, this is not the only
approach to answering the patron's question. The information he
requested was really quite limited. Return to the question on rev
15 and pick an alternative answer.
19
17
Your answer is that you would tell him that the list of
contributors to MIEST is in Volume 15. You are correct. A
list of encyclopedia contributors with their affiliations and
the titles of the articles written for the encyclopedia is in
Volume 15. Pick up the volume. Turn first to the Key to
Contributors. Browse through it.
Question
What is Stergis' first name? Write it below and then turn to page
19 to be sure you are correct.
20
AIM
18
Your answer is that you would refer the patron to the Appendix
at the end of Volume I of MUST. Wrong. You are guessing.
There is no Appendix to MPEST. Return to the question on page
15 and pick the correct answer.
21
19
You are correct if you wrote that Stergis' first name is
Christos. Turn to the next page.
22
20
The list of contributors begins on page XV of Volume 15. Browse
through it. Also read How to use the Index, which follows the list
of contributors and the Explanation of the Topical Index.
Question
Give the name of the article(s) written by Elias E. Manuelidis and
his affiliation. Turn to page 21 to be sure you are correct.
21
You are correct if you answer Nervous System Disorders; Associate
Professor of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine.
Turn to the next page.
a,24
r.
22
Question
A patr n wants information about LSD-25. You decide that MHEST
might be helpful. What should you do? Pick the correct answer
and turn to the appropriate page.
23. Look in the analytical index
24. Look for LSD-25 in its alphabetical place by title in a
base volume.
25. Look in the topical index
25
23
Your answer is that you would look in the analytical index.
You are right. Usually, the spelled-out form rather than an
abbreviation is used for an entry; however, in this case, the
page reference is given in the index under both LSD-25 and
lysergic acid diethylamide. LSD-25 is included in an article
on psychotamimetic drugs and does not appear in a base volume
under "L."
Turn to page 26.
37
Your answer is that you could use all the means mentioned to
obtain the information. You are correct. This is the preferred
answer. Actually, there are five approaches by which information
can be found in the encyclopedia:
1. The alphabetical placement by title of articles in the
encyclopedia.
2. The comprehensive (analytical) index
3. The topical index
4. The 40,000 cross references among articles
5. The list of contributors in Volume 15 which shows the
major articles written by each contributor.
24
Your answer is that you would look for LSD-25 in its alphabetical
place by title in a base volume. You are wrong. Pick up Volume
7 (where LSD would occur in the alphabet) and look. Then
re-read the question on page 22 and pick a better answer.
38
Titles in MBEST are alphabetized by word and not by letter. Place
the following list of words in the order in which they appear in the
encyclopedia.
Earthmover
Earthquake
Earth sciences
Earth tides
Check page 120 in the analytical index to be sure you are correct.
Then, continue the instruction by turning to page 39.
25
Your answer is that you would look in the topical index. You
are wrong. The information in the topical index is too general
for the patron's needs. Return to the question on page 22 and
pick the correct answer.
28
39
A word utiild- as a noun in MHEST precedes the same word used as an
adjective. Place the following list in the order in which it would
appear in the encyclopedia.
Aircraft
Air cooling
Air cushion
Airfoil
Be sure you are correct by checking your answers on pages 9 and 10
of the analytical index. Then, turn to page 40.
26
Question
A patron is seeking information on the effect of the pituitary gland
on LTH production. In which volume of MST can the information
be found? On what page. Write in the answers and then turn to page
27 to be sure you are correct.
Volume Page
4o
Hyphenated terms are alphabetized as single words. Place the
following list of words in the order in which it appears in MHEST.
Grassland
Grasserie
Grass-root beetle
Grass crops
Check your answers with page 169 in the analytical index to be sure
you are correct. Then, turn to the next page.
43
27
You are correct if you gave the following answer:
Volume 10 Page 250
Turn to the next page.
30
You have just finished the programmed portion of the instruction.
Now turn to the following page (1&2) for a brief review exercise.
44
Question
A patron tells you that as painlessly as possible, he would like to
become as informed as possible on all aspects of immunology. He is
interested in finding appropriate reading material and feels that
a science encyclopedia might be helpful. How would you assist him?
Pick the correct answer and turn to the page with the corresponding
number.
29. Locate for him the volume containing the part of the alpha-bet in which "immunology" appears.
30. Suggest he see the topical index
31. Suggest he see the analytical index
1
42
For the purposes of review, answer the following questions. Answers areto be found on the pages indicated--but you must first locate the correctvolume.
1. Are most articles. written to be understandable by interested highschool studente
2. Where can you find the full name of a contributor who signs onlyhis initials?
3. Are biographical or historical articles included?
4. Are titles of articles alphabetized word by word or letter by letter?
5. Name four fields that the subject ACOUSTICS can be divided into.p. 48-49.
6. A person is interested in all aspects of atmospheric pollution.
a. Under what headings are various aspects described? p. 643-646.
b. What is the most recent reference in the bibliography?
7. Why is there a renewed interest in autogiros? p. 674-675.
8. What is an astronomical transit? p. 608-613.Name one use of it.
9. When was the airship Hindenburg built? p. 218
10. Name some of the engineering applications of aerial photographs.p. 82-83.
11. What is the full name of a contributor whose initials are G.S.Bo?p. VI.
12. What article did he contribute? p. XXII.
13. What was his affiliation, p. XXII.
Read "How to use the Index" and answer the following questions.
14. How are hyphenated words arranged? p. 1.
15. What does the asterisk (*) mean? p. 1.
16. What is the volume and page reference for material on cabin designfor space travel? p. 379-80.
17. Is material on sea water located in one volume or in several volumes?p. 262.
45
29
Your answer is that you would locate for him the volume containing
the section of the alphabet in which immunology appears. This
is not incorrect. Following the article on immunology, there
would be cross references to tangential subjects. This is not
the only approach, however. Return to the question on page
28 and pick another answer.
32
j 43
18. What field of knowledge does the subject "Selective medium" belongto? p. 364.
Read the explanatory material which precedes the topical index and answerthe following.
19. What is the major difference between the analytical index entriesand the topical index entries? p. 459.
20. Which of the five approaches by which one can find information inthe encyclopedia would you use first if you wanted to know whatsubjects the field of control systems engineering covers?p. 459-60.Why did you choose this particular approach?
21. In the field of oceanography, does the encyclopedia have informationon television underwater? p. 489.
Reference for additional information about encyclopedias:
Murphy, Robert W. Row to look it up. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., 1958.. "General encyclopedias." p. 49-59.
30
Your answer is that you would suggest that he see the topical
index. Correct. The topical index groups the 7,360 articles in
MHEST under about 100 general headings. If the patron studies
all the articles listed under the Leading Immunology, he can
significantly increase his knowledge of the subject.
Turn to page 33.
33
REFERENCE TOOLS and SERVICES
Handbooks
Engineering
On-The-lob :`Train, of Library Personnel
Produced under ereitireitOEC-1-7-071214-51i6.with support from the U.S.Army ATLIS Prefect.
31
Your answer is that you would suggest that he see the analytical
index. This is not incorrect. The analytical index will point
out specific entries on immunology. However, this is not the
only approach. Turn to page 30 for an alternative.
Handbooks:
Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers
Handbook of the Engineering Sciences
Instructions for Using the Text
This is a form of "programmed text"--that is, in working withit, you must follow the instructions as to which pages toturn to, rather than reading it through, page by page. Itcontains a series of multiple-choice questions. At the end ofeach question are numbered answers; the number of each answeris also the "humber of the page on which thht answer isdiscussed. Don't worry about getting the wrong answers. Thetext will help you get through the entire series of questions,whether your first answers are right or wrong.
Or-
48
32
tither you goofed or are not following inst
ge
ructions. You were not
told to turn to this page. Return to pa 28, and continue.
35
1
In this unit we will look at two specialized sources of engineering
information: One of these is:
Baumeister, Theodore, Ed.Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers. 7th Edition. NewYork. McGraw-Hill. 1967.
This handbook is an example of a specialized encyclopedia containedin a single volume. It is typical of many handbooks in scientificand engineering fields. Learning how to find infocmation in thiswork will help you to use other similar books, even though you maybe unfamiliar with the subjects and vocabulary you encounter in them.
The Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers is like other handbooksin the following ways:
1. It consists largely of short articles on a very broad rangeof different specialized subjects written by a number ofdifferent authors.
2. The range of factual and descriptive information in thearticles covers far more than the field of mechanicalengineering.
3. The articles will vary from one to another in authorityof coverage, factual detail, clarity of presentation, accuracyand the degree to which the article is up to date in thatspecial field.
4. Each article in the handbook attempts to survey or sum upthe atate of knowledge in the subject covered-in a way thatwill be understood by readers who are not specialists inthat subject.
5. The articles will contain a list of references to the liter-ature of the subjects covered.
49
33
Question
A patron wants information on oceanography. Using MESTI how can he
find it? Choose the correct answer and turn to the page indicated
by the number preceding it.
34. Alphabetical placement by title
35. Comprehensive (analytical) index
36. Topical index
2
Read Figure 1 and Figure 2 carefully. They ate facsimiles of the
prefaces to the current (7th) edition of the Standard Handbook
for Mechanical Engineers -- which we will henceforth call SHME
and the one which appeared in the original edition. Then turn to
page 5.
50
Your answer is alphabetical placement by title. You are not
incorrect. However, this is not the only approach. Pick an
answer that is more generally true. The question is on page
33.
37
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION
This is the Golden Anniversary edition of the STANDARD HAND-BOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. When the book wasfirst published by Professor Marks in 1916 there were doubtless hopesthat it would mature to a position of significance in the profession. Theintervening fifty years have demonstrated its growth to classic propor-tions. Its progressive revision has culminated in this Seventh Editionthe work of more than one hundred contributors.
The editor has had the enthusiastic cooperation of his contributors, ofhis reviewers, and of his publishers to assure the publication of a bookthat will be useful to the professional engineer and to the student in therapidly changing scope and practice of mechanical engineering.
For those who find history tantalizing, it is provocative to comparethe table of contents of the first edition with that of this Seventh Edition.The additions include such new topics as computers and their adaptationto automatic controls, steam turbines of a million kilowatts capacity,boilers burning coal at the rate of half a dozen tons a minute, nuclearreactors and power plants, supersonic aircraft, astronautics, hovercraft,photoelasticity, air pollution, and water supply. But the many develop-ments in such mundane areas as machine elements, metals, wood, plastics,machine tools, welding, adhesives, and piping, must not be forgotten.Even the treatment of such basic sciences as solid mechanics, thermo-dynamics and fluid dynamics, and of the increasingly important areaof mathematics, has been overhauled to fit the modern demands imposedupon the mechanical engineer.
The profession has felt the impact of expansion of old practices andthe introduction of new concepts. The editor has had to reconcile theneed to keep the volume size within reasonable bounds with the need tooffer the user the kind of comprehensive information that has made thebook so useful over the years. In this effort he has had the enthusiasticcooperation of contributors, reviewers, and publishers, and of TheodoreBaumeister III and Mrs. Martha W. C. Baumeister in the preparation ofthe all-important index. No handbook is any better than its index.
Meticulous care has been exercised to avoid errorsultimately theresponsibility of the editor. If any are included through inadvertence,the editor will be grateful for the help of readers in their eliminationfrom subsequent printings of this edition.
THEODORE BAUMEISTERWILLTOWN BLUFF, B.C.
December 31, 1966
Figure 1
51
4
35
Your answer is that you would consult the comprehensive (analytical)
index. You are not incorrect. However, this is not the only
possible approach. Return to the question on page 33 and pick
an answer that is more 'enerally true.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION*
This Handbook is intended to supply both the practicing engineer andthe student with a reference work which is authoritative in character andwhich covers the field of mechanical engineering in a comprehensive man-ner. It is no longer possible for a single individual or a small group ofindividuals to have so intimate an acquaintance with any major divisionof engineering as is necessary if critical judgment is to be exercised in thestatement of current practice and the selection of engineering data. Onlyby the co-operation of a considerable number of specialists is it possible toobtain the desirable degree of reliability. This Handbook represents thework of fifty specialists.
Each contributor is to be regarded as responsible for the accuracy ofhis section. The number of contributors required to ensure sufficientlyspecialized knowledge for all the topics treated is necessarily large. It wasfound desirable to enlist the services of thirteen specialists for an adequatehandling of the "Properties of Engineering Materials." Such topics as"Automobiles," "Aeronautics," "Illumination," "Patent Law," "CostAccounting," "Industrial Buildings," "Corrosion," "Air Conditioning,""Fire Protection," "Prevention of Accidents," etc., though occupyingrelatively small spaces in the book, demanded each a separate writer.
A number of the contributions which deal with engineering practice,after examination by the Editor-in-Chief, were submitted by him to one ormore specialists for criticism and suggestions. Their co-operation hasproved of great value in securing greater accuracy and in ensuring thatthe subject matter does not embody solely the practice of one individualbut is truly representative.
An accuracy of four significant figures has been assumed as the desirablelimit; figures in excess of this number have been deleted, except in specialcases. In the mathematical tables only four significant figures have beenkept.
The Editor-in-Chief desires to express here his appreciation of thespirit of co-operation shown by the Contributors and of their patience insubmitting to modifications of their sections. He wishes also to thank thePublishers for giving him complete freedom and hearty assistance in allmatters relating to the book from the choice of contributors to the detailsof typography.
CAMBIUM; MASS.April 23,1916
*Excerpt.xv
Figure 2
41' 52
LIONEL S. MARKS
Your answer is that you would consult the topical index. You
are not incorrect. However, this is not the only way. Select
an answer that is more generally true. Return to the question
on page 33.
5
SHME is intended to supply both the practicing engineer and the
student with a reference work that is useful in the rapidly expanding
scope and practice of mechanical engineering. How has this been
accomplished? Pick the correct answer and turn to the page with
the corresponding number.
6. by disregarding volume size in the interest of providing
comprehensive information
7. by enlisting the aid of a considerable number of specialists
8. by incorporating the Engineering Index in the Appendix
4,f`
6
Your answer is "by disregarding volume size in the interest of
providing comprehensive information:' You are wrong. In the
preface to the 7th edition, the editor says that he had had to
reconcile the need to offer the, user as comprehensive information
as possible. Re-read the information in Figures 1 and 2 then
turn to page 5 and select the correct answer.
54
7
Your answer is "by enlisting the aid of a considerable number of
specialists." Correct. It is stated in Figure 1 that the 7th
edition of SHINE is the work of more than one hundred contributors.
When the handbook was first published in 1916, there were fifty
contributing specialists. Turn to page 10.
,4.
55
8
Your answer is "by incorporating the Engineering Index into the
Appendix. You are guessing. Re-read the information in Figure 1
and Figure 2, then turn to page 5 and choose the correct answer.
9
If you have turned to this page, you are not following instructions.
Return to page 5 and do as directed.
10
Question
A student using SINE notes that different contributors have written
on various aspects of engineering practice and asks if it is reasonable
to assume that the points of view expressed might be highly in-
dividual ones. How would you respond? Pick the correct answer and
turn to the appropriate page.
11. Critical judgment is exercised in the selection of data.
12. Many new topics have been added to fit modern demands
imposed on the mechanical engineer.
13. Contributions are reviewed by.one or more specialists for
criticism and suggestions.
58
11
Your answer is: Critical judgment is exercised in the selection
of the data. The statement is true in a general way about the
information incorporated into SHINE; however, it does not answer
the patron's *question. Re-read the question on page 10, study
Figures 1 and 2 if necessary, and choose the correct answer.
59
12
Your answer is: Many new topics have been added to fit modern
demands imposed on the mechanical engineer. The statement is
correct, but you haVe not answered the patron's question. Study
Figures 1 and 2 if necessary reread the question on page 10,
and pick another answer.
se 60
13
Your answer is: Contributions are reviewed by one or more
specialists for criticism and suggestions. You are correct.
This procedure aids in securing greater accuracy and in
ensuring that the subject matter does not embody solely the
practice of one individual but is truly representative. Turn
to the next page.
414 61
1'
Study Figures 3, 4, and 5. They are facsimiles of SHME's
Contents.. Notice that many topics are included that are not
usually thought of in connection with mechanical engineering.
Turn to page 18.
62
15
CONTENTS
For the detailed contents of any section consult the title page of thataction. The alphabetical index follow Section 18.
List of ContributorsPreface to the Seventh EditionPreface to the First EditionSymbols and Abbreviations
v
xiiixvxxi
Mathematical Tables 1-2
Weights and Measures 1 -70
Arithmetic 2-2
Geometry and Mensuration 2-11
Algebra 2.24Trigonometry 2.39
Analytical Geometry 2-47
Differential and Integral Calculus 2-64
Graphical Representation of Functions 2-83
Vector Analysis 2-96
Computers 2-99
Mechanics of Solids 3-2
Friction 344Mechanics of Fluids 3 -48
Thermal Properties of Substances and Thermodynamics 4-2
Mixture of Air and Water Vapor 4-80
Transmission of Heat by Conduction and Convection 4-90
Radiant-heat Transfer 4-108
Mechanical Properties of Materials 5-2
Mechanics of Niaterials 5-21
Pipeline Flexure Stresses 5-82
Vibration 5-90
Non-destructive Testing 5-106
General Properties of Materials 6-3
Iron and Steel 6.11
Iron and Steel Castings 6.51
Non-ferrous Metals 6-66
Corrosion 6-124
Paints and Protective Coatings 6-143
Wood 6.150
Non-metallic Materials 6-170
Refractories 6-206
Cement, Mortar, and Concrete 6.216
xvii
Figure 3
-* 63
16
CONTENTS
Water 6-234Lubricants and Lubrication 6-243Fuels 7-2C.arbonization of Coal and Gas Making 7-52Combustion Furnaces 7-64Incineration 7-72Atmospheric Pollution and Gas Cleaning 7-80Electric Furnaces and Ovens 7-9/Mechanism 8.3Machine Elements 8-12Gearing 8-131Fluid Film Bearings 8.156Bearings with Rolling Contact 8-178l'ackings 8.188Pipe and Pipe Fittings 8-194Preferred Numbers 8 -255Sources of Energy 9-3Windmills 9-8Steam Boilers 9-14Steam Engines 9-54Steam Turbines 9-59Pes.er-plant Neat Exchanges 9-83Internal-combustion Engines 9-103Gas Turbines 9-150Nuclear (Atomic) Power 9-158Hydraulic Turbines 9-183Direct-energy Conversion 9-204Power Miscellany 9-209Methods of Moving Materials 10-2Lifting 10-5Dragging, Pulling, and Pushing 10-26Carrying and Lifting 10-32Conveying and Continuous Flow 10-52Automobiles 11-3Railway Engineering 11-24Marine Engineering 11-45Hydrofoil Craft and Air-cushion Vehicles 11-69Air Resistance of Trains, Automobiles, and Ships 11-74Aeronautics 11-76Jet Propulsion and Aircraft Propellers 11-112Astronautics 11-140Pipeline Transmission 11-180Industrial Plants 12-2Structural Design of Buildings 12-16Reinforced Concrete Design and Construction 12.60Heating 12-83Air Conditioning and Ventilation 12-120Illumination 12-154Sound, Noise, and Ultrasonics 12.177Prevention of Accidents 12.188Fire Protection 12494Foundry Practice and Equipment 13-2
Figure 4
64
17
CONTENTS XiX
Working Metals and Plastics 13-14Welding 13-39Metal-removal Processes and Equipment 13-69Surface-texture Designation, Production, and Control 13-107Woodcutting Tools and Machines 13-113Pumps 14-2Centrifugal and Axial Pumps 14-21Compressors 14-42High-vacuum Pumps 14-62Centrifugal and Axial Fans 14-69Electrical Engineering 15-2Interior Wiring 15-94Electronics 15-115Instruments 16-2Automatic Controls 16-33Industrial Economics and Management 17-2Cost Accounting 17-11Analysis of Corporation Annual Reports 17-21Engineering Statistics and Quality Control 17-24Time and Motion Study 17-35Control of Maintenance Costs 17-45Cost of Electric Power 17-54Mechanical Refrigeration 18-2Cryogenic 18-28Optics :8-48Surveying 18-50Patents for Inventions 18-62Miscellaneous 18-66
Index follows Sedion 18
Figure 5
65
18
Question
A patron needs to know if SHME has information on a specific aspect
of Heat. Using the Contents (Figures 3, 4, and 5), how would you
respond? Select the correct answer and turn to the page with the
corresponding number.
19. Point out that since Heat does not appear as a section in
the Contents, SHME cannot be of help to him.
20. Ask the patron for words synonymous with Heat (if you
can't think of any offhand), and turn to the title page
of the appropriate section -- if it exists.
21. Use the alphabetical index to locate Heat.
19
Your answer is that you would point out that since Heat does
not appear as a section in the Contents, SHME cannot be of help
to him. You are very wrong. By giving this answer you would
grossly misinform the patron. Re-read the Contents (Figures.3,
4, and 5), return to the question on page 18, and choose the
correct answer.
67
20
Your answer is that you would ask the patron for words synonymous
with Heat and turn to the title page of the appropriate section.
This is not incorrect. It is true that you should obtain all
possible information from patrons when attempting to answer a
reference question. In this case, mention of any work containing
"thermo-" would be sufficient to refer you to Section 4. The
title page of Section 4 -- Heat -- lists in detail the contents
of the section. However, there is an easier way. Turn to the
preferred answer on page 21.
68
21
Your answer is that you would use the alphabetical index to
find Heat. Correct. The note befoie the listing of the Contents
mentions that this index follows Section 18. Its use would
represent the greatest economy of time and effort in this
particular case. You will be referred to the title page of
Section 4 -- Heat -- where the contents of the section is
listed in detail. Turn to page 23.
69
22
Either you goofed or are peeking. The instruction did not refer
you to this page. Please return to page 18.
23
Question
A patron using SHME says that he needs to know the meaning of some
of the abbreviations in an article he is reading. How would you
assist him? Choose the correct answer and turn to the page cor-
responding to the number beside it.
24. Give him the SHME Vocabulary Supplement
,25. 'Refer him to the Engineers' Thesaurus
26. Suggest that he turn to page xxi in SHME
71
Your answer is that you would give him the SHME Vocabulary
Supplement. You are guessing. There is no such volume.
Return to the question on page 23 and select the correct
answer.
25
Your answer is that you would refer him to the Engineers'
Thesaurus. Wrong.- There is no such book. And, even if
there were, its use would not be the correct approach in
this particular case. Re-read the question on page 23 and
pick another answer.
**. 73
26
Your answer is that you would suggest that he turn to page
xxi in SHME. You are correct. The Contents notes that the
list of Symbols and Abbreviations appearing in SHME begins
on page xxi. Turn to the next page,
27
Question
Study Figure 6. It is a facsimile of the Index to Major Topics
in SHME. Notice that there are 18 sections listed in alphabetical
order. In which section would articles appear on Heating, Ventilating
and Air Conditioning? Select the correct answer and turn to the
appropriate page.
29. Section 4
30. Section 14.
31. Section 12
75
AeronauticsAstronauticsAtmospheric Pollution and Gas CleaningAtomic (Nuclear) PowerAutomobilesBearingsPlain, Ball, RollerBuilding Construction and EquipmentCompressors, Fans, BlowersComputersCorrosionCryogenicsDirect ConversionElectrical and Electronics EngineeringFrictionFuels and FurnacesGas TurbinesGearingHeat TransmissionHeating, Ventilating, and Air ConditioningHydraulic TurbinesIlluminationIncinerationIr dustrial Engineering and EconomicsInstruments and ControlsInternal-combustion EnginesIron and SteelJet Propulsion and Aircraft Propellers.Lubricants and LubricationMachine Elements and MechanismMachine-shop PracticeMarine EngineeringMaterials HandlingMaterials (Properties of)Mathematical TablesMathematicsMechanics of FluidsMechanics of SolidsNon-destructive TestingNon-ferrous MetalsPipe and Pipe FittingsPumps.Railway EngineeringRefrigerationSound, Noise, and UltrasonicsSteam Boilers, Turbines, and Heat ExchangersStrength of MaterialsSurface Texture (Finish)SurveyingThermal Properties of Substanies; ThermodynamicsVibrationWeights and MeaauresWelding. ................................................................ 18
28
INDEX TO MAJOR TOPICS
Section11
11
79
11
a121426
189
16
37984
129
127
17
18
96
11
68
1311
1061
2
3
668
14
11
1812
96
13
1846
1
Figure 6
76
29
Your answer is Section 4. You are wrong. This section
contains information on Heat Transmission.
.t
30
Your answer is Section 14. Wrong. Articles in this section
concern Compressors, Fans, Blowers.
31
Your answer is Section 12. Correct. There are articles on
Heating,tVentilating and Air Conditioning in this section.
Turn to the next page.
32
Question
Study Figure 7. It is a facsimile of SHME's Important Reference
Tables and Charts. Notice that the first number refers to the
section and the second number to the page within the section. In-
dicate where the following data can be found and then turn to page
34 to make sure your answers are correct.
a. Dust Particle Characteristics
b. Melting and Boiling Points
c. Reciprocals of Numbers
d. Specific Heats, Solids, Liquids, Gases
e. Temperature Conversion Table
f. Viscosities of Fluids
33
IMPORTANT REFERENCE TABLES AND CHARTS
Astronautical Physical DataBeams 6-31;
Page
11 -1466- 49;12 -46
Centers of Gravity . 3-10Chemical Elements 6-4Circles (Areas, Circumferences, Segments) 1-28Coefficients of Expansion . 4-6Coefficients of Friction 3 -36Combustion Data 4-72; 4-73Conductors (Electrical), Carrying Capacity of 16 -95Conversion Tables (Length, Area, Volume, Mass, Etc.) 1 -76Copper Wire (Resistance, Weight, Etc.) 16-9Cross-section Symbols 8-130Cryogen Properties 18-36Decimal Equivalents 1-69Densities of Various Substances 6-7Differentials. 2 -64Dust Particle Characteristics 7-81Electrical Symbols 16-11Fits 8-62Gases, Properties of 4-22; 4-74Integrals 2-70Logarithms (Common); Hyperbolic (Natural) 1- 40;1 -68Melting and Boiling Points... 4 -6; 4-93Metals, Physical Constants of 6-10; 6-67; 11-160Moments of Inertia of Areas 6-37Pipe, Properties and Dimensions of 8-200Pipe and Duct Friction Charts 3-60; 12-136Pipe Fittings, Flanged; Screwed; Welding 8-228; 8-237; 8-241Psychrometric Charts 4-84; 4-86; 12-121Reciprocals of Numbers 1-24Refrigerant Properties 4-48Screws, Nuts, Bolts 8-14Specific Gravity Scales 1-88Specific Heats, Solids, Liquids, Gases 4-11; 4-22Springs 8-110Steam Tables and Mollier Chart 4 -85; 4-38Steels, Compositions and Properties of 6-32Structural Steel, Properties of 12-46Surfaces and Volumes of Solids 2-19Symbols and Abbreviations xxiTemperature Color Scale, Iron and Steel 4-7Temperature Conversion Table 4-3Thermal Conductivities 4-92Trigonometric Formulas; Functions 1-46; 2-39Vapors, Properties of 4- 36;18 -6Viscosities of Fluids 3-49; 4-68Weights of Steel Bars and Sheets 6-47Wire and Sheet Metal Gages 6-48Wire Rope 8-114
Figure 7
You are correct if you gave the following answers:
a. 7-81
b. 4-5; 4-93
c. 1-24
d. 4-11; 4-22
e. 4-3
f. 3-49; 4-68
Turn to the next page.
35
Question
A patron asks for names and affiliations of authors writing for
SHME on Welding. How could you most readily obtain this information?
Study Figure 6, pick the correct answer, and turn to the page where
the number beside it appears.
36. Consult the List of Contributors
37. Look in the Index
38. Look in the Index to Major Topics
3
36
Your answer is that you would consult the List of Contributors.
You are not incorrect. This listing ie arrange alphabetically
by the last name of the contributor; the affiliition and the
stated professional specialization are given. However, you
would have to read every name in the list to be sure of finding
all authors with this specialty. Turn back to the question on
page 35 and select a better answer.
37
Your answer is that you would look in the Index. you are not
entirely incorrect.. The names of contributors do not appear
in the Index; they are in the List of Contributors. However,
the Index will provide information that will be useful to you,
Return to the question on page 35 and select another answer.
38
Your answer is that you would look in the Index to Major Topics.
You are correct. You will be referred to Section 13, the section
containing information on welding, where authors on welding and
their affiliations are listed in the Contents to the section.
Turn to page 41. /.>
Study Figure 9. It is a facsimile of the Contents of Section 13
with information on Welding. Write the name(s) and affiliations of
You. are correct if your answer is that Edward A. Fenton,
Technical Director, American Welding Society, is the only
contributor in S11E on welding.
Turn to the next page.
43.
Question
How can you determine the aspects of welding covered by Fenton in
his article? Choose the correct response and turn to the page where
the corresponding number appears. See Figure 8 on the next page.
43. By consulting the Contents to Section 13
44. By consulting the Index
o.
INDEX
Water gas (table), earbureted, results from. 7-58.749
flame temperature (table). 4-76high Btu value, 7-58manufacture, T-37 to 7-59
cycles for. 058fuels for. 7-58beat balance in. T-39oils in. T-39steam accumulator in, 7-59waste -heat boiler in. 7-59
Water hammer. in penstocks, 9-201in pipelines. 8-72relief devices for. 1-37
Water jst. impact, 1-31.1-57Water meters. 109. 1140. 18.18 to 11-22
loss of bead in. 1148Water power. 9.218 to 9-220
(Se. also Hydraulic turbines)Water seal (Packing.). 6-189Water-tube boilers. 9-24 to 9-34Water turbines (see Hydraulic turbines)Water vapor, in air (charts). 4-84 to 4-83
emissivity of (chart). 4-120specific heat. 4-13
Waterproofed cement. 6-137. 8.217Waterproofed concrete. 6-230Watt (del), 1-74. 16-5. 1143Watt-bour (del), 11-3Watt-hour meters. 11-38Watt-second (del). 16-4Wattles' current (del), 18-31Wattmeters, 11-36 to 11-38
polyphase. 16-37Wave length, of radio wave.. 18.126, 16427
of sound. 11-178Wave-making resistance (ships), 11-48Wave motors, 9-219Wave power, 9.219Waves, alternating - current, 1029
radio. 11426 to 11428Weber (magnetic flux, dsf). 18-3Weber's (dimensionless) number, 8-75Wedge, rectangular, volume of, 2-2C
opherical, volume of, 2-21Wedges, fried in of, 8-41Weighers for onveyors. 110-83, 1044Weighing seal is, 105. 164,,Weightometev, Merrick, 1043Weights, ales is (table), 6-4
conversion able for, 1-79correspondidg to degrees, API (table), 148
Baum6 (table), 8-89per cubic foot of various materials (table), 6-7,
141equivalents (table). 1-79fundamental equation of, II-2of materials (table), 10-2and measures, metric, 1-72
U.8., 17-70
101
Weirs, 1-70, 071, 16-22Cippoletti. 1-71rectangular-notch, Francis formula for, 1-71Rebbock formula for, 11-71sharp-crested, Francis formula for, 8-71submerged, flow over, 1-71Sutra, 11-22trapesoidal. 1-71triangular-notch. 1-71, 11-227-notch, 1-71, 11-22
Welding. 18-39 to 11-68aluminum and alloys, 11-63 to 18-66arcs, 11-41braze. 11-50, 18-63cast iron, 11-61 to 11-62east steel, 111-61chrome iron and steels, 1840codes. 1040copper and copper alloys, 11-66drafting symbols for, 11-40, 1343electric arc, 11-41 to 11-49
currents and speeds (table), 11-46 to 16-48electrodes for, 11-42 to 11-45, 18-46metal grooves. proportions of, 18-40semiautomatic machines for, 1046shielded arc, 18-41spot, 11-49voltage for, 11-41
electric flash, 11-56electric resistance, 11-53 to 1058
current and energy for (table), 18-54, 11-55,1S-57
electrodes, 11-53, 11-55flub, 11-56percussion. 11-57projection. 11-55Pulsation. 1147seam, 11-53, 11-54, 1055spot, 11-53 to 18-53upset. 11-56
electrodes. classifications, 11-42 to 11-46coverings for, 11-42current ranges for (table), 11-43properties (table), 11-42tungsten, 11-45, 11-46
electron-beam, 1086
exotic meta, 1Electrodes,
metals,explosive, 11-67facing by, 18-37filler metals for, 11-49forehand and backhand, 1140fundamentals, 11-39gas. 18-49 to 11-51
euxes for, 11-50by machine, 11-51
gas metal-arc. production data (table), 11148joints for, 1139laser-beans, 11-68magnesium and alloys, 1066
Figure 8
tf!,
143
Your answer us that you would consult the Contents to
Section 13. You are not incorrect. A listing of the aspects
of welding covered in the article is given. However, this is
not the only approach. Turn to page 44 for an alternative.
y
We'
44
Your answer is that you would consult the Index. You are
correct. The Index gives a detailed break-down of aspects'of
the subject covered in Fenton's article. However, less-detailed
information appears in the Contents to Section 13. Read the
information in Figure 9, then turn to page 46.
tr
92
.11=111.1.
45
SECTION 13
SHOP PROCESSESBY
CARL R. LOPER, JR., Associate Professor, Minerals and Metals Engineering,University of Wisconsin.
E. V. CRANE, Consulting Engineer, Chief Engineer and Research Director (retired),E. W. Bliss Company.
EDWARD A. FENTON, Technical Director, American Welding Society.SEROPE KALPAKJIAN, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aero-
space Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology.JAMES A. BROADSTON, Director, Logistics, Rocketdyne, a Division of North
American Aviation, Inc.RICHARD W. PERKINS, Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineer-
ing, Syracuse University.
FOUNDRY PRACTICE ANDEQUIPMENT
By CARL R. LOPER, Jo.
CONTENTS
METAL-REMOVAL. PROCESSESAND EQUIPMENT
By SEROPE KALPAKJIANPAOI
Basle Steps in Making Sand Castings. 13-2Patterns 13-2Molding Processes and Materials 13-3Molding Equipment and Mechanisation 13-7Molding Sand 13-8Casting Alloys 13-10Melting Furnaces 13-11Cloning and Inspection 13-11Casting Design 13-13
WOREING METALS AND PLASTICSBy E. V. CRANE
Structure 13-14Plasticity 13-15Plastic-working Techniques 13-17Rolling Operation" 13-23Shearing 13-24Beading 13-28Drawing 13-27SqueezingEquipment for Working Metals and
13-29
Notice 13-32
WELDINGBy EDWARD A. FENTON
Fundamentals of Welding 13-39Design Strengths 13-40Are Welding 13-41Cu Welding 13-49Thermal Cutting of Metals 13-81
BResistance Welding 13-63ras 13-68Welding Procedures 13-59
PAO'Metal-eutting Principles 13-69Cutting-tool Materials 13-74Heat Treatment of Tool Steels 13 -78Cutting Fluids 13-78Machining Processes and Equipment 13-79Lah 13-80Totol es Shapes 13-82Turret Lathes 13-83Screw Machines 13-84Boring Machines 13-84Drilling Machines 13-85Reaming Machines 13-87Threading Machines 13-88Milling Machines 13-88Gear-cutting Processes 13-91Planers and Shapers 13-93Broaching 13-94Cutting-off Machines 13-93Grinding Machines 13-98Polishing 13-100Machining of Plastics 13-102Alternative Metal-removal Processes 13-103
SURFACE-TEXTURE DESIGNATION,PRODUCTION, AND CONTROL
BY JAMES A. BROADSTONDesign Criteria 13-107Designation Standards, Symbols, and
Conventions 13-108Measurement and Production 13-112
WOODCUTTING TOOLSAND MACHINES
By RICHARD W. PERKINSSawing 13-113Planing and Molding 13-118Boring 13-116Sanding 13-117
13-I
Figure 9
46
We will now familiarize ourselves with the coverage and arrangement
of another handbook that deals with the engineering sciences. It is:
Potter, James H., ed.
Handbook of the Engineering Sciences. 2 vols.
Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand 1967.
Read the information in Figure 10., It is a facsimile of the Preface
to the Handbook of the Engineering Sciences -- that we will hence-
forth refer to as HES. In familiarizing yourself with any new
reference book, it is always useful to read the preface.
Now turn to page 47.
Lnc,'
II6A
PREFACE
The range of modern engineering activity and the complexity of the problems to be solvedin the scientific world today have inevitably and beneficially affected modern engineeringeducation. Consistently evident during the past 25 years has been, the simultaneously analyticaland interdisciplinary approach that is necessary to produce engineers capable of confrontingthe most esoteric and complex of problems. Consequently, current engineering curriculapresent not only the tested and proved basic disciplines of mechanics, thermodynamics, ma-terials, and applied electricity, but reflect also the broad scope and intricate maturity cur-rently enjoyed by mathematics, chemistry, and physics. From these has arisen that group ofcourses generally identified as the Engineering Sciences.
The HANDBOOK OF THE ENGINEERING SCIENCES recognizes and utilizes theimpact of scientific exploration upon engineering development. Volume 1, The Basic Sciences,
presents seven major sectionsmathematics, physics, chemistry, graphics, statistics, theory ofexperiments, and mechanicsas background for the applied engineering sciences. Volume II,The Applied Sciences, has eighteen major sectionsthermal phenomena, heat and mass transfer,chemical energy conversion, turbomachinery, nuclear reactor engineering, aeronautics andastronautics, field theory, electromechanical energy conversion, physical electronics, electroniccircuits, system dynamics, materials science, machine elements, control systems, operationsresearch, information retrieval, preparation of reports, computerswritten to satisfy theengineer's practical needs for thorough explanations, calculations, and examples.
The guiding philosophy in the preparation of this volume has been to assemble, categorize,and digest the more or less enduring fundamental considerations of the principal engineeringsciences on a level approximating that of the first-year graduate student in engineering. Bothvolumes have been prepared by experts in the various fields, and have been reviewed criticallyto maintain a uniform clarity and applicability. Although useful in itself, material generallydesignated "hardware"tables of the sizes and weights of machine parts, standards for thetesting of power machinery, and similar datahas been excluded in order to better accommo-date the presentation of more basic facts, techniques, and methodology.
In approaching these volumes, the busy reader can be assured that diligent effort has beenmade to foresee his needs. Superfluous material has been omitted, abridged, and excised inorder to keep the work as compact as possible, and each subject has been approached with arecognition of the need for conciseness and precision.
January, 1967
Jules H. POTTER
Question
A patron wants to purchase a text that will provide a non technical
interdisciplinary approach to the engineering sciences. He asks if
you think that HES will best serve his needs. How should you reply?
Select the best answer and turn to the page in which the corresponding
number appears.
48. Volume I, The Basic Sciences, contains background material
for the applied engineering sciences.
49. HES has an interdisciplinary approach that should suit
his needs admirably.
50. HES would be unsuitable for his needs.
48
Your answer is that you would tell the patron that Voltule I,
The Basic Sciences, contains background material for the
applied engineering sciences. The statement is correct but
the reply is Wrong. It is irrelevant to the patron's query.
Return to the question on page 47 and select a better answer.
97
149
Your answer is that HES has an interdisciplinary approach that
should suit the patron's needs admirably. You are wrong. Your
answer is irrelevant. The patron asked for a text that would
provide a non-technical approach to the engineering sciences.
Re-read the Preface (Figure 10), return to the question on page
47, and select the correct answer.
4101.
f.
50
Your answer is that HES would be unsuitable for the patronb
needs. Correct. The patron is seeking a non-technical text;
however, the level of the information in HES approximates first-
year graduate study in engineering. He is in need of a text
with information that is considerably less advanced. Turn to
the next page.
89
!,.
7°. :
51
Question
A patron tells you he needs the standard for the testing of power
machinery and is sure that HES has these data. How can you best
assist him? Refer to Figure 10, select the correct answer and
turn to the appropriate page.
53. Tell him that the standards information is probably in
Volume 2, Thd Applied Sciences.
54. Tell him that background information is in Volume I, The
Basic Sciences.
55. Tell him that HES cannot help him.
52
Either you goofed or are not following f.astructions. You were not
told to turn to this page. Return to the question on page 51 and
do as directed.
101
c.
53
Your answer is that you would tell him the standards information
is probably in Volume 2 of HES, The Applied Sciences. Wrong.
Re-read the Preface (Figure 10), return to the question on page
51, and pick the correct answer!
1C2
Your answer is that you would tell him that background information
is in Volume I, The Basic Sciences. The statement is correct,
but it is not relevant to the patron's problem. Reread the
Preface (Figure 10), return to the question on page 51, and
choose another answer.
13
55
Your answer is that you would tell him that HES cannot help him.
Correct. The Preface (Figure 10) lists material that has been
excluded from HES. Standards for the testing of power machinery
do not appear in HES. Turn to the next page.
56
Question
Figures 11 and 12 are facsimiles of the Contents of Volume I, The
Basic Sciences. Where can the postulates and rules of Boolean
algebra be found? Give all necessary information. Turn to page
59 to be sure your answer is correct.
57
CONTENTS
PREFACE,CONTRIBUTORS, vii
1. MATHEMATICS1.1. CALCULUS
Foundations of Calculus, 1; Functions, 9; Integration, 25; Differentiation, 38; Line andSurface Integrals, 48; Infinite Series and Products, 58; Bibliographical References, 71.
1.2. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL. EQUATIONSIntroduction, 71; Differential Equations of the First Order and First Degree, 72; First OrderDifferential Equation of Degree Higher Than the First, 77; Differential Equations of OrderHigher Than the First, 78; Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation with Constant Co-efficients, 79; Particular Solution of Linear Differential Equation with Constant Coefficients,79; Reduction of Order by Substitution, 82; Dependtnt Variable Absent,'82; IndependentVariable Absent, 83; Cauchy-Euler Linear Equation, 83; General Second Order LinearEquation, 83; Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients, 86;Bibliographical References, 87.
1.3. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONSPartial Differential Equations of the First Order, 87; Linear Partial Differential Equationsof the Second Order in Two Dependent Variables, 89; Riemann's Method, 90; Separationof Variables, 91; Green's Functions for the Laplacian, 92; Green's Formulas, 93; Poisson'sFormulas, 93; Poisson's Equation, 94; Laplace Transform, 94.
1.4. DIFFERENCE EQUATIONSFinite Differences, 95; Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients, 97; Linear DifferenceEquations with Variable Coefficients, 101; Z-Transforms Method, 103; Applications, 107;Bibliographical References. 112.
1.5. INTEGRAL EQUATIONSDefinitions, 113; telations Between Differential and Integral Equations, 113; Methods ofSolving Integral Equations, 114; Laplace Transforms, 119; Fourier Transforms, 125; Bibli-ographical References, 127.
1.6. CALCULUS OF VARIATIONSThe Simplest Case, 128; Special Cases, 128; Natural Boundary Conditions, 129; The InverseProblem, 129; Constraints, 131; Direct Method of Solving the Variational Problem, 132;The Sturm-Liouville Problem and Its Relation to the Calculus of Variations, 134; Hamilton'sPrinciple, 135; Bending of a Loaded Column, 135; Classical Problems in the Calculus ofVariations, 136.
ix
58
CONTENTS
1.7. OPERATIONAL CALCULUSOperational Calculus, 139.
1.8. COMPLEX VARIABLESIntroduction, 142; Complex Numbers, 142; De Moivre's Theorem, 145; Analyticity, 146;Some Simple Analytic Functions, 147; Conformal Transformations, 148; Integration, 150;Cauchy's Integra! Formula, 151; The Connection Between Differentiation and Integration,152; The Calculus of Residues, 152; Many-Valued Functions, 155; The Principle of theArgument, 156; The Special Functions of Mathematical Physics, 156; Conclusion, 162.
1.9. BOOLEAN ALGEBRAThe Basic Concepts of Boolean Algebra, 162; The Postulates and Rules of Boolean Algebra,165; Proof by Perfect Induction, 167; Applications, 168.
1.10. VECTOR ANALYSISVector Algebra, 173; Components of a Vector, 173; The Scalar Product, 174; TI,e VectorProduct, 174; Reciprocal Vectors, 175; Differentiation of Vectors, 175; Geometry of SpaceCurves, 176; Transformation Laws Under Rigid Rotation, 177; The Vector DifferentialOperator, 178; Special Orthogonal, Right-Handed Curvilinear Coordinate Systems, 180;Integral Theorems, 181; Time Derivatives of Integrals. 132.; Discontinuities, 183; Ileimhultz'Theorem, 183.
1.11. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTSMatrices, 184; :tietetzmuants, 186; Types of Matrices, 188; Matrix Inversion, 189.
1.12. TENSORSIntroduction, 192; Transformation Laws, 192; Tensors of Higher Rank, 193; FundamentalOperations with Tensors, 194; Relative Tensors, 195; The Generalized Kronecker Delta andthe Permutation Symbols, 196; Cartesian Tensors, 197; The Christoffel Symbols, 198; Differ-entiation of Tensors, 198; Covariant Derivatives, 199, Gradient Divergence, Cu:!, andLaplacian in Tensor Form, 200; Special Coordinate Spterha, 200; Nonvanishing Christ-RdSymbols, 200; Integral Theorems in Tensor Notation, 21:41.
2. PHYSICS2.a. CLASSICAL PHYSICS
2.a.1. OPTICSIntroduction, 203; Geometrical Optics, 206; Physical Optics IInterference and Diffraction,212; Physical Optics IIElectromagnetic
Waves and Polarization, 220; Physical Optics IIIAnisotropy and Optical Activity, 228; Physical Optics IVElectro-Optics, Magneto-Optics,and Photoelasticity, 232; Quantum Optics, Masers, and Lasers, 239; Bibliographical Refer-ences, 254.
2.a.2. ACOUSTICSIntroduction, 257; Generation of Sound, 258; Propagation of Sound, 265; Special Areas ofAcoustics, 277; Bibliographical References, 283.
2.a.3. HEATTemperature Scales and Thermossetry, 284; Definition of Heat and Heat Units, 288; SpecificHeat and Calodmetry, 289; Thermal Expansion, 292; Bibliographical References, 294.
Figure 12
59
You are correct if you replied that the inforthation in on page
165. You should note that each volume of HES is numbered con-
secutively from page 1 to the end of the volume. Turn to the
next page.
1C 8
Study Figures 13 through 16. They represent facsimiles of the list
of CtAltributors to Volume 2 and the first pages of the Contents to
Volum,- 2.
Question
A patron says that he is compiling a bibliography on Heat Mass-
Transfer and want to list sources cited in HES. What would you
suggest he do? Select the best answer and turn to the appropriate
page.
65. Note the specializations of the contributors to HES
66. Use information in Figure 15
67. Consult the Index
63.
CONTRIBUTORS
JAMES H. POTTER, ENG. D., George Meade Bond Professor of Mechanical Engineering, StevensInstitute of Technology, Hoboken, New JerseyEDITOR; THERMODYNAMICS
JOSEPH A. ARBUCKLE, M.S., Assistant Professor of Physics, PMC Colleges, Chester, Pennsyl-vaniaMETALLURGY
JOHN F. BARROWS, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Cornell University,Ithaca, New YorkTURBOMACHINERY
DAVID W. BLAIR, PH.D., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, The PolytechnicInstitute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New PorkTHERMAL RADIATION
JOHN P. CATCHPOLE, PH.D., Admiralty Materials Laboratory, Halton Health, Dorset, Eng-landDIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
PAUL M. CHIRLIAN, ENG. Sc.D., Professor cf Electrical Engineering; Stevens Institute ofTechnology, Hoboken, New JerseyELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
NORMAN E. COTTRELL, B.A. ECONOMICS, Diredor, Documentation Service, American Societyfor Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, and Consultant in Information TechnologyRETRIEVAL OFENGINEERING INFORMATION
JoRN G. DAUNT, PH.D., Director of the Cryogenics Center and Professor of Physics and Elec-trical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New JerseyCRYOGENICS
AARON D. DEUISCHMAN, M.S., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, NewarkCollege of Engineering, Newark, New JerseyPOWER TRANSMISSION SHAFTING; POWERSCREWS; FLEXIBLE POWER TRANSMISSION ELEMENTS; BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS
GEORGE F. FOY, B.S., General Manager, Cherical Business Development Co., Montclair, NewJerseyNATURAL PRODUCTS
GEORGE FULFORD, Photoproducts Department, E. I. du Pont de Nerno"rs and Co.,Inc., Par lin, New JerseyDIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
RAYMOND E. GOODSON, PH.D., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue Uni-versity, West Lafayette, IndianaCONTROL SYSTEMS
VEMBU GOURISHANKAR, Pn.D., Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, University ofAlberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION
HARRY HERMAN, PH.D., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Newark College ofEngineering, Newark, New Jersey GEARS
vii
Figure 13
62
Viii CONTRIBUTORS
IRMA Y. JOHNSON, M.A., Science Librarian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts-- SOURCES OP INIPOESIATION
MARTIN J. LEVY, D.Sc., Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Newark College ofEngineering,Newark, New JerseyCONVECTION
ROBERT L. Lorrurss, D.Sc., Director, Eastern Region Office, Atomics International, Divisionof North American Aviation, Inc., Washington, D.C.NUCLEAR REACTOR ENGINEERING
MALCOLM G. MCLAREN, PH.D., Associate Professor of Ceramics, College of Engineering,RutgersThe Slate University, New Brunswick, New Jersey CERAMICS
LEONARD R. MANN, M.S., Professor of Engineering, PMC Colleges, Chester, Pennsylvania- -METALLURGY
VELIO A. MARSOCCI, ENG. Sc.D., Professor of Engineering, State University of New Yorkat Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New YorkPHYSICAL ELECTRONICS
GEORGE F. MELICK, M.E., Associate Professor of .Mechanical Engineering, RutgersTheStale University, New Brunswick, New JerseyCONDUCTION
WALTER J. MICHELS, M.S., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Newark Collegeof Engineering, Newark, New JerseyRIVETED AND BOLTED CONNECTIONS, PRELOADING OPBOLTS, AND GASKETS; CLUTCHES, BRAKES, AND COUPLINGS; FLYWHEELS
PARRY MOON, M.S., Associate Proffssor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology FIELD THEORY
THOMAS H. Mon, JR., PH.D., Director, Center for Computer and Information Services, Pro-fessor of Computer Sciences, Rutgers--The State University, New Brunswick, New JerseyDIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN: STANDARD SYMBOLOGY; NUMBER SYSTEMS AND CODES
ARTHUR T. MURPHY, Pn.D., Professor and Dean, School of Engineering, PMC Colleges,Chester, PennsylvaniaSYSTEM DYNAMICS
ANTHONY RALSTON, PH.D., Head, Department of Computer Science, and Director, ComputingCenter, State University of New York, Buffalo, New YorkDIGITAL COMPUTERS
BERNHARD W. ROMBERG, PH.D., Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, MassachusettsOPERA-TIONS RESEARCH
ARTHUR I. Rum, M.S., Chief, Computational Sciences-Hybrid, Martin Marietta Corporation,Orlando Division, Orlando, FloridaANALOG COMPUTERS
DENNIS G. SHEPHERD, B.S., Director, Sib&'y School of Mechanical Engineering, Cornell Uni-versity, Ithaca, New YorkTURBOMACHINERY
FERNANDO &no, Sc.D., Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, StevensInstitute of Technology, Hoboken, New JerseyAERONATMICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
DUDLEY B. SPALDING, Sc.D., Professor of Heat Transfer, Imperial College, Kensington,London, SW 7, EnglandMASS TRANSFER
ASTRID H. STEELE, M.S.L.S., Mathematics Librarian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, Massachusetts SOURCES OF INFORMATION
SALVATORE S. STIVALA, PH.D., Professor of Chemistry, Stevens institute of Technology, Ho-boken, New Jersey PLASTICS
Figure lit.
Ov,
63
CONTENTS
PREFACE, v
CONTRIBUTORS, vii
1. THERMAL PHENOMENA
1.1. THERMODYNAMICSDefinitions, 1; Laws of Thermodynamics, 2; Equations of State, 9; Variable Specific Heats,14; Vapors, 14; Bibliographical References, 23.
1.2. CRYOGENICSHistorical Introduction, 24; Production of Cryogenic Temperatures, 24; Methods of Lique-faction and Refrigeration, 27; Separation of Gase3 by Low Temperature Techniques, 30;Physical Effects of Cryogenic Temperatures, 33; Some Applications of the Effects Occurringat Cryogenic Temperatures, 34; Bibliographical References, 36.
2. HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
2.1. DIMENSIONLESS GROUPSIntroduction, 41; Nomenclature, 41; Alphabetical List of Named Groups, 44; BibliographicalReferences, 64.
2.2. CONDUCTIONIntroduction, 67; One-Dimensional Conduction in Plane Plates, 70; Radial Conduction in aCircular Cylinder, 73; Radial Conduction in a Sphere, 75; Conduction in Thin Rods andFins, 76; Steady Two-Dimensional Conduction, 78.
2.3. CONVECTIONIntroduction, 79; Heat Transfer Coefficient, 79; Dimensional Analysis, 80; DifferentialEquations of Conservation Laws, 84; Convection Integral Methods, 91; Analogy BetweenMomentum and Heat Transfer, 94; Free Convection, 96; Heat Transfer in High-SpeedFlow, 99; Nomenclature, 101; Bibliographical References, 102.
2.4. THERMAL RADIATIONIntroduction, 103; The Electromagnetic Theory of Radiation and the ElectromagneticSpectrum, 103; Radiant Energy Flux at Surfaces, 108; The Transfer of Radiation BetweenBodies That Are Separated by a Nonabsorbing Medium, 115; Nomenclature, 128; Biblio-graphical References, 130.
2.5. MASS TRANSFERIntroduction, 131; The Basic Theory of Mass Transfer, 132; The Calculation of MassTransfer Rates in Practical Circumstances, 141; Bibliographical References, 146.
xi
Figure 15
..`1 112
bt
3. CHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION
Combustion, 148; Thermochemistry, 150; Combustion Parameters, 170; BibliographicalReferences, 179.
4. TURBOMACHINERY
Definition, 180; Dimensional Analysis, 180; Velocity Diagrams, 185; Energy Transfer Be-tween a Fluid and a Rotor, 186; Flow in Turbomachines, 196; Radial -Flow. Pumps, Fans,and Compressors, 211; Radial-Flow Turbines, 216; Axial-Flow Pumps, Fans, and Com-pressors, 218; Axial-Flow Turbines, 223; Matching of Compressors and Turbines, 228;Bibliographical References, 231.
5. NUCLEAR REACTOR ENGINEERING
Nuclear Reactor Fuels, 233; Moderation, 234; Major Parts of the Reactor, 235; The FissionChain Reaction, 236; Reaction Rates, 237; Maintenance of the Chain Reaction, 240; Controlof the Chain Reaction, 242; Heat Removal, 247; Safety, 248; Reactor Installations, 250.
6. AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
Introduction, 276; Lift Aerodynamics, 278; Drag Aerodynamics, 282; Finite Wings, 284;Compressibility Effects, 286; Aerodynamic Data, 292; Theory of Propulsion, 294; Power-plants, 302; Performance of Aircraft, 314; Rocket Performance, 324; Re-entry Mechanics,328; Satellite Motion, 333; Orbit Perturbations, 338; Lunar Trajectories, 342; InterplanetaryFlight, 347; Low Thrust Space Flight, 354; Problems and Potentialities of Space Flight, 356;Bibliographical References, 358.
7. FIELD THEORYIntroduction, 360; Classification of Fields, 361; Engineering Solutions of Laplace's Equa-tion, 364; Conduction in a Thin Plate, 369; Other Boundary Conditions, 371; RadiantHeating, 373; Sphere in a Uniform Field, 377; Spherical Cavity, 379; Spheroid in a UniformField, 381; Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates, 385; Parabolic Coordinates, 387; BicylindricalCoordinates, 390; Poisson's Equation, 392; The Diffusion Equation, 395; The Scalar WaveEquation, 396; The Vector Wave Equation, 398; Vector Helmholtz Equation, 400; Biblio-graphical References, 401.
8. ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION
8.1. MAGNETIC CIRCUIT ANALYSISDirect Current and Alternating Current Excitation of Magnetic Structures, 404; TheMagnetic Circuit Complex, 405; Basic Laws Relating to Electric and Magnetic Fields;Maxwell's Equations, 405; Magnetic Field of a Toroid Subject to Constant or Direct Cur-rent Excitation, 409; Units, 413; Need for High Permeability Media, 414; Properties ofFerromagnetic Materials, 414; Analysis of Ferromagnetic Structures Subject to DirectCurrent Excitation, 418; Alternating Current Excitation of Ferromagnetic Structures, 427.
8.2. TRANSFORMERSIntroduction, 438; An Ideal Transformer, 438; A Nonideal Linear Core Transformer, 441;Equivalent Circuits of Transformers with Ferromagnetic Cores, 448; Performance Charac-teristics of Power Transformers, 450; Performance Characteristics of AudiofrequencyTransformers, 455; Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field of a Linear Core Transformer, 459.
Figure 16
113
You would suggest that he note the specializations of
the contributors to HES. Wrong. This could only be of indirect
help to himin solving his problem. Re-read the information in
Figure 15. Return to the question on. page 60 and pick the
correct answer.
114
66
Your answer is that you would use the information in Figure
15. You are correct. In the contents, each major topic is
broken into sub - topics and the material covered under each sub-
topic is given. The last item under many of the sub-topics is
"Bibliographical References." These lists direct the reader to
additional sources of information. Turn to page 68.
115
67
Your answer is that you would consult the Index. Wrong. The
Index will be of no help to you in this particular situation.
Re-read the information in Figure 15, return to the question
on page 60, and pick another answer.
116
68
Question
A patron asks if HES contains certain information. You do not know
which volume will contain it. What should you do? Choose the
correct answer and turn to the corresponding page.
70. Consult the indexes in both volumes
71. Suggest a different, more specialized handbook
72. Consult the Contents to both volumes.
fps
It
69
You were not instructed to turn to this page. Please return to the
question on page 41 and follow directions.
11R
70
Your answer is that you would consult the indexes in both
volumes of HES. Correct. In that way, you can be sure that
your search is a complete one. Turn to page 73.
°I 119
Your answer is that you would suggest a different, more specialized
handbook. This is not incorrect. It is possible that a more
specialized handbook would serve the patron's needs best. How-
ever, the question did not suggest that this is the case. Re-
turn to the question on page 68 and select an answer that will
apply to HES.
120
72
Your answer is that you would consult the Contents to both
volumes. This is not incorrect. In the Contents, each major
topic is broken into sub-topics. It would be possible to
scan the information and make helpful suggestions to the patron.
However, this will be time-consuming; there is a better approach.
Return to the question on page 68 and select the correct answer.
121
73
Now that you have examined two engineering handbooks, will you know
which to use in responding to a reference request? To help you become
more aware of the similarities and differences between these 2 hand-
books, do the following exercises.
(1) You want to know how many calories are equivalent to 1 British
thermal unit (BTU).
Using the indexes, see if you can find the answer in the mechan-
ical engineers' handbook (SHME). Then see if the answer is in the
Handbook of the Engineering Services.
(2) One of your engineers is looking for some basic information on
lasers. Which handbook contains this information?
(3) A user asks for information about valves that are used in pumps.
Using the mechanical engineers handbook (SHME)
a. Find 2 ways of using the index to locate the information.
b. Can you find this information by using the finding aids inside
the cover of the handbook?
c. Can you find the information by using the table of contents?
.4* 122
71+
ai a
Does the Handbook of the Engineering Sciences contain information
about pump valves?
(4) Look in both handbooks for information on nuclear reactors.
Which handbook appears.to have more information? Examine pages
9-158 to 9-182 in the mechanical engineers' handbook and pages
233-275 in volume 2 of the Handbook of the Engineering Sciences.
notice that the style of presentation and the information pre-
sented are somewhat different in each handbook.
INSTRUCTION IN THE USE OF REFERENCE TOOLS AND SERVICES
1
NiMMENIMENNIIMI11.1111111. .