doctor of philosophy [forestry] silviculture...hazelnut bearing stand at different ranges/forest...

STUDIES ON SITE CHARACTERISTICS, NATURAL REGENERATIONSTATUS AND NURSERY TECHNIQUES OF HAZELNUT

(CORYLUS COLURNA L.) IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Thesis

by

DINESH GUPTASubmitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY[FORESTRY]

SILVICULTURE

1985

COLLEGE OF FORESTRYDr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of

Horticulture and Forestry, NauniSolan - 173 230, (HP) INDIA

2015

Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,

Nauni Nauni Nauni Nauni ---- 173 230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India173 230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India173 230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India173 230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India

College of Forestry

Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry

Dr. D.P Sharma

(Professor)

CERTIFICATE-I

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Studies on site characteristics, natural

regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in

Himachal Pradesh.” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FORESTRY) SILVICULTURE to Dr. Y.S.

Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan (H.P.) is a bonafide research

work carried out by Mr. Dinesh Gupta (F-2010-13-D) under my guidance and supervision.

No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.

The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully

acknowledged.

Place : Nauni, Solan (Dr. D.P Sharma)

Dated: , 2015 Chairman

Advisory committee

CERTIFICATE-II

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Studies on site characteristics, natural


Himachal Pradesh.”, Submitted by Mr. Dinesh Gupta (F-2010-13-D) to Dr. Y.S. Parmar

University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan (H.P.), in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FORESTRY)

SILVICULTURE has been approved by the Students Advisory Committee after an oral

examination on the same in collaboration with the External Examiner.

________________ _________________ (Dr. D.P. Sharma) (Dr. Sanjeev Chauhan)

Chairman External Examinar

Advisory committee

_________________

Dean’s Nominee

Members, Advisory Committee

__________________ __________________ __________________

Dr. N. K Gupta Dr. P. K. Mahajan Dr. D. R Bhardwaj

___________________________________

Professor and Head


____________________

Dean

COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

CERTIFICATE-III

This is to certify that all the mistakes and error pointed out by the external examiner

have been incorporated in the thesis entitled, “Studies on site characteristics, natural


Himachal Pradesh.” submitted to Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,

Nauni-Solan (H.P.) by Mr. Dinesh Gupta (F-2010-13-D) in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FORESTRY)

SILVICULTURE.

___________________________________

(Dr. D.P Sharma)

Chairman, Advisory committee

___________________________________

Dr. N. K. Gupta

Professor and Head

Department of Silviculture and Agro forestry

Dr.Y.S. Parmar UHF, Nauni, Solan (H.P.)

ACKNOLEDGEMENTPutting all things aside, I would like to thank “LORD SHIVA” The First Guru, who

bestowed on me the strength and courage in odd times, for completing this gigantic task.

At the onset of acknowledging the help of all those who have contributed to the realization of

this manuscript, I would like to first and foremost my sincere thanks to my respected Ex-chairman of

my advisory committee, Dr. G.S Shamet, Dean College of Forestry and chairman Dr. D. P Sharma, for

their valuable and able guidance, timely suggestion, close counsel critical evaluation, everlasting

patience and constant encouragement at every step of research work and finalization of this

manuscript. It was a great opportunity for me to work under his guidance. I honestly and truthfully

confess that it has been a rare privilege for me to be their student.

My heartfelt gratitude is due to the worthy members of my advisory committee, Dr N.K

Gupta, Professor and Head Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. P.K. Mahajan, Dr. D.R

Bhardwaj.

I am also thankful to Dr.B Gupta, Dr. K. S Pant, Dr. C L Thakur, Mr. M. Prabhakar, Dr K.

Rai, Dr K K Sharma and Dr B. Dutt for their constant encouragement and elderly parental care. I am

also thankful to all the forest officials and staff of Theog, Pangi and Rhoru Forest Divisions for their

kind cooperation and support throughout the study period.

My vocabulary falls short of words to express my deep sentiments and regards to my parents

and all relatives, whose constant moral encouragement was a source of inspiration.

I am also highly thankful to my seniors, friends and loving juniors who have always been

there for me to extend all possible help during these investigations.

Last but not the least, I owe a handful of thanks to my wife Ms. Meena Gupta, who revealed

endless efforts to support me during my quest for research in the mountains. The birth of my son

Master Naman Gupta further enhanced the heights of inspiration and perseverance within me.

I extend my sincere thanks to staff and department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, and help

rendered by office, laboratory and field staff especially Mr Sohan Lal ji, Padam Das ji, and Jogender ji

for their help cooperation.

Needless to say, all errors and omissions are mine.

Nauni, Solan (H.P.)Dated: 2015 (Dinesh Gupta)

CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE (S)

1. INTRODUCTION 1-3

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-22

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 23-40

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 41-113

5. DISCUSSION 114-145

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 146-153

7. REFERENCES 154-171

ABSTRACT 172

APPENDICES i-xxxiii

LLIISSTT OOFF TTAABBLLEESS

TABLE TITLE PAGE (S)

1. Physio-chemical characteristics of soil and method used forestimation

30

2. Phytosociology status of Corylus colurna bearing forests ofKotkhai Forest Range

43

3. Phytosociology status of Corylus colurna bearing forests of SachForest Range

44

4. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) values for trees and shrubsin different Sites in Corylus colurna forests of Kotkhai and SachForest Ranges

45

5. Site characteristics status of hazelnut bearing forests in siteof Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range

47

6. Effect of diameter classes on growth and tree characteristics inhazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range

48

7. Effect of diameter classes on growth and tree characteristics inhazelnut bearing forests of Sach Forest Range

49

8. Regeneration status of hazelnut bearing forest in Kotkhai andSach Forest Range

51

9. Regeneration establishment and stocking data for different treespecies in hazelnut bearing forest in Kotkhai and Sach ForestRange

53

10. Effect of different stratification period (P), temperature (T) andgibberellic acid (G) on germinability parameters of hazel seedsunder laboratory condition

55

11. Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT)on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratorycondition

64

12. Interaction effect of stratification period and gibberellic acid(PxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds underlaboratory condition

65

13. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellicacid (TxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds underlaboratory condition

66

14. Interaction effect of stratification period, temperature andgibberellic acid (PxTxG) on germinability parameters ofhazel seeds under laboratory condition

69-70

15. Effect of stratification medium (M), temperature(C) andgibberellic acid (G) treatments on germination and seedlinggrowth of Corylus colurna

74

16. Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature(MxC) on germination and seedling growth of Corylus colurna

79

17. Interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberellic acid(MxG) on germination and seedling growth parameters ofCorylus colurna

80

TABLE TITLE PAGE (S)

18. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellicacid (CxG) on germination and seedling growth parameters ofCorylus colurna

82

19. Interaction effect of stratification medium, temperature andgibberellic acid (MxCxG) on germination and seedling growthparameters of Corylus colurna

85

20. Initial viability, moisture content and biochemicalparameters of hazel seeds

86

21. Effect of stratification period and temperature on moisturecontent and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds

88

22. Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT)on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds

90

23. Effect of stratification medium and temperature on moisturecontent and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds

92

24. Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature(MxC) on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazelseeds

94

25. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portionon sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during springseason (February-April)

96

26. Effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) onsprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season(February-April)

99

27. Effect of IBA and cutting portion interaction (RxC) on sproutingand rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)

100

28. Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) onsprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season(February-April)

102

29. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion(RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior during spring season(February-April)

104

30. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portionon sprouting and rooting behaviour of cuttings during monsoonseason

105

31. Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning(RxG) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings duringmonsoon season

108

32. Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cutting portion (RxC)on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoonseason

109

33. Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) onsprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoonseason

110

34. Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning andcutting portion (RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior ofcuttings during monsoon season

112

LLIISSTT OOFF FFIIGGUURREESS

FIGURE TITLE PAGE(S)

1. Bar-diagram showing comparison of IVI values and no. of tress ha-1

of Corylus colurna and its associates in different hazel bearingforests

116

2. Bar-diagrams showing comparison of density and Shannon andWiener diversity index in different hazel bearing forests

117

3. Bar diagram showing comparison the average number trees,crown and basal area per hectare by diameter class in differentranges of hazelnut bearing forests

120

4. Regeneration parameters of Corylus colurna in hazel bearingforests of Kotkhai and Sach Range

124

5. Effect of stratification period on germinability of hazelnut seeds 127

6. Effect of stratification temperature on germinability of hazelnutseeds

129

7. Effect of gibberellic acid on germinability of hazelnut seeds 131

8. Effect of medium on germination and seedling growth of hazelnut 134

9. Effect of temperature on germination and seedling growth ofhazelnut

136

10. Effect of gibberellic acid on germination and seedling growth ofhazelnut

137

11. Effect of IBA formulation on rooting characteristics of Coryluscolurna

140

12. Effect of per-conditioning on rooting characteristics of Coryluscolurna

141

13. Effect of cutting portion on rooting characteristics of Coryluscolurna

143

LLIISSTT OOFF PPLLAATTEESS

PLATE TITLE BETWEENPAGE (S)

1. Map of study area 24-25

2. Hazelnut bearing stand at different Ranges/Forest Division 26-27

3. Flowering and fruits of Indian hazelnut (Corylus colurna) 52-53

4. Germination behaviour of hazelnut 56-57

5. Seedling growth of hazel as affected by different treatments 74-75

6. Rooting behavior of hazel cuttings under nursery condition 98-99

7.Factors affecting natural regeneration of hazelnut at differentsites

121-122

% : Per cent

cd : Critical difference

CRD : Completely randomized design

cm : Centimeter

CW : Crown width0C : Degree Celsius

dbh : Diameter at breast height

et al. : et alia

Fig. : Figure

i.e : id est (That is)

g : Gram

ha : Hectare

IVI : Importance value index

kg : Kilogram

masl : Meter above sea level

ml : Milliliter

mg : Milligram

m : Meter

N : Nitrogen

no. : Number

ppm : Parts per million

ha-1 : Per hectare

K : Potassium

P : Phosphorus

pH : Puissance d’ hydrogenRBD : Randomized block design

RBA : Relative basal area

RD : Relative density

RF : Relative frequency

H : Shannon-Wiener diversity index

SOC : Soil organic carbon

sp. : Species

t : Ton

Viz. : Namely

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

Indian Himalayas (27050' –37

006' N and 72

030'–97

025' E) is abode to many

indigenous species and well known for its flora and faunal diversity. It includes parts of trans,

northwest, central and east Himalayas and covers approximately an area of 4,19,873 Km2

with 2500 Km length and 240 Km width. The unique physiography, climatic and soil

characteristics of the area has resulted in a variety of habitats encompassing a significant

amount of biological and cultural diversity. The vegetation exhibits a marked altitudinal

gradient, varying from subtropical, temperate, and subalpine to alpine types. It supports about

8000 species (47.06 % of the total flowering plants of India) of which 30 % are endemics,

10.2 % trees, 8.44 % wild edibles and over 15 % medicinal herbs. The dependence of humans

and livestock on this rich plant diversity is well known phenomenon since time immemorial

(Samant and Dhar, 1997).

Apart from their multifarious uses as fuel, fodder and timber, the various Himalayan

species also provide valuable food/fruits for human consumption. One of the important

genera Corylus L., (Family Betulaceae) includes hazelnuts, forming small population/

community throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere from Japan, China

and Manchuria through Tibet, India, Turkey, Europe and North America. The genus includes

about 25 described species of large to small deciduous trees grown for their edible

nuts/filberts or for ornament purpose, but most of them providing food for wildlife. Only

eight or nine of these species are widely recognized by most taxonomists and include the

shrubby species C. avellana L., C. americana Marshall, C. cornuta Marshall, C. heterophylla

Fischer, and C. sieboldiana Blume; and the tree species C. colurna L., (syn. C. jacquemontii )

C. chinensis Franchet, and C. ferox Wallich (Thompson et al., 1996). Some taxonomic

authorities believe C. jacquemontii Decaisne native to the Indian Himalayan hills as a

synonym of C. colurna L. var. lacera (Wall.) (Anonymous, 1999).

Corylus colurna is an economically important tree with a potential for domestication

as it yield edible kernel and oil of high quality. The kernels are a rich source of proteins,

carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, poly-unsaturated fatty acids and other mineral elements

especially iron, calcium and potassium. The recent research has shown that hazelnuts can

2

exert strong protective effect against many diseases such as coronary heart problems, some

types of cancer, several other diseases and syndromes (Richardsons, 1997). Presently

hazelnuts are being grown commercially in many european countries, USA, China and

Australia and consumed in both fresh and dried state. The official statistics of FAO now

classify about 30 countries as hazelnut producers, while ten years ago in 1997, only 24

countries were listed. In the meantime, the total production also increased from 697,681 t

(mean 1996-1998) to 831,653 t (mean 2005-2007). However, despite the higher number of

producing countries, the hazelnut crop is still concentrated in two Mediterranean countries

i.e., Turkey and Italy, covering together more than 80% of the world production (Wickens,

2002). One of the problems of hazelnut production is the suckering habit, with two negative

consequences i.e. increased costs and higher incidence of diseases. The selection and use of

non-suckering rootstocks (Corylus colurna) proved to be a solution to the hazelnut producing

countries. (Fideghelli, and De Salvador, 2009).

The Indian hazelnuts varies from 10-15 ft bush form to 70 to 80 ft. medium sized

trees distributed in North-western temperate Himalayas form Kashmir to Kumaon between

1800-3300 m a.m.s.l. (Brandis, 1971). Corylus is a monoecious fruit yielding tree having

upright growth habit with well distributed crown and reaching over 25m height. The hazel

population is highly heterogenous with nut production varying from low to extremely high.

The hard shelled brown or dark tan nuts consisting of two to five nuts, which can go up to ten

is enclosed in an involucre or husk in one cluster. Nut shape also varies, can be roundish,

elongated, elliptical, oval or globular. The nuts mature/ripen in August to September,

depending mainly on ecological factors and altitude. A rainfall of about 800 mm/year, well

distributed during the whole season, is needed for good hazelnut growth and production.

In the western Himalayan forest, the species is found associated with oaks, fir, spruce,

deodar, maples and walnut. The wild hazelnut stand needs to be conserved due to its narrow

distribution range, prone to genetic depletion or extinction following habitat destruction. In

India, the species is little known except in high Himalayan regions, where it is used mainly

by the locals, graziers and the tribals (Pangwal and Bhot) as food. No literature/systematic

work has been undertaken with regard to its distribution pattern, growth and regeneration

potential, both natural as well as artificial till date in India. Beside valuable nuts, the species

is also extensively lopped for its quality fodder and fuel along with maples (Acer spp.) and

kharsu oak (Quercus semecarpifolia) in its natural zone. Keeping in view the socio-

3

economic and ecological importance of the species, the present investigation “Studies on site

characteristics, natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus

colurna L.) in Himachal Pradesh”, was carried out with following main objectives:

OBJECTIVES

• Study the distribution pattern and ecological status vis-à-vis edaphic and plant

association in its natural zone.

• Study the effect of stratification period, temperature, medium and GA3 treatments on

germinability, growth and biochemical status of seeds.

• Study natural regeneration status of the species in its habitat.

• Study the effect of IBA, cutting portion and pre-conditioning treatments on rooting

behaviour of the species.

Chapter-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The chapter summarizes literature on Corylus colurna and the related species with

particular attention on site characteristics, natural regeneration and nursery technology,

experience of workers, scientists and organizations around the world. The available literature

on however reveal that climatic condition, edible nuts, fodder value and seed dormancy to a

large extent affect its growth and restocking under natural condition. Only scarcely does

seeds grow into seedlings and trees in the vicinity of maternal plants. The limited occurrence

and scarce generative potential of hazelnut within its natural habitat were therefore the

reasons why the study was undertaken to know the ecological and regeneration status and

develop the nursery technology for its conservation and propagation.

The literature on Corylus colurna indicates that it is a meagerly explored, with respect

to site characteristics, natural regeneration and seed dormancy release and nursery technology

till date. Since no systematic research has been undertaken in the species so far, cross

references of other related species have been incorporated in the following main headings:

2.1 Phytosociological studies

2.2 Effect of site factors

2.3 Natural regeneration studies

2.4 Effect of stratification treatments

2.5 Biochemical indices of seeds

2.6 Cuttage propagation

2.1 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES

The phytosociology basically deals with the study of composition, distribution,

development of vegetation and environmental relationships of plant communities (Berner,

1952 and Christensen et al., 1959). Plants typically occur in repeated groups, clearly

described by the identity and growth form of the most abundant or the most characteristic

species of the particular communities (Tansley, 1935 and Whittakar, 1970). Fortney (2006)

while carrying out investigation in West Virginia wetlands, revealed that plant communities

were highly diverse because of variability in topography, substrate characteristics and water

5

quality. Forested communities were commonly associated with streams and rivers as either

bottomland overflow or swamp wetlands. While Acer saccharinum and A. negundo were

frequent dominants at low elevations, Picea rubens, Tsuga canadensis and Betula

allegheniensis dominated the higher elevations.

Gupta (1996) carried out investigation on fir and spruce of Chhachpur and Narkanda

forests (Shimla circle) and found that Cedrus deodara was the dominant species with IVI

value of 78.70 and 48.26 in Narkanda and Chhachpur, respectively. The value of IVI

however, increased for Abies pindrow with increase in elevation in both localities. Prominent

shrub species were also different on both sites and at different elevations. Among shrubs,

Coriaria nepalensis, Berberis aristata and Zanthoxylum armatum were prominent at

Narkanda, whereas, Crataegus crenulata, Prinsepia utilis, Coriaria nepalensis and

Cotoneaster microphyllus dominated in Chhachpur forests.

Sumida and Komiyama (1997) on the other hand studied the crown patterns in two

shade intolerants (Betula platyphylla and B maximowicziana) and three shade tolerants

(Quercus mongolica, Acer sieboldianum and Magnolia obovata) species in Japan and

reported that branching height rose more rapidly with age for two shade intolerant species

than the three shade tolerant species. The shade tolerant species tend to produce wider crowns

than the shade intolerant trees irrespective of the age and height. Tewari and Kumar (2003)

while studying spacing effect on height-diameter relationship in shelterbelt plantation

reported that a larger spacing between the trees appreciably contribute to the height and

diameter growth of the trees.

Sanjeev et al., (2006) undertook phytosociological analysis of Arnigad micro-

watershed in Mussoorie hills of Garhwal Himalayas and revealed that Quercus

leucotrichophora was the dominant species with highest IVI value (114.4), followed by

Rhododendron arboreum (42.6) and Cedrus deodara (28.4). However in shrubs, Berberis

aristata was the dominant species with highest IVI of 134.9 followed by Myrsine africana

(86.2). Among herbs, Eupatorium was the dominant one (106.2) followed by fern species

(92.8). Plant density per hectare was also highest for Quercus leucotrichophora (325 trees ha-

1), Berberis aristata (800 shrub ha

-1) and Erigeron mucronatus (10,000 herbs ha

-1). Similarly,

Quercus leucotrichophora was found to be the dominant tree species at sites by Singh et al.,

(2009), while studying the oak and pine community in Garhwal Himalaya.

6

Similarly, Sharma (2006) working on floristic composition of fir forests revealed that

among trees, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana dominated most of the sites with maximum

dominance of Abies pindrow at higher elevation of Jubbal (PB-U) and Bashla Forest Ranges.

The dominant shrubs were Sarcoccoca saligna, Rosa macrophylla, Berberis aristata,

Lonicera angustifolia, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Vibernum cotinifolium, while for the herbs, the

most dominant were Fragaria vesca, Trifolium pretense and Cyperus aristatis.

Taylor et al., (2006) on the other hand, analyzed the population structure (size, age,

spatial patterns) and growth patterns of Abies faxoniana, Picea purpurea, and Betula species

and revealed that stable coexistence is maintained by differences in species regeneration

niche, species demographic characteristics, and species responses to the gap disturbance

regime in the old-growth forests of Wang Lang Natural Reserve in Southwestern China.

Seedling density of A. faxoniana, and B. utilis was higher beneath open (canopy gaps) than

closed canopy conditions. It was also clear that tree density and basal area was greater for A.

faxoniana than that of other species.

Studying the community structure of natural forest of Gangotri region, Dhaulkhandi et

al., (2008) recorded a total of seven tree species with Picea smithiana as dominant (IVI-

83.40), while Cedrus deodara being the co-dominant (IVI-76.67) and Pyrus cornuta (IVI-

12.90) as the least dominant species. However, the highest density (240 trees ha-1

) was

recorded for Pinus wallichiana and least number of reported for Acer caesium (30 trees ha-1

).

While shrubs did not follow any regular distribution pattern, Artemesia gamillinea and

Cotoneaster gilgitansis were the most and least dominant shrub species respectively. All

species of shrub layer were found to be distributed contagiously. Similarly, Pananjay (2012),

while studying the species diversity in central Himalayas reported the highest density for oak

forest (687 trees ha-1

) and the least for Pine forest (619 trees ha-1

).

Semwal et al., (2008) studied the floristic composition of different forest type in

Garhwal region and found a direct proportional relationship between tree cover and diversity

of sub-stratum vegetation i.e. with increase in tree canopy cover, the diversity of shrubs and

herbs decreased significantly. Tree density (1146.7±160.4 trees ha-1

) was the highest in the

mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest. Among all the species, ban oak had the highest tree

density (573.3± 1411.9 ha-1

), while chir pine was dominant at site II owing to the highest IVI

7

(94.3) value. Shrub and herb diversity and dominance varied considerably with the forest

types.

Dass et al., (2010) carried out phytosociological study of Rono hills of Arunachal

Pradesh and concluded that important value index of some ecologically significant trees,

shrubs and herbs were found as Callicarpa arborea (24), Lantana camara (51) and Ageratum

conyzoides (19). Similarly, the total basal area of trees was found to be 17.84 m2 per hectare.

The highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index was recorded for trees (3.66) and minimum for

herbs (3.60).

Similarly, Kaushal et al., (2012) analyzed the ecological status of flora in the Great

Himalayan National Park and found that total number of species decreased with increase in

elevation. Pinus wallichiana was the most dominant tree species, while Abies pindrow was

the co-dominant species. Gairola et al., (2008) analyzed vegetation diversity along an

altitudinal gradient (2800 - 3600 m asl) in three sites of subalpine forests and noticed a

sharp decline in tree density from low to high altitude strata. The density of trees, saplings

and seedlings did not follow any specific trend. Similarly, shrubs and herbs also did not

exhibit uniform pattern across altitudinal range of the sites.

Pant and Samant (2012) conducted quantitative phytosociological survey in the

seventeen forest tree communities in the Khokhan Wildlife Sanctuary. Cedrus deodara

community was the most widely distributed followed by Quercus leucotrichophora, Abies

pindrow and Quercus semecarpifolia communities. The structural diversity revealed that

Cedrus deodara community had maximum density of trees (1468 ha-1

), seedlings (1290 ha-1

)

and saplings (1172 ha-1

), while Picea smithiana community recorded the maximum total

basal area (186.2 m). However, IVI was highest for Aesculus indica (186) and lowest for

Rhododendron arboretum (43). Rawat and Kapoor (2008) studied the phytosociological

attributes of Alnus nitida Endl. forests of Kullu valley and found a total tree density of 470

per hectare at undisturbed site, while 780 per hectare at disturbed site.

Kumar et al., (2013) while examining the ecological status of chilgoza forest in the

dry temperate forest of North west Himalaya noticed an overall low diversity of tree species

which was attributed to xericity and low temperature resulting in coverage of 80% of area by

neoza pine and rest space shared by other species. The density of chilgaza pine trees ranged

8

from 24 to 930 tree per hectare with mean of 266 individuals per hectare and average basal

area of 25.5m2 per hectare.

In a recent research on phytosociology of rhododendron community in Kullu forest,

Katoch (2014) recorded Rhododendron campanulatum as the dominant species with respect

to maximum density per hectare in Rhala and Jalori pass forests, followed by Abies pindrow

and Betula utilis at Rhala, and Quercus semecarpifolia and Salix elegans at Jalori pass

forests. However maximum basal area per hectare was found for Abies pindrow in Rhala

forest, whereas, it was Quercus semecarpifolia in Jalori-pass forest.

2.2 EFFECT OF SITE FACTORS

Rawat and Kapoor (2008), while assessing the effect of biotic disturbances on

regeneration status of Alnus nitida in Kullu valley studied the soil properties and found that

the fertility status with respect to pH, organic carbon, electric conductivity available nitrogen,

available potassium and available phosphorus of un-disturbed site was higher than the

disturbed site. Similarly, Semwal et al., (2008) found low percentage of nitrogen (0.06±0.01),

soil organic carbon (0.9±0.1), water holding capacity (67.5±8.9) and pH (6.6±0.1) in chir

pine forest under considerable biotic interference compared to mixed oak forest with nitrogen

(0.09±0.01), soil organic carbon (1.00±0.09), water holding capacity (49.9±3.4) and pH

(5.8±0.3) under moderate biotic interference. While, Yadav (1963) on the other hand found

that soil under silver fir, spruce and kharsu oak have greater degree of podozolisation at

higher altitude as compared to those dominated by ban oak and mohru oak at lower elevation.

Soil under conifers was comparatively low in pH but higher in organic matter.

Ali et al., (2009) concluded that low moisture, solar influx and thick organic matter

layer was responsible for poor regeneration of Taxus wallichiana in Kullu, Banjar and Karsog

Forest Divisions of Himachal Pradesh. The per-cent moisture, per-cent organic carbon,

available nitrogen and phosphorous showed a decreasing trend with the increase in soil depth,

while pH and Available potassium showed a reverse trend. Similar results were reported by

Lanker (2007), while working on Himalayan yew in Kotgarh, Chopal and Theog Forest

Divisions. The per-cent solar radiation decreased with the increase in crown projection ratio

at all elevation, whereas, organic matter layer increased with increase in elevation.

9

Chandra et al.,(2001), while studying the soil nutrient status of teak, sal and mixed

forest area of Madhya Pradesh, found that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium

contents were higher in surface soil of sal and mixed forest, while soil pH was lower in teak

and sal area, but increased in mixed forest area which assisted natural regeneration in the

species.

Khera et al., (2001), while working in investigation in the central Himalayan forest,

found comparatively higher number of trees and shrubs on the western aspect exhibiting

lower erosion and anthropogenic pressure. Here the pH of the soil was neutral to basic and

ranged between 7.0 to 8.4. The carbon content ranged between 0.8%- 2.3%, nitrogen 0.04% -

0.11% and available phosphorus ranged 13.4 - 24.7 ppm.

Similarly, Mahajan (2010) while, studying the site characteristics of chir pine forest

found maximum solar intensity under lower diameter classes, whereas, LAI was more in

higher diameter classes. The organic carbon in general was high and ranged between from

1.73 to 2.66, while, pH was slightly acidic and ranged between 6.52 to 6.89.

Chaturvedi and Melkania (2013) studied soil characteristics in mixed oak and pine

forest of Kumaon Himalaya and revealed that soil texture at selected sites varied from loam

to sandy loam, while pH ranged from slightly acidic to neutral. The soil organic carbon stock

however, ranged from 110.37 to 125.03 ton per hectare in non-degraded mixed oak forest site

and 43.81 to 53.47 ton per hectare at degraded mixed pine forest site. Available phosphors,

potassium and total nitrogen were also found to be higher in mixed oak forest than in pine

forest.

2.3 NATURAL REGENERATION STUDIES

Natural regeneration is the process by which woodlands are restocked by plants that

develop from seeds that fall and germinate in situ. Restocking by natural regeneration is often

unsatisfactory, frequently for unknown reasons, which underlines the need for research to

understand the reason for whole process. Thus, assessment of natural regeneration is one of

the most important aspects one has to undertake for initiating silvicultural treatments under

forest management systems in the forest crops. The main objective is therefore to assess

whether or not there is adequate regeneration (seedling or established growth) in the forest

species/area.

10

According to Singh (1992), the grazing by domestic animals has been found as the

main reason of poor oak regeneration in central Himalayan forests. Similarly, Harmer and

Gill (2000) pointed out that more than 25 per cent of seedlings were browsed each year and

that the established advance regeneration growing beneath the over-storey canopy might

survive several years of summer browsing in the broadleaved forests in the USA. Then

further observed that the presence of advance regeneration was the most reliable indicator

that natural regeneration would succeed. Where there are too few seedlings of sufficient size,

management to improve their number and growth needs to be undertaken. Broadleaved tree

seedlings of many species were unlikely to establish without protection.

Srivastava et al., (2005) on the other hand concluded that several factors such as poor

seed crop, poor water supply due to poor snow fall and melt during summer when seed

germinate, consumption by birds, rodents, monkeys, bears and lopping of trees etc. contribute

to poor regeneration in oak. Earlier Singh (2004), working on natural regeneration status of

deodar revealed that maximum regeneration occurred in PB-I with 55.4 per cent established

stocking followed by 38 per cent in PB-IV while, PB-III area was totally devoid of

regeneration. Srivastava et al., (2005) on the other hand studied the regeneration status of

mixed conifer forest along an altitudinal gradient in Garhwal Himalaya and revealed that

saplings and seedlings of Quercus leucotrichophora were dominant on all the altitudes,

except 1800m to 2000m altitude where seedlings and saplings of Cupressus torulosa were

dominant.

Taylor et al., (2006), while studying the old forest of Wang Lang Natural Reserve in

southwest China reported the presence of wide range of age-classes in Picea purpurea trees

indicating a pattern of intermittent regeneration in each stand for at least 500 years. Betula

spp. and P. purpurea preferred different seed-beds than A. faxoniana for establishment and

regeneration of A. faxoniana, especially Betula utilis being associated with gaps. Natural

regeneration of Norway spruce (Picea alba) and Silver fir (Abies alba) was clumped and

located at the margin of the gaps but fir saplings were more represented in understory and

less in gaps as compared to spruce (Grassi et al., 2004). Majority of saplings (established)

was already present as the gap formation was predominant.

11

Gupta (2007), studying regeneration in PB-I fir forests in Kullu, Kotgarh and Rajgarh

forest divisions revealed that overall regeneration was better in Kullu (91.68%), followed by

Kotgarh (74.69%) and Rajgarh (72.47%) forests. Among trees, Picea smithiana showed

highest established stocking at Kotgarh (19.13%) followed by Kullu (17.25%) and Rajgarh

(17.24%) forests.

Dhaulkhandi et al., (2008) on the other hand, studied the regeneration potential of

natural forests of Gangotri region. In the seedling stage, maximum number was observed for

Pinus wallichiana (1080 seedling ha-1

) followed by Picea smithiana (1040 seedling ha-1

)

which was recorded just after in sapling stage, because it showed more survival rate of Picea

smithiana (600 sapling ha-1

) as compared to Pinus wallichiana (520 sapling ha-1

). As far as

regeneration status was concerned, 71.4 per cent species showed good regeneration, 14.3 per

cent species were facing the problem of poor regeneration whereas, only 14.3 per cent species

were not regenerating.

Similarly, Semwal et al., (2008) studied the regeneration status of different forest

types in Garhwal region and revealed that tree density showed strong correlations with the

densities of seedlings and pole. Out of the twenty tree species present, chir pine demonstrated

good regeneration (110 seedlings, 93.3 saplings and 136.7 poles) with respect to conversion

of seedling to pole stage, followed by ban oak, while other tree species had poor or no

regeneration.

Ali et al., (2009) while working on the regeneration of Taxus wallichiana, noticed a

decreasing trend in number of seedlings of yew and its associated species with increase in

elevation in Kullu, Banjar and Karsog forest divisions. Poor regeneration of Himalayan yew

was attributed to combined effect of site factors like low moisture, poor solar influx and thick

layer of organic matter. On the other hand, Lanker (2007) found maximum number of recruits

in Himalayan yew and established stocking per cent for associate species in upper elevation

as compared to lower elevation of Baggi and Sidhpur forest. Koop (1991), recommended the

fencing and opening up the canopy for adequate light to ensure vigorous natural regeneration

of yew.

Pant and Samant (2012), while studying forest communities in Khokhan Wildlife

Sanctuary concluded that eight communities exhibit maximum regeneration of the dominant

species, six showed maximum regeneration of co-dominant species, indicating the possibility

12

of at least partial replacement of the dominant species by the co-dominant species in future.

However, three communities showed poor or no regeneration of the dominant species

indicating a total replacement of the dominants in the coming years. On the other hand,

Rawat and Kapoor (2008), analysed the effect of biotic disturbances on the natural

regeneration of Alnus nitida Endl. in the Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh and found

maximum density of saplings (950/ha) and seedlings (1620/ha) on the undisturbed site, while

low density of saplings (40/ha) and seedlings (190/ha) at the disturbed site, reflected poor

regeneration status of the fast growing species.

Pinus gerardiana, the edible nut yielding species considered to be critically

endangered in North-west Himalayan region due to poor natural regeneration (15%) and

therefore facing risk of extinction due to high biotic pressure has been concluded by Malik, et

al. (2012). Besides, the species has erratic and infrequent seed years and dormancy related

problems which also prevented its regeneration in natural habitat (Malik and Shamet 2008;

Malik et al., 2008). Even though some seedlings appeared under the protection of some

thorny bushes, most were exposed to the harsh edaphoclimatic condition of sandy, shallow,

dry soil, dry wind, and intense solar radiation in the region (Singh et al., 1973).

Jamoh (2014), while studying the natural regeneration of Qak forest in Solan division

of Himachal Pradesh, revealed maximum regeneration of recruits (803 ha-1

) in ban oak + chir

forest, unestablished plants (2053.57 ha-1

) in pure oak and established plants (1517.86 ha-1

) in

ban oak + Deodar forest. However, the maximum height of the unestablished plants (885 cm)

was recorded in ban oak + chir forest. The overall per-cent regeneration success was ban oak

+ deodar (79.46%) > pure ban (70.56%) > ban oak + chir (50.89%) > ban + other

broadleaved species (40.18%) in different forests. Better regeneration success in oak + deodar

was attributed to low thickness of humus and good fertility status of forest soil.

Katoch (2014), in an attempt to understand the ecological and regeneration status of

endangered pink rhododendron (the state plant of Himachal Pradesh) in the Kullu Circle,

reported the highest regeneration success of Rhododendron campanulatum in Rhala and

Jalori pass bearing forest giving a value of 56 per-cent and 29.33 per-cent respectively.

However maximum recruits per hectare (555.67 ha-1

) was recorded for Abies pindrow in

Rhala forest, while unestablished and established seedlings were high for Rhododendron

campanulatum in Rhala forest.

13

2.4 EFFECT OF STRATIFICATION TREATMENTS

Stratification is the method employed to break dormancy of seeds and to ensure

uniform and quick germination in forest species (Donald, 1980). The length of clod

stratification period required for dormancy release largely depends on the extent of dormancy

(Baskin and Baskin, 2001 and Wang, 2006) and varies among populations from different

elevation. The hazelnuts have high degree of dormancy which prevents seed to germinate

even when provided with favorable environment. Working on Corylus colurna, Nautiyal

(1993) concluded that hard nut alone was not the only factor for failure of germination in the

species. Seeds of Corylus colurna possess innate dormancy which can be overcome by GA3

treatment or by stratification. The stratification is known to remove the block to gibberellin

biosynthesis which begins when the nuts experience comparatively higher temperatures.

Several studies in recent past have shown that gibberellin is an effective germination

stimulator (Thompson et al., 1996; Juntilla, 1972). Krawiarza and Scezotka (2005) concluded

that release a physiological process and embryo axes cell start dividind only after dreaking

dormancy.

Li and Rosst (1990) suggested that dormancy in Corylus avellana L. (hazel) could be

broken by a sustained period of cold stratification which trigger both cytological and

metabolic changes in the seeds of the species. Starch was present initially at a low level but

increased by 20 per cent in the embryonic axes of hazel seeds during stratification at 50C,

while it decreased rapidly and then remained constant in the embryonic axes in seeds kept at

200C. Cold stratification resulted in an increase in starch content, which was probably as a

result of gluconeogenesis from products of reserve lipid hydrolysis. Hazel seed stores mainly

lipid and protein, with only trace amounts of carbohydrate reserves.

Phartyal et al., (2003) carried out stratification studies in seeds of Ulmus wallichiana

to know the effect of varying temperatures (200-50

0C) and three level of relative humidity

(16.2, 51.4 and 85.3%). The results concluded that 16.2 per cent relative humidity and 200C

temperature resulted in prolonged viability of seeds and better germination success in the

species.

Gautam and Bhardwaj (2006) studied the effect of stratification on germination

behavior of Quercus leucotrichophora under varying durations and media mixtures. It was

14

revealed that seeds stratified for 75 days in sand + FYM + forest soil (2:2:1) proved best with

highest germination parameters under both nursery and laboratory conditions.

Similarly, Cicek and Tilki (2007) studied the effect of temperature and light on the

germination behavior of Ulmus minor, U glabra and U laevis seeds. It was observed that 25

and 30/200 C under light induced the highest GP (>95%) and PV (>23) values in U minor.

The temperatures of 25/150

and 30/200 C produced the highest GP (>89%) in U glabra, while

light did not significantly affect GP. However, germination percentage of Ulmus laevis was

not affected by temperature and light, but the alternating temperature of 30/200

C produced

highest germination rate under darkness.

Tylkowski (2007) on the other hand, studied the stratification conditions required for

seed dormancy release of european bladder nut (Staphylea pinnata L.). Out of the eight

thermal stratifications, seed dormancy release was found highest after application of warm-

followed-by-cold stratification, first 4-6 weeks at temperature of 150C or cyclically

alternating temperature of 10~200C (24 + 24 h/cycle), followed by 16-18 weeks at 3

0C.

Seeds germinated at 30C with the same rate as at cyclically alternating temperature of 3~15

(16 +18 h/day). Drying nuts at room temperature to 11 per cent during the warm phase (after

2 or 4 weeks) and further stratification lead to increase in seed germinability.

Similarly, Malik et al., (2009) conducted studies on Pinus gerardiana seeds,

subjecting them to six stratification periods, four stratification temperatures and three

gibberellic acid treatments to determine the effect on germinability and seedling growth. The

result revealed that maximum germination occurred when stratification was done as outdoor

pit at 4±0C for 45 days for laboratory condition. However, under nursery condition, 60 days

stratification at 4±0C followed by soaking in 400ppm GA3 produced significantly best

seedling growth in the species.

Aygun et al., (2009) studied the effect of some pre sowing treatment for fast and

uniform germination of Turkish hazel nut. The nuts were treated with different conc of GA3

(0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 400 ppm), scarification with acid for 2hrs, shell splitting and

stratification in moist peat at 40C for 100, 110 and 120 days. While acid scarification, shell

splitting, and 100 and 110 days stratification did not result in any germination, all the GA3

treatments resulted in higher germination than that of control (0 ppm). Germination increased

15

as GA3 concentration increased but higher concentration had a negative effect on germination

i.e, 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 400 ppm GA3 resulted in 41.3, 67.6, 92.1, 100.0, 84.7, 56.0

and 61.6 per cent germination respectively in the seeds.

Singh et al., (2010) on the other hand, investigated the effect of plant growth

substances (GA3, Kinetin) on the germinability Rhododendron niveum and indicated that all

concentrations of GA3 had higher germination and incresased seedling vigour over that of

control, with highest concentration (250 µM) being the was most effective. Under combined

effect maximum germination of 63.67% was obtained when the seeds was soaked in GA3 +

BAP (25 µM each) solution for 24 hour and incubation at 210

C in 16 hour light photoperiod.

Similarly, Kumar et al., (2013) studied the effect of pre-sowing seed treatments on

germinability of Pinus gerardiana and concluded that the treatment with 100ppm GA3

proved to be the most effective pre-sowing treatment with respect to germination (60.83%)

germination capacity (68.33%) and germination energy (44.17%). Farhadi et al., (2013) on

the other hand worked on the pre-sowing treatment of Acer velutinum and recommended cold

moist stratification of seeds for 16 weeks as the best pre-germination treatment for breaking

the dormancy. Earlier, Phartyal et al., (2003) had recommended the use of prolonged cold

stratification of 50

C for 20-28 weeks as the most effective treatment to overcome the deep

physiological dormancy in A. caesium.

Similarly, Katoch (2014) found the significant effect of stratification period and

temperature on germination behavior of Rhododendron campanulatum recording a maximum

germination per cent (78.67%), germination value (8.19) and germination index (2.51) in the

species when seeds were stratified for three weeks at room temperature.

Fetouh and Hassan (2014) reported similar results and suggested that increasing cold

stratification period enhanced germination parameters as well as seedling characteristics of

Magnolia grandiflora L. The most effective stratification period was found to be 90 days of

cold stratification followed by 120 days cold stratification treatment. Secu (2013) on the other

hand, revealed that fruits of Melia composita stratified at 00

C for four weeks provided

significantly better germination (67.78 %), seedling height (123.42 cm), collar diameter

(16.36 mm) and dry seedling weight (61.46 g) in the species.

16

Similarly, Kumar (2014) concluded that cold moist stratification of Acer acuminatum

and A. caseium seeds significantly enhanced germinability and seedling growth parameters in

the species. However, 60 days stratification at 3± 10C followed by 200 ppm GA3 treatment

provided significantly superior germinability in A. acuminatum, while for A. caseium, the

seeds stratified for eight weeks exhibited significantly maximum success.

2.5 BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF SEEDS

Biochemical changes occurring in the seeds play an important role in germination

process and growth of seedlings under natural/artificial treatments in forest species (Rediske,

1961; Edward, Blanche et al., 1990; Jones and Gosling, 1994; 1980; Sharma, 2003 and

Kumar, 2014). The determination of biochemical indicators is no doubt a time consuming,

requiring special laboratory techniques, yet it is considered to be more reliable and authentic

than the methods based upon visual observations. Most studies have been focused on

chemical components that remain relatively stable during the ripening and then undergo

significant changes in concentration as maturity is attained (Edwards, 1980). As seeds

matures, complex carbohydrates, lipids, oils and proteins usually accumulate and form the

major food reserve in many tree species. Lawrence and Rediske (1962) concluded that in

Pseudotsuga menziesii seeds with a reducing sugar level of 22 mg/g during ripening process

the same fall to 13 mg/g as the seed gets matured.

Hazel seed store mainly lipid and protein, with only traces of carbohydrate reserves.

Electron microscopy has suggested that there was parallel loss of lipids and increase in

transitory starch fraction in the embryonic axes of seeds during stratification (Younis, 1982).

Similarly Li and Rosst (1990) found significant increase in total lipase and isocitrate lyase

activities in both embryonic axes and cotyledons of seeds of Corylus avellana stratified at

50C, whereas the activities remained consistently low in those held at 20

0C.

Blanche et al., (1990) on the other hand observed that starch content declined slowly

in Quercus nigra with the aging although there was no definite pattern of change in contents

in Albizia zygia i.e. 40.46 per cent. Kumar and Toky (1994) analyzed the seeds of Albizia

lebbek of North and South India and found that carbohydrates and starch contents were more

in North India seeds as compared to that of South India.

17

Uniyal and Nautiyal (1995) studied the physical and biochemical changes occurring

in seeds of Albizia lebbek and found that at the onset of hard seededness, the carbohydrates

contents declined whereas, starch and proteins content showed an increasing trend. Earlier,

Bonner in 1973 had observed that carbohydrates formed the main food reserve of about 27

per-cent in seeds of Fraximus pennsylvanica, while crude fat constituted only 10 per cent.

Mitrovic et al., (1997), while studying the biochemical changes of Corylus colurna,

reported that protein content varied from 16.0 to 18.0 per-cent. Average oils content was

56.97 per-cent and ranged from 49.14-65.15 per-cent. Hazelnut fruit was reported to contain

higher mineral matter content (2.39 %). Similar other findings by Mitrovic et al., (2001),

while studying the biochemical status of six hazel biotypes of Sirbia reported that all the

selections were high in protein (16.4%) and oil content (average 56.2 %).

Gautam et al., (2005), on the other hand studied the biochemical contents of different

seed stands of chir pine in Himachal Pradesh and concluded that oil content, acid value,

saponification value, total sugar; total phenol and soluble proteins were different among

different seed stand. While, Dogra (2003) working with the biochemical status of fir and

spruce seeds reported that sugar, reducing sugar and soluble proteins increased steadily upto

60 days of wet or dry stratification and thereafter all the biochemical contents revealed a

declining trend.

Similarly, Kumar (1995) found that at highest germinability stage the seeds of Acer

oblongum contained biochemical constituents of 5.27 mg/g total sugar, 1.21 mg/g reducing

sugar, 3.85 mg/g non-reducing sugar, 10.26 mg/g starch, 3.86 mg/g total phenols, 4.33 mg/g

soluble protein and 2.21 mg/g total amino acids on dry weight basis. On the other hand,

Sharma (2003), while studying the effect of biochemicals on germination of Santalum album

concluded that sandalwood fruit collection be initiated when the content of total sugar and

protein fall to the range of 156.00 - 192.30 mg g-1

and 129.00 - 153.00 mg g-1

respectively,

while specific gravity and moisture content of the fruit should range between 0.96 - 1.09

g/cc and 31.95–37.49 per cent respectively.

Similarly, Han et al., (2006) noticed increased soluble protein, and declining soluble

starch contents in seeds of Corylus avellana during storage. Kumar (2008), while studying

the physio-biochemical contents of fresh deodar seeds revealed moisture content, total sugar,

18

reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total phenol were 22.0, 8.50, 1.68, 6.60 and 11.70

per cent and 39.50 mg/g respectively. However, Mehta (1999) while working on Albizia

chinensis reported total sugar (14.13mg g-1

), reducing sugar content of (1.74 mg g-1

) and

non-reducing sugar (12.59 mg g-1

) of freshly harvested seeds.

Satyanarayana et al., (2011) studying Sterculia urens seeds revealed that total

reducing sugar levels increased from 0 day (1.90 mg/g) up to 6th day (2.86 mg/g) of

germination and thereafter showed a decreasing trend. This might be due to mobilization and

hydrolysis of seed polysaccharides during seed germination. Further, a decrease in storage

carbohydrates and an increase in total soluble and reducing sugars up to 6th day of seed

germination might be due to requirement of energy by growing plant during initial stage of

seed germination. According to Bemfeld (1962) polysaccharides were hydrolysed by

amylases which might be responsible the increasing total reducing sugar levels in cotyledons

during initial stage of seed germination.

Kumar et al., (2013) on the other hand worked on the maturity indices of neoza pine

seed and determined different biochemical parameters like total sugar (96.27 mg/g),

reducing sugar (20.20 mg/g), non-reducing sugar (72.27 mg/g) and total phenol (36.62

mg/g) at the time of seed collection. Earlier, Malik (2007) had reported significantly higher

values of biochemical parameters like total sugar (8.21 %), reducing sugar (2.32 %), non-

reducing sugar (5.59 %) and soluble protein (15.88 %) when chilgoza seeds were kept for

stratification for 60 days as out-door pit (16.50/4.5

0C).

2.6 CUTTAGE PROPAGATION

Vegetative propagation entails formation of new independent plants from a piece of

parent part or tissue, which may occur in several ways of cutting, grafting, budding, layers or

tissue culture etc. The method is largely employed to get superior clone and uniformity of

planting stock for raising forest crop for higher production and management strategy. Rao

(1953) examined a number of hardwood and softwood species of different families and

concluded that certain families possessed remarkable properties of vegetative propagation,

although by no mean all genera or species of each family behave in similar manner.

Vegetative propagation is easier with young trees, but becomes more difficult as tree ages

19

(Harting, 1986; Hackett, 1988 and Steele et al., 1990) and Henry et al., (1992) also indicated

that the increased tree age reduced rooting capacity in stem cuttings of eastern red cedar.

Schroeder and Walker (1991) studied the effect of cutting portion on rooting of two

poplar clones and found that both clones rooted best with the basal portion of the lateral

shoots as compared to the apical portion. Similarly, Yamdagni and Sen (1973) reported that

the variation in root production in cuttings from different portions of shoot are often observed

with higher success rate in the lower than the upper portion. The rooting potential of cuttings

is influenced by many internal and external factors. The internal factors include; nature of

species, maturation stage of donor, position of cutting, the size of cutting and time of

collection (Nautiyal et al., 2007).

Shamet and Khosla (1996), with an aim to propagate Cedrus deodara vegetatively

succeeded in achieving a maximum 50 per cent rooting when cuttings from 4 year old stock

were treated with 10,000ppm NAA formulation in activated charcoal during the rainy season.

They also obtained 83.3 per cent success in case of air layering when 15-20 year old trees at

Chhachpur were treated with 0.75% IBA+ 0.25% NAA + 10 per cent sucrose and chlorogenic

acid during May. However, Shamet and Bhardwaj (2001) reported maximum rooting of 70

per cent under the mist condition when deodar cuttings were treated with powdered

formulation of 10,000ppm IBA. Similarly, cutting treated with IBA (2500, 5000 ppm) and

NAA (2500 ppm) solution gave good results in deodar but the best rooting success was

observed with 5000 ppm of IBA dip (Nicholson, 1984).

Bhardwaj and Mishra (1996) working on Acer oblongum observed that cuttings

planted in rainy reason had a higher sugar and C/N ratio resulting in better rooting

performance in the species. Cuttings treated with 0.6% IBA + 0.2% p-HBA + 5 % sucrose +

5 % captan-talc recorded maximum rooting of 40.99 per cent in the species. Uppal and

Khosla (1996), while working with Viburnum nervosum, Desmodium tiliaefolium and Vitex

negundo concluded that cuttings collected during monsoon exhibit best sprouting and rooting

results in all aforesaid species. Similarly, Naveen (2002) reported better sprouting and rooting

success in Hippophae rhamnoides in August which were planted in March (spring).

Shamet (2000) investigated the role of auxin formulations on the rooting behavior of

seedling origin cuttings in Pinus roxburghii and noted significantly high rooting of 71.4 per

20

cent and 61 per cent when treated with auxin formulation and struck in summer (May) and

rainy season (July) respectively. Earlier, Kanwar et al., (1996), while working with

propagation of Ulmus laevigata through stem cuttings, recorded maximum rooting (63.3%)

when cutting prepared from basal portions were treated with 1.5 per cent IBA formulation

during winter.

Kaundal and Shamet (2002), on the other hand found that the cuttings of deodar when

planted in February–March reported better bud activity, callusing and rooting success than

those planted during July-August month. Cutting of terminal type from deodar saplings

produced better rooting success during March. Application of NAA formulation (0.75

NAA% + 10% sucrose + 10% captan) to the girdled cuttings of seedling donors gave

maximum of 56.67% rooting in February–March.

Similarly, Shamet and Naveen (2005) carried out investigation on rooting behavior of

Celtis australis with respect to donor stage, pre-conditioning (girdling), cuttings portion and

auxin treatments. The cuttings taken in rainy season (July) from tree donors performed

remarkably better than those taken in spring and pole stage. Similarly, sub-apical and the

girdled cuttings resulted in significantly superior rooting and root quality as compared to the

apical and non-girdled ones. Kumar and Shamet (2002) reported similar observations and

suggested that girdled and lower portion cuttings produced significantly higher rooting than

non-girdled and upper portion cuttings of Himalayan yew.

Luna and Kumar (2006) on the other hand studied the effect of 1000, 2000, 3000 ppm

each of IBA, IAA and NAA on the rooting ability, sprouting percentage, and length of roots

in juvenile shoot cuttings of Melia composita under intermittent mist. Application of IBA

3000ppm produced the best results giving 57.14 per-cent rooting, 3.92 roots per rooted

cutting and 4.31cm mean root length in the cuttings.

Similarly, Kanwar and Bakshi (2010) carried out rooting studies in Dalbergia sissoo,

cuttings treated with three auxins i.e. IBA, NAA and IAA each with conc of 1000, 2000 and

4000ppm as dry dip under mist chamber. Maximum rooting (76.6%), sprouting and survival

performance was obtained when cuttings were treated with IBA 4000ppm.

21

Working with Corylus colurna, Srivastava et al., (2010) obtained maximum rooting

of 18 per cent for root suckers, followed by basal shoot (15%), when treated with 3000ppm of

IBA. Earlier, Soylu and Erturk (1979) studied some factors affecting the rooting of filbert

hardwood cuttings and found no significant relationship between the chemical composition of

bark tissue and base cut on the rooting ability. Maximum rooting of 6.7 per cent was

observed with one year old cuttings in both heated and non-heated medium at 4000 and

6000ppm IBA concentration. Two year old cuttings however, gave higher results with 13.3

per cent success when treated with 8000ppm IBA.

Similarly, Thakur et al., (2011), while working with the propagation of neoza pine in

district Kinnaur observed that cuttings of seedling donors and girdled ones produced

significantly better rooting of 36 per cent (1% IBA + 10% captan + 10% sucrose-talc) during

April as compared to results obtained from pole/tree stages. In case of air layering,

application of 0.75% IBA + 10% captan + 10% sucrose-talc during June proved most

effective, resulting in 43.33 per cent rooting.

In order to meet the increasing market demand of Magnolia grandiflora L., Fang et

al., (2011) carried out propagation studies with IBA and NAA in March, June, August and

November and concluded that cuttings collected in November produced highest 70.8 per cent

of rooting. Cuttings collected in June rooted upto 40.6 per cent, while less than 21.9 per cent

of rooting was observed from the cuttings collected in March and August.

Asexual propagation of Ilex rotunda was investigated by Tian et al., (2011) who and

reported a maximum of 79.7 per cent rooting success in October, which was significantly

higher than those collected in March (42.5%) and May (38.6%). Similarly, rooting quality, as

indicated by number of roots and mean root length, was significantly better when cuttings

were collected in October. The rooting was highest (83.3%) under the treatment of

Hormodin-1, a formulation based on indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) i.e. 1000 mg/L.

Similarly, Kumari (2012) found the application IBA- formulation as most effective

treatment while working with cuttage propagation Myrica nagi for all the parameters i.e.,

sprouting per cent (70%), rooting per cent (23.33%), survival per cent (16.67%) and root

length (6.77cm). However, NAA formulation (0.5% NAA + 5% captan + 5% sucrose) was

the most effective treatment for air layering.

22

Kumar (2014) on the other hand, carried out investigation on rooting behavior of Acer

acuminatum and A. caseium with respect to pre-conditioning (girdling) and auxin treatments.

The cuttings of A. acuminatum taken in spring recorded maximum sprouting (59.52) and

rooting (30.36 %) success when treated with 0.75 per cent IBA formulation.

Chapter-3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The investigations entitled “Studies on site characteristics, natural regeneration

status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in Himachal Pradesh”

was carried out in Hazel bearing forests of Theog (Shimla district) and Pangi (Chamba

district) Forest Divisions of Himachal Pradesh and in the laboratory and Experimental farm

of the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of

Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan during year 2011-2013. Details about experimental

site, materials used and methodology adopted during the course of study period are described

in this chapter.

3.1 STUDY AREA

3.1.1 Theog Forest Division

A part of the study site and natural regeneration was carried out in the hazel bearing

Pattidhank and Gajta forests of Theog Forest Division (North Latitude 300

56' 55" and 31

0-

17' 5" and East Longitude 77

0 16' 10" and 77

0 37' 32").The area is situated to the West of

Shimla, and comes under Shimla Forest circle of Himachal Pradesh State Forest Department.

The entire tract is mountainous with slopes varying from moderate to steep and at places

precipitous, particularly in the northern portion viz., Shalli Dhar and Southern Chambi Dhār.

The climate of Pattidhank and Gajta is mostly temperate. Generally heavy snowfall occurs in

the forest during winter months (Nov-April), while summer (May-June) is moderately warm.

3.1.2 Pangi Forest Division

The other part of the site and natural regeneration studies was carried in Pangi Forest

Division (North Latitude 32o48' and 33

o13' and East Longitude 76

o15' and 76

o47') situated in

North-eastern part of the Chamba with Pir Panjal in the north and Zanskar on the north

western direction. The area is mountainous with slopes ranging from moderate to precipitous.

The climate is temperate to semi-arctic, with severe winters, while heavy snowfall and

frequent avalanches are prominent features.

24

3.1.3 Experimental farm and Nursery site

The experiments pertaining to nursery techniques were conducted in Mazgaon nursery

and laboratories of the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, located 300

51' North

latitude and 760

11' East longitude at an elevation of about 1250 m above mean sea level. The

University campus lies 14 km south east of Solan town of the Himachal Pradesh on Solan-

Rajgarh road. The area is characterized by sub-tropical to sub-temperate climate with annual

rainfall of 858 mm to 1465 mm. Most of the rains are however received during the months of

July and August. Winter showers are common, frost occurs recurrently from December to

February, while snows are rare. December and January are the coldest months while May and

June form the hottest months (Appendix I).

3.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

3.2.1 Experiment 1: Study of the site characteristics and natural regeneration status of

Corylus colurna.

3.2.1.1 Selection of study sites

The selection of the sites was done on the basis of presence of Corylus colurna

trees/stand in the two forest divisions for the study purpose (Plate-1). The following sites

were selected in each of the two forest divisions.

Pangi Forest Division (Chamba Forest Circle)

� Sach Forest Range:

i. Sali forest

ii. Mindal forest

Theog Forest Division (Shimla Forest Circle)

� Kotkhai Forest Range

i. Pattidhank forest

ii. Gajta forest

3.2.1.2 Phytosociological studies

The study on site characteristics (vegetation and edaphic) was carried out to

understand the community structure and the biodiversity of the hazel bearing forests. The

size and minimum number of quadrats required to be studied were determined following

25

Species Area curve method (Mihsra, 1968). The phytosociological studies were carried out

by laying out eight main random quadrats of the size 25m x 20m per Range covering all

possible aspects and elevations. The observations on trees were recorded in main sample

plots, while for shrubs, four plots of 5m x 5m were laid out in each tree sample plot. The

various ecological parameters were determined from the basic data viz., number,

girth/diameter, height, and basal area collected for various plant communities, using standard

formulae (Raunkiaer, 1934; Mishra, 1968 and Menon and Balasubramanyan, 1985). The

vegetational data were quantitatively analyzed for density, Per cent frequency and

Abundance. (Curtis and Mc Intosh, 1950). Relative frequency, Relative density and Relative

dominance were determined following Phillips (1959), while Importance Value Index (IVI)

was calculated following Misra (1968).

Density (D)

It represents the numerical strength of species in a community calculated as:

Density (D) = Total number of individuals

Total number of quadrates studied

Percent Frequency (%F)

It is the indicator of number of samples in which the given species occurs, thus

expresses the distribution of various species in the community.

Percent

frequency (%)

=

Number of sampling units in which the

species occurs

X

100 Number of sampling units studied

Abundance (A)

Abundance (A)

=

Number of individuals of a species

Number of sampling units of occurrence

Basal Area

It refers to the ground area actually covered by the stems and calculated by using

following relation

Basal area: = πd2/4 or g

2/4π

Where

d – Diameter

g – Girth

26

Relative Density, Relative Frequency and Relative Basal Area

These parameters were obtained from the per cent frequency, density and basal area

according to procedure given by Phillips (1959).

Relative basal area

(RBA) =

Total basal area of the species X 100

Total basal area of all the species

Relative density

(RD) =

No. of individuals of the species X 100

No. of individuals of all species

Relative frequency

(RF) =

No. of occurrence of the species X 100

No. of occurrence of all species

Importance Value Index (IVI)

To express the dominance and ecological success of any species, with a single value,

the concept of important value index has been developed. The IVI, which is an integrated

measure of the relative frequency, relative density and relative basal area, was calculated for

all species of trees and shrubs separately for different sites in study areas of the two forest

divisions.

IVI = Relative Basal Area (RBA) + Relative Density (RD) + Relative Frequency (RF)

Shannon-Wiener index for diversity

The species diversity index was computed using the Shannon-Wiener information

function (Shannon-Wiener, 1963)

H � is Shannon-Wiener index of the species diversity, Ni is total density for the ith

species and

N is total density of all the species in the stand.

Estimation of stand characteristics

Identification of main species and its associates

All the trees falling under each sample plot were identified before going for further

estimations.

H�= ��

�

�� log2

��

27

Individual tree measurement

Trees falling in each sample plot were enumerated to determine the stand density as

number of plants per hectare.

Diameter at breast height

The mean of two diameter measurements of each stem over bark was taken at right

angles to each other at 1.37 m above ground level with the help of tree calliper.

Tree height

Total height of standing tree is the straight line distance from the tip of the leading

shoot to the ground level, usually measured on slopes from the uphill side of the tree

(Chaturvedi and Khanna, 1982). The height of the tree was measured with the help of Ravi

multimeter as well as Spiegel Relaskop and expressed in meters.

Crown width

The crown width was measured in two directions (North-South and East-West) and

average calculated as suggested by Assmann (1970) and Chaturvedi and Khanna (1982).

CW = D1 + D2

2

Where:

CW - Crown width (m)

D1 - First measured crown diameter (m)

D2 - Second measured crown diameter at right angle to the

firstmeasurement (m)

Crown projection ratio

It is the ratio which states that by how many times the crown diameter is larger than

the stem diameter (Assmann, 1970).

Crown project ratio = b/d

Where

b - Crown width

d - Stem diameter

28

Crown Basal Area

It refers to the ground area actually covered by the crown and calculated by using

following relation

Basal area: = πd2/4 or g

2/4π

Where

d – Diameter

g – Girth

3.2.1.3 Regeneration survey

The goal of the regeneration survey is to assess the impacts of past management

practices that prescribes the stocking, density and composition of present or future stand for

an area and sine qua non for the forest management. The sufficiency of regeneration is

judged on the basis of number of established plants in a unit area. According to Chacko

(1965), desired number of established plants is 2500 per hectare and the quadrat is considered

fully stocked when it contained at least one established plant. Observations on regeneration

were made in hazel bearing forest of Pangi and Theog forest divisions with a recording unit

(quadrat) size of 2m x 2m (4 sq m).The regeneration survey was carried out in all the major

sample plots of 25m x 20m (500 sq m) in which forty quadrates of size 2m x 2m were laid

out on each site.

The survey was conducted for recruits (defined as current years seedlings),

unestablished regeneration (plants other than recruits which has not yet established and the

height was less than 2 m); here four unestablished plants were taken equivalent to one

established plant and established regeneration having height of more than 2 m.

Data recording

The regeneration data for Corylus colurna and associated species was collected on the

basis of number of individuals occurring at recruit, unestablished and established stage in

each quadrate. The height of unestablished plants was also measured for the assessment of

regeneration (Champion, 1935).

Regeneration assessment

The data thus collected was analyzed using the formulae given by Chacko (1965) as

follows:

29

∑ u i / m n

i=1 2500

∑ e i / m n

i=1 2500

∑ r i / m n

i=1 2500 Recruits (r) /ha =

Unestablished regeneration (u)/ha =

Established regeneration (e)/ha =

Where

n – Number of sampling units

m – Total number of recording units in survey

ri – Total number of recruits in each sampling unit

ui – Total number of unestablished plants in each sampling unit

ei – Total number of established plants in each sampling unit

Weighted average height (m)

=

Total height of unestablished regeneration +

(Number of established plants x establishment

height)

Total unestablished plants + total established

plants

On the basis of above estimates, following indices were calculated:

Establishment index (I1) = Weighted average height

Establishment height

Stocking index (I2)

=

1/2500

X

Unestablished

regeneration/ha

+

Established

regeneration/ ha

4

Established stocking per cent = 100 (I1 x I2)

Regeneration success (%) = Stocking index (I2) X 100

3.2.1.4 Site factors

The following site factors were accessed to understand influence on regeneration and

growth of hazelnut.

Solar influx

Light illumination was recorded by digital luxmeter under and outside the hazelnut

canopy in selected forest sites at various elevations separately during day time and the value

in percentage of light intensity under canopy to that in the open was calculated as under (Rao,

1998).

30

Solar influx (%) = Total solar radiation beneath the canopy

X 100 Total solar radiation in open

Soil studies

Soil samples

Soil characteristics of the site were studied by collecting four soil samples at 0-15cm

depth from the forest floor in moisture boxes from both the selected forest divisions. These

samples were then mixed to form composite soil sample was taken from each site making a

total of two soil samples per forest Range. The fresh weight and oven dry weight were taken

for these soil samples to determine soil moisture. The air dry composite samples were

properly labelled and stored in polythene bags for their subsequent analysis.

Soil analysis

Soil samples were analysed in laboratory for different physico-chemical properties:

Physical properties

Per cent soil moisture

It was obtained by using the formula

Per-cent moisture = Weight of moist soil – oven dry weight

X 100 oven dry weight

Organic matter layer

It was measured as depth of the column from top of humus layer to the point under

humus where soil exists.

Chemical properties

Table 1. Physio-chemical characteristics of soil and method used for estimation

Nutrients Method Employed

Available N (kg ha-1

) Alkaline Potassium permanganate method (Subbiah and

Asija, 1956).

Available P (Kg ha-1

) Extraction with 0.05 M NaHCO3 (Olsen et al., 1954).

Available K (Kg ha-1

) Determined by flame photometer method.

Organic Carbon (%)

Soil pH

Determined by wet digestion method of Walkley and

Black’s Method (1954).

Determined by 1:2.5 water suspensions method (Jackson,

1973).

31

Seed Source

Fresh hazelnut seeds were collected from the Pangi Forest Division during Oct - Nov

of year 2011 and 2012. The fresh seeds were packed in gunny bags and transported to

University campus for laboratory and nursery studies.

3.2.2 Experiment 2: To study the effect of stratification period and temperature with

and without GA3 treatments on germination and seedling growth of Corylus

colurna

Stratification is one of the most commonly used methods to break dormancy in

temperate species that are difficult to germinate. It can be done in different ways of

stratifying media under different temperatures, conditions (moist and dry) and usually last for

upto several days/months. In this experiment, however, the following stratification treatments

were given:

Stratification periods:

The stratification was done for five different durations as listed below:

a) Stratification period: 5

P1 : 0 days

P2 : 20 days

P3 : 40 days

P4 : 60 days

P5 : 80 days

Stratification temperature: The following stratification temperatures were tested:

b) Stratification temperature: 4

T1 : Room temperature

T2 : Out-door pit (12.210C)

T3 : 40

± 10C

T4 : 00

± 10C

GA3 treatment: The following GA3 treatments were given to seeds:

c) GA3 treatments: 3

G1 : Control (Water only)

G2 : 100ppm

G3 : 200ppm

32

Replications : 3

Total number of treatments : 60

Number per treatment : 20

Design : CRD (Factorial)

The seeds were stratified by keeping them in moist sterilized sand for the entire

period. From December 2011 and 2012 onwards, each five batches of seeds were placed for

stratification for 80, 60, 40, 20, and 0 days in moist sand substrate and at four different

temperature condition taken accordingly so that seeds experienced the desired period of

stratification. The optimum substrate moisture content was tested manually by squeezing in

hand as approximately a single drop of water should leak between the figures (Gorden and

Rowe, 1982 and Surzka et al., 1996).

The gibberellic acid treatment was given as 24hr soak in the beaker prior to actual

sowing in germinator. However, before gibberellic acid (GA3) pretreatment 20 stratified

seeds per treatment were also kept for biochemical analysis. The germination study was

carried out by placing the seeds in germinator at 22±1oC. The observations on germination of

seeds were recorded daily upto 28 days after the emergence of first radical from seed.

The experiment thus, comprised of 60 treatments each replicated thrice in completely

randomized design (factorial) under laboratory condition during Feb 2011 and 2012 each.

Observations recorded: The following observations were recorded during the course of

investigation.

a) Germination studies

• Germination per cent

• Germination capacity

• Germination energy

• Germination value

• Germination index

b) Biochemical studies

• Total sugar

• Reducing sugar

33

• Non-reducing sugar

• Total starch

• Soluble protein

• Moisture content

3.2.3 Experiment 3: Effect of stratification medium, temperature condition (alternate

warm and cold temperature) and GA3 treatments on germinability and seedling

growth of Corylus colurna

Stratification medium: The following germination mediums was used:

i. Naked (Control)

ii. Sand

iii. Cow-dung

Temperature conditions: The following temperature condition was applied

i. Open (room temperature)

ii. Two week warm (25o-28

oC), followed by two week cold (3

0C)

iii. Three week warm (25o-28

oC), followed by three week cold (3

0C)

iv. Four week warm (25o-28

oC), followed by four week cold (3

0C)

v. Five week warm (25o-28

oC), followed by five week cold (3

0C)

vi. Six week warm (25o-28

oC), followed by six week cold (3

0C)

GA3 treatments: The nuts were treated with following GA3 concentrations.

i. Control (Water only)

ii. 150 ppm

Replications : 3

Number of treatments : 36

Number per treatment : 20

Design : RBD (Factorial)

The fresh nuts collected from the Pangi Forest Division were stratified in substrate of

cow dung slurry, moist sand and without substrate (naked) in polybags and kept in warm

followed by cold system from two weeks to six weeks. Care was taken to keep nuts moist in

each medium during whole treatment duration.

34

After treatments, nuts were soaked in water (control) and gibberellic acid 150ppm for

24 hours prior to actual sowing in the nursery bed or polybag. Before gibberellic acid

treatment however, 20 stratified seeds per treatment were kept for biochemical analysis. A

random sample of 20 seeds per replication was thus taken for conducting germination and

nursery studies. The observations on germination of seeds were recorded daily upto 28 days

after start of germination in seed. The irrigation and weeding operation were done as and

when required in the nursery.

Observations recorded

a) Nursery studies

•••• Germination per cent

•••• Seedling height (cm)

•••• Collar diameter (mm)

•••• Root-shoot ratio

•••• Root number

•••• Root length (cm)

•••• Total biomass of seedling (g)

b) Biochemical studies

•••• Total sugar

•••• Total starch

•••• Soluble protein

Description of observations

A) Germination studies: The following observations were recorded under laboratory

condition.

Germination (%) (G)

Germination per cent was calculated as the number of seeds sown and number of

seeds actually germinated, expressed in percentage.

Germination capacity (%)

The cumulative number of seeds that germinated during the 28 days of test period

plus the number of viable seeds at the end of the test expressed in percentage is the

germination capacity (GC).

35

Germination energy (%)

Germination energy (GE) was calculated on the basis of the percentage of the total

number of seeds that had germinated when the germination reached its peak generally taken

as the highest number of germination in 24 hours period.

GE (%) = Number of seeds germinated upto time of peak germination

X 100 Total number of seeds sown

Germination speed/rate

Germination speed (GS) was determined by the method prescribed by Maguire

(1962).

Germination speed = (n/t)

Where

n = Number of seed newly germinating at time (i)

t = Number of days from sowing

Mean daily germination or daily germination speed (MDG or DGS)

Mean daily germination was calculated as the cumulative germination percentage of

seeds at the end of the test divided by the number of days from sowing to the end of the test

or the total per cent germination divided by total days in the test gives the final mean daily

germination.

Peak value

Peak value was calculated as the maximum mean daily germination (MDG) reached

at any time during the period of test (Czabator, 1962).

Germination value

Germination value (GV) is the index combining speed and completeness of seed

germination. Daily germination counts were recorded and calculated as per Czabator (1962).

Germination value = PV x MDG

Where,

PV = Peak value of germination

MDG = Mean daily germination

36

Germination index

Germination index was calculated by dividing the total number of seed germinated at

the end of the experiment with the time taken for 50 per cent germination.

Viability per cent

The seed viability was determined by using Tetrazolium Chloride (TZ) test (AOSA,

2005). It was also worked out by summation of percentage of germinated seeds and the

percentage of un-germinated but apparently sound seeds (Willan, 1985).

B) Seedling growth studies

For seedling growth characteristics, five randomly selected seedlings from each

replication was carefully uprooted without in anyway breaking the roots in the first week of

November during 2011 and 2012 each after one growing season in nursery. The following

attributes were measured.

Seedling height (cm)

Seedling height was recorded in centimeters from ground level upto the tip of stem.

Root length (cm)

The length of tap root was recorded in centimeters using measuring scale by placing it

horizontally on the ground.

Collar diameter (mm)

Collar diameter of the seedling was measured in millimeters using electronic vernier

caliper.

Root and shoot weight (g)

The seedlings were washed with water. Excess of water was wiped out by placing it

between the folds of filter paper. Then the seedlings were cut at collar with a secateur and

root and shoot weights were taken on dry basis after drying to constant weight in an oven at

70oC and expressed in grams.

Root-shoot ratio

The ratio was worked out on dry weight basis by dividing the weight of dry root by

the weight of dry shoot of each plant separately.

37

Total biomass of seedling (g)

It was expressed in grams as the sum of dry root weight and dry shoot weight.

Stock quality index (SQI)

The stock quality index was used to quantify the morphological quality of the

seedlings as given by Dickson et al., (1960).

SQI = Total seedling dry weight (g)

Height (cm)/ Diameter (mm)

C) Biochemical studies

Moisture content (%)

The moisture content expressed in percentage on fresh weight basis was determined

by the following formula (Toluene distillation method).

Moisture content (%) = Original weight – Oven dry weight

X 100 Original weight

Total sugars and starch

Extraction of total sugars and starch

One gram of dried sample were placed in 20-25 ml of boiling ethanol (80%) for 10

minute and decanted. Another 10-15 ml of boiling ethanol was added to the residue.

Thereafter the two extracted sample filtrate and combined. The final volume was made of

50 ml. The alcoholic extract was used for the estimation of total sugars while the residue used

for determination of starch.

Total sugars

Total sugars in seed sample were estimated by phenol-sulphuric acid method given by

Dubois et al., (1951).

Reducing sugar

Reducing sugar was established by di-nitrosalicylic acid method developed by Miller

(1972).

38

Non reducing sugar

The content of non reducing sugars was calculated by deducting the quantity of

reducing sugars present in the individual sample from that of the total sugar present and then

multiplying by the factor 0.95.

Starch

Glucose in the sample was determined by phenol-sulphuric acid method of Dubois et

al., (1956) and then starch content was calculated by multiplying the glucose value with

conversion factor of 0.90.

Soluble proteins

Soluble proteins were estimated by the method prescribed by Lowry et al., (1951).

3.2.4 Experiment 4: Study the effect of various physical and chemical treatments on

rooting behavior of hazelnut cuttings.

Root formulation: 6

R1 : Control (talc)

R2 : 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc

R3 : 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc




Pre-conditioning: 2

P1 : Girdled

P2 : Fresh/non-girdled

Cutting portion: 2

C1 : Upper part

C2 : Lower Part

Replications : 3

Total no of treatments : 24

No. of cuttings per treatment : 10

Design : CRD

39

The experiment was conducted in spring (March.-April) and rainy (June-Aug) seasons

under shade house condition in the experimental farm of the Department.

The experiment, thus comprised of 24 treatments each replicated (10

cuttings/replication) thrice in Completely Randomized Block Design. The cuttings were

plated in the polybags filled with sterilized river sand and placed in rows of ten bags each.

The polybags were placed in the sunken beds prepared under shade house. The planted

cutting were weeded and irrigated as and when required.

Observations recorded:

i. Sprouting per cent

ii. Callusing per cent

iii. Rooting per cent

iv. Length of primary roots

v. Number of roots

vi. Dry/fresh weight of roots

Collection and preparation of cuttings

Hazelnut cuttings were collected from Gajta beat of Theog Forest Division of Shimla

circle. Initially the pencil thick vigorously growing, straight, disease free (healthy) shoots

were selected and marked on vigorously growing middle aged trees. Then, with the

experienced field trained staff, the selected shoots of the trees were girdled by removing 1 to

1.25 cm wide ring bark, thereby exposing the underlying cambium for callus formation.

Debarked portion was wrapped with black tape and left undisturbed for about one month, for

the callus formation. Separate branches were girdled at top and basal portion of the shoot. To

prevent desiccation while transporting, branches were wrapped in sphagnum moss drenched

with water and carried to the experimental farm of the Department of Silviculture and

Agroforestry. In this way 6-8″ long cuttings were prepared from girdled cutting (by giving

the cut just below the callused/swollen portion) and non-girdled ones before actual treatment

with IBA formulation.

Preparation of rooting formulations

Direct mixing of the talc and reagent grade chemical are not recommended since this

do not provide a consistent and uniform mixture. The required amount of IBA (Indole-butyric

40

Acid) was dissolved in a small quantity of absolute alcohol (10 ml approx.) in 250ml beaker,

and then mixed with the calculated amount talc, sucrose and captan to form thick slurry. The

mixture was continuously stirred with glass rod by occasional addition of some distilled

water to form a uniform homogeneous slurry. The slurry was air dried by keeping the beakers

covered with a thin sheet of paper in cool, dry and dark place to avoid degradation of auxin in

light. The dried formulations were then grounded by using pestle and mortar to form a fine

powder ready for treatment.

Application of rooting formulation and planting

The cuttings of the Corylus colurna were grouped into girdled/non girdled and upper

(basal portion) and lower part (lower portion) with three replications each. Before the IBA

treatments, the cuttings were given two fine superficial vertical cuts with the help of a sharp

blade to promote rooting. The lower end of cuttings were immersed into the respective

rooting powder and then lightly tapped off against the edge of the container to remove excess

powder. The cuttings were then planted 7-8 cm deep in the polythene bags kept in sunken

beds. Soil around the cutting base was firmed up by compacting it with the help of fingers.

Polybags were drenched with dithane/captan (@ 1%) fortnightly to prevent rotting of

cuttings. The planted cuttings were irrigated frequently with rose cane (>80% humidity) and

weeded regularly as when needed.

Statistical analysis

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 Software was used for the

statistical analysis of the data generated from the experiment 2-4 and interpretation of the

result. The least significant difference at 5 per cent level was used for testing the significant

differences among treatments. The data for both the years of investigation were pooled after

performing homogeneity test.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The results emanating from the investigation entitled

characteristics, natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut

colurna L.) in Himachal Pradesh”,

populations of hazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division

Shimla Circle) and Sach Forest Range (Pangi Forest Division

Pradesh during the years 2011-13, are described in this chapter. The salient findings obtained

during the course of investigation are presented under following main headings:


4.2 Effect of site and stand characteristics

4.3 Natural regeneration


4.5 Biochemical indices of seeds



The vegetational data were quantitatively analyzed to estimate density (D), basal area

(BA), per-cent frequency (%F), relative density (RD), relative basal area (RBA), relative

frequency (RF), importance value index (IVI) and

sites of hazelnut bearing forests in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Ranges. The results of the study

are presented in tables from 2 to 4.

4.1.1 Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division)

4.1.1.1 Pattidhank Forest

The data tabulated in table 2, exhibiting the ecological status of tree species in

hazelnut bearing forest of Pattidhank revealed that out of the eleven tree species present in

the area, Corylus colurna was the dominating species with maximum IVI value of

contributed by relative basal area of 24.90% resulting from the basal area 1488.28 cm

followed by Picea smithiana

41

Chapter-4

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The results emanating from the investigation entitled “Studies on site

characteristics, natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut

L.) in Himachal Pradesh”, conducted in laboratory, farm nursery and natural

populations of hazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division

Shimla Circle) and Sach Forest Range (Pangi Forest Division-Chamba Circle)

13, are described in this chapter. The salient findings obtained

during the course of investigation are presented under following main headings:

Phytosociological studies

Effect of site and stand characteristics

Effect of stratification treatments

Biochemical indices of seeds

PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES


cent frequency (%F), relative density (RD), relative basal area (RBA), relative

frequency (RF), importance value index (IVI) and Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index


are presented in tables from 2 to 4.

Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division)



was the dominating species with maximum IVI value of

contributed by relative basal area of 24.90% resulting from the basal area 1488.28 cm

with IVI value of 58.61. The Acer caesium

“Studies on site

characteristics, natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus

conducted in laboratory, farm nursery and natural

populations of hazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division-

Chamba Circle) of Himachal

13, are described in this chapter. The salient findings obtained


cent frequency (%F), relative density (RD), relative basal area (RBA), relative

Diversity Index for four




was the dominating species with maximum IVI value of 69.61,

contributed by relative basal area of 24.90% resulting from the basal area 1488.28 cm2 ha

-1,

Acer caesium and Acer

42

acuminatum recorded the minimum IVI value of 5.34 each. Similarly, the highest number of

individuals (145 ha-1

) was recorded for Corylus colurna, while the lowest (5 ha-1

each) seen

for Acer caesium and Acer acuminatum. Out of total seven shrub species present in the area,

Viburnum cotinifolium had the highest value of all phytosociological parameters with IVI

value of 190.38, whereas, Plectranthus rugosus with lowest IVI (6.59) value was the rare

species. The total basal area of trees was 5978.11 cm2 ha

-1and it was 5193.22 cm

2 ha

-1 in case

of shrubs species.

4.1.1.2 Gajta Forest

The data collected in the Gajta forest revealed the presence of seven tree and eight

shrub species in the forest (Table 2). Among tree species, Quercus dilatata was the prominent

one having maximum dominance of 131.23 followed by Pinus wallichiana (40.52) and

Corylus colurna (36.58) in that order. The minimum IVI value was however, recorded for

Cedrus deodara (12.41). In shrubs, Viburnum cotinifolium was the dominant species

followed by Daphne cannabis and Sarcococca saligna with IVI value of 95.30, 93.15, and

27.74, respectively. Rosa macrophylla had the lowest IVI value of 4.60. Similarly, the

maximum share to average basal area of trees was contributed by Quercus dilatata i.e.

83279.97 cm2

ha-1

, while for shrubs, the maximum share was that of Viburnum cotinifolium

accounting for 664.83 cm2ha

-1.

4.1.2 Sach Forest Range( Pangi Forest Division)

4.1.2.1 Sali Forest

The table 3 represents the floristic composition in hazelnut bearing forest of Sali

forest which reveals that out of the eleven tree species, Picea smithiana was dominating with

maximum IVI value of 89.96 followed by Corylus colurna (76.94) and Pinus wallichiana

(47.64) respectively. On the basis of IVI values Salix denticulata (6.25) and Juglans regia

(6.46) are sparsely present in Sali forest of Pangi Forest Division. The total basal area of tree

species was found to be 6186.52 cm2/ha with maximum contribution (49.21%) of Picea

smithiana, whereas minimum share was that of Juglans regia (22.99).

Among shrubs, the species Lonicera quinquelocularis dominated the habitat with an

IVI value of 114.61 followed by Rosa centifolia (87.64) and Berberis chitera (48.42),

respectively, whereas the minimum IVI value (5.85) was found for Indigofera heterantha.

43

Table 2. Phytosociological status of Corylus colurna bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest

Range

Site/Species

Average

Density

ha-1

Average basal

area ha-1

(cm2)

%

Frequency RD RF RBA IVI

Pattidhank Forest Tree species

Abies pindrow 35.00 325.67 75.00 7.22 11.11 5.45 23.78

Picea smithiana 95.00 1447.22 100.00 19.59 14.81 24.21 58.61

Pinus wallichiana 15.00 256.47 25.00 3.09 3.70 4.29 11.09

Taxus wallichiana 10.00 50.57 50.00 2.06 7.41 0.85 10.32

Corylus colurna 145.00 1488.28 100.00 29.90 14.81 24.90 69.61

Quercus dilatata 75.00 672.36 75.00 15.46 11.11 11.25 37.82

Acer caesium 5.00 48.17 25.00 1.03 3.70 0.81 5.54

Acer acuminatum 5.00 35.93 25.00 1.03 3.70 0.60 5.34

Prunus cornuta 50.00 521.40 75.00 10.31 11.11 8.72 30.14

Juglans regia 40.00 1070.84 75.00 8.25 11.11 17.91 37.27

Symplocos paniculata 10.00 61.20 50.00 2.06 7.41 1.02 10.49

Total 485.00 5978.11 675.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00

Shrub species

Berberis aristata 100.00 37.58 18.75 5.06 11.54 0.72 17.17

Elsholtzia fruticosa 50.00 156.74 6.25 2.53 3.85 3.02 8.76

Cotoneaster microphyllus 75.00 87.24 12.50 3.80 7.69 1.68 12.82

Cotoneaster nummularia 325.00 310.37 25.00 16.46 15.38 5.98 36.56

Indigofera hebepltala 150.00 818.90 12.50 7.59 7.69 15.77 27.73

Plectranthus rugosus 50.00 14.03 6.25 2.53 3.85 0.27 6.59

Viburnum cotinifolium 1225.00 3768.38 81.25 62.03 50.00 72.56 190.38

Total 1975.00 5193.22 162.50 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00

Gajta Forest Tree species

Picea smithiana 30.00 670.18 100.00 5.61 17.39 9.44 31.98


Cedrus deodara 15.00 367.44 25.00 2.80 4.35 5.17 12.41

Taxus wallichiana 45.00 112.86 75.00 8.41 13.04 1.59 23.07

Corylus colurna 75.00 360.72 100.00 14.02 17.39 5.08 36.58

Quercus dilatata 290.00 4239.75 100.00 54.21 17.39 59.70 131.23

Prunnus cornuta 40.00 258.16 75.00 7.48 13.04 3.63 24.22

Total 535.00 7102.32 575.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00

Shrub species


Berberis chitera 100.00 28.67 25.00 6.56 11.43 2.05 20.03

Cotoneaster nummularia 75.00 12.22 18.75 4.92 8.57 0.87 14.36

Daphne cannabis 525.00 462.75 56.25 34.43 25.71 33.01 93.15

Prinsepia utilis 125.00 40.77 31.25 8.20 14.29 2.91 25.39

Rosa macrophylla 25.00 1.43 6.25 1.64 2.86 0.10 4.60

Sarcococca saligna 150.00 170.87 12.50 9.84 5.71 12.19 27.74


Total 1525.00 1401.81 218.75 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00

44

Table 3. Phytosociology status of Corylus colurna bearing forests of Sach Forest Range

Site/Species Average density

ha-1

Average basal

ha-1 (cm2)

%

Frequency RD RF RD IVI

Sali Forest Tree species

Abies pindrow 5.00 89.57 25.00 1.09 5.00 1.45 7.53

Picea smithiana 95.00 3044.13 100.00 20.65 20.00 49.21 89.86


Cedrus deodara 10.00 137.83 25.00 2.17 5.00 2.23 9.40

Corylus colurna 200.00 832.71 100.00 43.48 20.00 13.46 76.94

Acer acuminatum 15.00 30.39 25.00 3.26 5.00 0.49 8.75

Acer caesium 10.00 45.88 50.00 2.17 10.00 0.74 12.92

Betula utilis 25.00 45.88 50.00 5.43 10.00 0.74 16.18

Salix denticulata 5.00 9.95 25.00 1.09 5.00 0.16 6.25

Juglans regia 5.00 22.99 25.00 1.09 5.00 0.37 6.46

Populus ciliata 45.00 203.85 25.00 9.78 5.00 3.30 18.08

Total 460.00 6186.52 500.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00

Shrub species


Berberis chitera 375.00 591.10 37.50 19.74 16.22 12.47 48.42

Cotoneaster acuminata 50.00 80.26 12.50 2.63 5.41 1.69 9.73

Cotoneaster bacillaris 100.00 111.86 25.00 5.26 10.81 2.36 18.43

Indigofera heterantha 25.00 86.63 6.25 1.32 2.70 1.83 5.85

Lonicera quinquelocularis 525.00 2713.70 68.75 27.63 29.73 57.25 114.61

Rosa centifolia 750.00 874.07 68.75 39.47 29.73 18.44 87.64

Total 1900.00 4740.40 231.25 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00

Mindal Forest Tree species

Picea smithiana 5.00 407.64 25.00 1.12 5.56 4.64 11.32


Cedrus deodara 25.00 1980.19 25.00 5.62 5.56 22.54 33.72

Corylus colurna 235.00 2491.51 100.00 52.81 22.22 28.36 103.40

Acer acuminatum 30.00 123.91 75.00 6.74 16.67 1.41 24.82

Acer caesium 60.00 858.02 75.00 13.48 16.67 9.77 39.92

Alnus nitida 25.00 594.05 25.00 5.62 5.56 6.76 17.94

Juglans regia 10.00 1274.68 25.00 2.25 5.56 14.51 22.31

Prunus cornuta 40.00 570.52 50.00 8.99 11.11 6.50 26.59

Robinia pseudoacacia 10.00 100.82 25.00 2.25 5.56 1.15 8.95

Total 445.00 8783.90 450.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00

Shrub species

Indigofera heterantha 50.00 56.59 6.25 5.00 6.25 1.25 12.50

Lonicera quinquelocularis 50.00 664.80 12.50 5.00 12.50 14.71 32.21

Parrotia jacquemontiana 100.00 159.97 12.50 10.00 12.50 3.54 26.04

Rosa moschata 25.00 574.39 6.25 2.50 6.25 12.71 21.46

Sorbaria tomentosa 750.00 3047.19 56.25 75.00 56.25 67.43 198.68


Total 1000.00 4518.83 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00

45

4.1.2.2 Mindal Forest

Ecological status (Table 3) in Mindal forest revealed a total number of ten tree species

with Corylus colurna being the dominant species with respect to density (235 ha-1

), per-cent

frequency (100%), relative basal area (2491.51 cm2

ha-1

) and IVI (103.40) values. This was

followed by Acer caesium and Cedrus deodara with IVI value of 39.92 and 33.72,

respectively in the decreasing order. The least values of IVI was however, recorded for

Robinia pseudoacacia (8.95) and Pinus wallichiana (11.03). The average basal area of the

trees ranged from 100.82 cm2

ha-1

to 2491.51 cm2

ha-1

. Out of the total six shrub species,

maximum IVI value was recorded for Sorbaria tomentosa (198.68) and following in order of

dominance were Lonicera quinquelocularis, Parrotia jacquemontiana, Rosa moschata,

Indigofera heterantha and Viburnum cotinifolium. The total basal area of trees was found to

be 8783.90cm2

ha-1

and for shrubs it came out to be 4518.83 cm2

ha-1

.

4.1.3 Shannon-Wiener Index for Diversity

To reveal the species richness, the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index was calculated

from total density separately on the basis of different ranges for tree and shrub species (Table

4). The data in table 4 indicate that the higher value for diversity of trees was found in

Pattidhank and Gajta (1.96 each) forest followed by Sali (1.73) and Mindal (1.60) forest. The

maximum diversity in case of shrubs was found in Gajta (1.73), whereas, the minimum value

(0.93) was found in case of hazelnut bearing forests of Mindal.

Table 4. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) values for trees and shrubs in different

Sites in Corylus colurna forests of Kotkhai and Sach Forest Ranges

4.2 EFFECT OF SITE AND STAND CHARACTERISTICS ON HAZEL TREE

GROWTH

4.2.1 Effect of site factors

The effect of different site factors like solar influx (%), crown projection, ratio soil

nutrients (N, P and K), soil pH, soil moisture, organic carbon and depth of organic matter, on

Range Site Trees Shrubs

Kotkhai Pattidhank 1.96 1.25

Gajta 1.96 1.73

Sach Sali 1.73 1.48

Mindal 1.60 0.93

46

growth of hazel and its associated species was studied in different ranges of Kotkhai and

Sach Forest Ranges. The data pertaining to different parameters are described here as under:

The perusal of data in table 5 reveals that maximum number (535 ha-1

) of stems were

found in Gajta forest with 75 trees of Corylus colurna, 130 of conifer species and 330 trees of

other broadleaved species followed by Pattidhank (485ha-1

), Sali (460ha-1

) and Mindal

(445ha-1

) forests in that order. However, maximum number of Corylus colurna trees per

hectare were present in Mindal (235 ha-1

), followed by Sali (200 ha-1

), Pattidhank (145 ha-1

)

and Gajta (75ha-1

) forests. The crown projection ratio for hazel trees and its associated

species ranged from 13.19 to 23.81 and 12.12 to 26.63, respectively in hazelnut bearing

communities of the two ranges. The solar influx was found to range from 23.25 per cent to

39.06 per cent, while the depth of organic matter ranged from 2.28 to 3.60cm. It was also

evident that there was little variation in sand, silt and clay proportion in both the forest

ranges. Thus, the soil texture at pattidhank and Gajta forest of Kotkhai Forest Range was

found to be sandy clay loam, whereas, it was sandy loam texture in Sali and Mindal forest of

Sach Forest Range. The organic carbon ranged from 2.28 to 3.60 per-cent, with maximum

content recorded at Pattidhank and minimum at Gajta forest. Similarly, the pH of the soil was

found to be slightly acidic to nearly neutral and it ranged between 5.89 to 6.91. However,

there was little variation in the values of per cent moisture and it ranged between 9.27 to 9.76

per cent (Table 5) in different sites.

It was also evident from the data in table 5 that the available nitrogen was more in

Sali (353.75 kg ha-1

) followed by Gajta (348.33 kg ha-1

), Pattidhank (340.78kg ha-1

) and

Mindal (338.35kg ha-1

) forests. However, the value of available phosphorus was found to be

maximum at Gajta (32.00 kg ha-1

), followed by Pattidhank (31.50 kg ha-1

), Sali (30.90 kg ha-

1) and Mindal (29.40 kg ha

-1) hazel bearing forests. Similarly, available potassium was

maximum at Gajta (444.50 kg ha-1

), followed by Pattidhank (443.50 kg ha-1

), Sali (437.30 kg

ha-1

) and Mindal (434.60 kg ha-1

) forest.

4.2.2 Stand characteristics studies

4.2.2.1 Kotkhai Forest Range

The perusal of data in table 6 reveals distribution of diameter classes in hazel bearing

forests of Pattidhank and Gajta. In Pattidhank forest, the trees were found to be distributed in

47

Table 5. Site characteristics status of hazelnut bearing forests in site of Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range

Site

Average number of tree

per hectare Solar

influx

(%)

Established

stocking

percent PR

Crown

projection

ratio OML

(cm)

Soil

Texture

OC

(%) pH

SMC

(%)

Available

N

( Kg ha-1

)

Available

P

( Kg ha-1

)

Available

K

( Kg ha-1

) Corylus

colurna

Conifer

species

Other

spp.

Corylus

colurna

AS

Corylus

colurna AS

Kotkhai Forest Range

Pattidhank 145 155 185 25.58 0.31 0.78 8.75 14.72 26.63 2.58

Sandy

clay

loam

3.60 5.89 9.27 340.78 31.50 443.50

Gajta 75 130 330 23.25 0.00 11.95 29.07 23.81 12.44 1.70

Sandy

clay

loam

2.28 5.97 9.65 348.33 32.00 444.50

Sach Forest Range

Sali 200 155 105 39.06 11.25 5.95 26.25 23.67 16.34 2.73 Sandy

loam 3.37 6.91 9.62 353.75 30.90 437.30

Mindal 235 35 175 27.46 0.00 1.56 6.56 13.19 12.12 1.67 Sandy

loam 2.86 6.57 9.76 338.35 29.40 434.60

Abbreviation Used: AS= Associated species; PR= Per-cent Regeneration; OML = Organic matter layer; OC = Organic carbon; SMC = Soil moisture conten

48

all diameter classes except for 0-10 cm and above 80 cm, while in Gajta, the trees were

completely absent in 90-100 and ≥ 100 cm diameter classes.

The average dbh showed an increasing trend from 16.71cm to 74.04 cm in different

diameter classes at Pattidhank, while it ranged 15.96 to 85.99 cm in Gajta forest. Similarly,

height also showed an increasing trend at both the sites, except for diameter class 60-70 cm in

Pattidhank, and 50-60 and 70-80 cm classes in Gajta forest. It was also evident that more

number of stems were found in lower diameter classes than at higher classes.

Similarly, the maximum average basal area (1619.30 cm2

ha-1

) and average crown

basal area (2574.20 m2

ha-1

) was found in 30-40 cm diameter classes in Pattidhank forest.

However, in Gajta forest, the maximum number of trees (165 ha-1

) was obtained for 20-30 cm

diameter class, while the minimum number of trees (5 ha-1

each) was recorded in 80-90 cm

diameter classes. On the other hand, maximum basal area (1651.05 cm2

ha-1

) and average

crown basal area (2647.15 m2

ha-1

) was recorded in 40-50cm and 20-30 diameter classes

respectively (Table 6).

Table 6. Effect of diameter classes on growth and tree characteristics in hazelnut

bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range

Sites

Diameter

class

(cm)

Average

dbh

(cm)

Average

height

(m)

Average

number of

tree

ha-1

Average basal

area ha-1

(cm2)

Average crown

basal area ha-1

(m2)

Patt

idh

an

k

Fore

st

0-10 - - - -

-

10-20 16.71 10.25 55.00 240.27 573.85

20-30 27.71 11.20 120.00 1057.07 1465.60

30-40 34.90 13.06 150.00 1619.30 2574.20

40-50 44.77 13.62 70.00 1201.42 1547.85

50-60 54.62 15.34 55.00 1261.40 1242.35

60-70 67.68 13.00 15.00 227.41 392.00

70-80 74.04 22.00 20.00 371.22 793.65

80-90 - - - - -

90-100 - - - - -

≥ 100 - - - - -

Total 485.00 5978.08 8589.50

Gajt

a

Fore

st

0-10 - - - -

-

10 -20 15.96 6.06 65.00 144.02 570.70

20-30 25.39 10.24 165.00 884.42 2647.15

30-40 35.23 14.78 105.00 1039.16 2276.50

40-50 44.59 16.07 105.00 1651.05 1633.25

50-60 56.69 14.60 25.00 631.17 459.10

60-70 65.64 17.94 45.00 1524.78 1080.70

70-80 77.23 17.45 20.00 937.50 475.00

80-90 85.99 26.50 5.00 290.20 72.90

90-100 - - - - -

≥ 100 - - - - -

Total - - 535.00 7102.32 9215.30

49

4.2.2.2 Sach Forest Range

The data in table 7 revealed that in Sali forest, the trees were well distributed in all

diameter classes except for 90-100 cm, while on the other hand, in Mindal forest the trees

were completely absent in 0-10 cm and 80-90 cm diameter classes. The Maximum number of

trees were obtained in diameter class 10-20 cm (175 ha-1

), while the minimum was noticed in

diameter classes 70-80 and 80-90 cm with 20 stems per hectare each in Sali forest. The

maximum value of average basal area (1109.18 cm2

ha-1

) and crown basal area (2243 m2

ha-1

)

was however, recorded for diameter classes 80-90 cm and 10-20 cm respectively in Sali

forest.

Table 7. Effect of diameter classes on growth and tree characteristics in hazelnut

bearing forests of Sach Forest Range

Sites Diameter

class (cm)

Average

dbh

(cm)

Average

Height

(m)

Average

number of

tree ha-1

Average

basal area

ha-1

(cm2)

Average

crown

basal area

ha-1

(m2)

Sali

Fo

rest

0-10 7.96 5.25 10.00 4.98 143.75

10-20 14.47 7.51 175.00 376.02 2243.28

20-30 24.52 12.29 85.00 386.68 1318.00

30-40 33.09 13.11 55.00 466.38 1000.24

40-50 42.74 14.60 25.00 306.12 313.16

50-60 53.70 17.14 40.00 906.60 1092.27

60-70 60.51 17.42 25.00 718.55 716.49

70-80 78.03 20.75 20.00 956.21 722.48

80-90 84.00 23.00 20.00 1109.18 827.33

90-100 - - - - -

≥ 100 156.05 24.00 5.00 955.81 168.39

Total 460.00 6186.52 8545.39

Min

dal

Fore

st

0-10 - - - - -

10 -20 18.31 6.25 10.00 394.61 0.90

20-30 25.84 9.10 80.00 813.10 1280.75

30-40 34.60 13.56 175.00 1579.10 3423.45

40-50 43.97 11.55 90.00 1296.70 1659.25

50-60 52.02 16.16 15.00 293.39 347.05

60-70 71.66 17.16 30.00 880.97 524.85

70-80 76.43 17.50 5.00 95.64 110.25

80-90 - - - - -

90-100 98.72 18.75 10.00 404.86 306.60

≥ 100 113.32 22.33 30.00 3025.60 1140.25

Total 445.00 8783.90 8863.35

50

In Mindal forest, (Table 7), there were nine diameter classes ranging from 10-20 cm

to ≥100 cm. The average dbh and height growth showed an increasing trend of 18.31 cm and

6.25 m to 113.32 cm and 22.33 m respectively from lower to higher diameter class. The

maximum basal area (3025.60 cm2

ha-1

) and crown basal area (3423 m2

ha-1

) was found in

≥100 cm and 30-40 cm diameter classes respectively. On the other hand, the minimum basal

area (95.64 cm2

ha-1

) and crown basal area (0.09 m2

ha-1

) was recorded in 70-80 cm and 10-20

cm diameter classes respectively. The maximum number of trees (175 ha-1

) was however,

recorded in 30-40 cm diameter class, while the minimum number of trees (5 ha-1

) was

observed in 70-80 cm diameter class.

4.3. NATURAL REGENERATION STUDIES

4.3.1 Regeneration components

The present investigations on regeneration studies were carried out on recruits,

unestablished, established and regeneration success in Pattidhank and Gajta forests of

Kotkhai Forest Range and Sali and Mindal forests of Sach Forest Range of State Forest

Department. The data on various regeneration components are presented in tables 8 to 9.

4.3.1.1 Recruits

The results revealed that maximum number of recruits was obtained for Quercus

dilatata (1250 ha-1

) in Gajta forest, while only 63 recruits of Corylus colurna were seen in

Pattidhank forest of Kotkhai Forest Range. In-case of Sach Forest Range, the maximum

number of recruits (876 ha-1

) for tree species were noticed in Sali forest, with only 63

recruits of Corylus colurna. Among the conifer species, maximum number of recruits was

recorded for Pinus wallichiana (750 ha-1

) and Picea smithiana (406 ha-1

) in Kotkhai and Sach

Forest Range respectively (Table 8).

4.3.1.2 Unestablished regeneration

It is evident from the data in table 8 that the maximum numbers of unestablished

saplings was recorded for Pinus wallichiana in Gajta (719 ha-1

), Sali (437 ha-1

) and

Pattidhank (250 ha-1

) forests. However, no unestablished saplings was seen for Corylus

colurna in all the sites.

51

Table 8. Regeneration status of hazelnut bearing forest in Kotkhai and Sach Forest

Range

4.3.1.3 Established regeneration

The perusal of data in table 8 revealed that maximum number of established saplings

for the tree species was recorded in Sali forest (501 ha-1

) followed by Gajta forest (313 ha-1

),

while the minimum number was seen in Mindal forest (93 ha-1

). However, maximum

established saplings was recorded for Corylus colurna (281 ha-1

) in Sali forest. Established

Sites/Species Recruits

No.ha-1

Unestablished

No.ha-1

Established

No.ha-1

Per-cent

regeneration

Kotkhai Range

Pattidhank Forest

Abies pindrow 281.00 - - -

Picea smithiana 219.00 31.00 - 0.31

Pinus wallichiana 63.00 250.00 63.00 5.00

Quercus dilatata 63.00 188.00 - 1.88

Populus ciliata - 31.00 - 0.31

Corylus colurna 63.00 00 31.00 1.25

Total 689.00 500.00 94.00 8.75

Gajta Forest

Picea smithiana 219.00 313.00 188.00 10.63


Taxus wallichiana 31.00 94.00 - 0.94

Quercus dilatata 1250.00 500.00 - 5.00

Ilex dipyrena - 31.00 - 0.31

Total 2250.00 1657.00 313.00 29.07

Sach Range

Sali Forest

Abies pindrow 94.00 - - -

Picea smithiana 406.00 187.00 63.00 4.38


Acer caesium - - 63.00 2.50

Betula utilis - - 31.00 1.25

Corylus colurna 63.00 - 281.00 11.25

Total 876.00 624.00 501.00 26.25

Mindal Forest

Picea smithiana - - 31.00 1.25

Cedrus deodara 94.00 250.00 31.00 3.75

Acer caesium - 31.00 31.00 1.56

Total 94.00 281.00 93.00 6.56

52

regeneration of Corylus colurna was found to be completely absent from Gajta and Mindal

forests.

4.3.1.4 Per-cent regeneration

It was evident from the data in table 8 that highest per-cent regeneration occurred in

Gajta forest (29.07), while the lowest was seen in Mindal forest (6.56). In-case of the

individual species, the highest per-cent regeneration was recorded for connifer species i.e.

Pinus wallichiana in Gajta (12.19) in Kotkhai Forest Range, while in Sach Forest Range, the

highest per-cent regeneration was recorded for Corylus colurna (11.25) in Sali forest.

4.3.1.5 Weighted average height

The data (Table 9) reveals the maximum weighted average height for Corylus colurna

(200 cm) in Sali forest of Sach Forest Range and minimum was observed for Ilex dipyrena

(1.39 cm) in Gajta forest. In-case of the Kotkhai Forest Range, maximum weighted average

height was recorded for Picea smithiana (139 cm) in Gajta forest followed by Pinus

wallichiana (70.96 cm), Quercus dilatata (9.13 cm), Taxus wallichiana (3.88 cm) and Ilex

dipyrena (1.39 cm) in descending order.

4.3.1.6 Establishment index

Overall, the establishment index was found to be maximum for Corylus colurna

(1.00) in Sali forest of Sach Forest Range, while, the minimum values was obtained for Ilex

dipyrena (0.01) in Gajta forest. However, Cedrus deodara recorded the highest

establishment index (0.26) at Mindal forest, while Populus ciliata (0.35) was the tree species

in Pattidhank forest (Table 9).

4.3.1.7 Stocking index

It was evident from the data in table 9 that in Kotkhai Forest Range, the maximum

value of stocking index (0.12) was recorded for Pinus wallichiana, which was followed by

Picea smithiana (0.11) in Gajta forest. However, Corylus colurna recorded the maximum

value (0.11) of stocking index in Sali forest of Sach Forest Range.

53

Table 9. Regeneration establishment and stocking data for different tree species in

hazelnut bearing forests in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range

Sites/Species

Weighted

average

height

(cm)

Establishment

index

(I1)

Stocking

index

(I2)

Established

stocking per cent

(I1 x I2 x 100)

Kotkhai Range

Pattidhank Forest

Abies pindrow - - - -

Picea smithiana 20.00 0.10 0.00 0.03


Quercus dilatata 18.13 0.09 0.02 0.17

Populus ciliata 70.00 0.35 0.00 0.11

Corylus colurna 50.00 0.25 0.01 0.31

Total 176.94 0.88 0.08 1.09

Gajta Forest

Picea smithiana 139.00 0.70 0.11 7.38


Taxus wallichiana 3.88 0.02 0.01 0.02

Quercus dilatata 9.13 0.05 0.05 0.23

Ilex dipyrena 1.39 0.01 0.00 0.00

Total 224.35 1.13 0.29 11.95

Sach Range

Sali Forest

Abies pindrow 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Picea smithiana 106.75 0.53 0.04 2.34


Acer caesium 50.00 0.25 0.03 0.63

Betula utilis 50.00 0.25 0.01 0.31

Corylus colurna 200.00 1.00 0.11 11.25

Total 484.44 2.42 0.26 17.20

Mindal Forest

Picea smithiana 50.00 0.25 0.01 0.31

Cedrus deodara 52.45 0.26 0.04 0.98

Acer caesium 35.00 0.18 0.02 0.27

Total 137.45 0.69 0.07 1.56

54

4.3.1.8 Established stocking per cent

The data in table 9 revealed that the maximum value of established stocking per cent

was found in Gajta (11.95) and Sali (17.20) forests in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range

respectively. However, Picea smithiana (7.38) and Pinus wallichiana (0.47) recorded the

maximum value of established stocking per cent in Gajta and Pattidhank forests, while Pinus

wallichiana (2.67) and Cedrus deodara (0.98) were the trees at Sali and Mindal forest

respectively.


4.4.1 Effect of stratification period and temperature with and without GA3 treatments

on germinability and seedling growth of Corylus colurna.

4.4.1.1 Effect of stratification period on germinability of seeds

The Indian hazelnut being endemic to the temperate forest of North West Himalayas,

the climatic conditions and seed dormancy affects its restocking and establishment under

natural conditions. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine condition suitable for

seed dormancy release under laboratory condition. Dormancy in seed was sought to be

broken by different periods of cold moist incubation (stratification) viz., 0 (P1); 20 (P2); 40

(P3); 60 (P4) and 80 days (P5) and its effect on various parameters viz., germination per cent,

germination speed, peak value, mean daily germination, germination value and germination

index was assessed (Table 10). These treatments were found to have significant differences

among different parameters studied and the pooled data for various parameters are described

as under:

Germination per cent

A perusal of the pooled data in table 10 indicates that the germination per cent was

significantly affected by various stratification periods. The significantly maximum

germination (50.49 %) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This was

followed by 80 days (P5) stratification with the germination of 40.83 per cent, while the

significantly least value (4.31 %) was recorded in non-stratified control seeds (P1). Thus, the

maximum germination obtained in P4 was found to be 1118.15 per cent higher as compared to

that of control (P1) treatment.

A more or less similar trend was observed in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12

and 2012-2013 for this parameter (Appendix-II).

55

Table10. Effect of different stratification period (P), temperature (T) and gibberellic acid (G) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under

laboratory condition

Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values

Treatments

Germination

(%)

Germination

capacity (%)

Germination

energy (%)

Germination

speed

Peak

value

Mean daily

germination

Germination

value

Germination

index

Stratification period (P)

Control (P1) 4.31 (10.60) 64.89 (53.67) 3.89 (10.05) 0.08 0.15 0.15 0.03 0.07

20 days (P2) 16.25 (22.19) 69.60 (56.56) 12.57 (19.08) 0.27 0.22 0.58 0.15 0.25

40 days (P3) 38.75 (38.37) 72.53 (58.41) 27.78 (31.35) 0.66 0.44 1.38 0.64 0.60

60 days (P4) 50.49 (45.93) 78.44 (63.24) 37.50 (37.43) 0.79 0.49 1.80 1.03 0.78

80 days (P5) 40.83 (39.53) 76.38 (61.00) 32.57 (34.46) 0.62 0.37 1.46 0.57 0.63

SE+ 0.81 0.25 1.04 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01

CD0.05 1.60 0.49 2.05 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.03

Stratification temperature (T)

Control (T1) 24.33 (27.11) 70.37 (57.14) 17.22 (22.47) 0.40 0.32 0.87 0.35 0.37

Out-door pit

(T2) 46.28 (42.13) 74.79 (60.67) 33.17 (33.73) 0.64 0.44 1.65 0.94 0.71

4±1oC (T3) 28.11 (30.51) 72.87 (58.73) 23.22 (26.97) 0.49 0.31 1.00 0.38 0.43

0±1oC (T4) 21.78 (25.55) 71.44 (57.76) 17.83 (22.72) 0.39 0.27 0.78 0.28 0.34

SE+ 0.72 0.64 0.93 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01

CD0.05 1.43 1.26 1.84 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.02

Gibberellic acid (G)

Control (G1) 22.83 (26.15) 70.83 (57.41) 16.79 (21.99) 0.45 0.27 0.82 0.28 0.35

100 ppm

(G2) 28.63 (30.18) 71.93 (58.10) 22.58 (26.34) 0.41 0.31 1.02 0.41 0.44

200 ppm

(G3) 38.92 (37.65) 74.33 (60.22) 29.21 (31.09) 0.59 0.41 1.39 0.76 0.60

SE+ 0.63 0.19 0.80 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01

CD0.05 1.24 0.38 1.59 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.02

56

Germination capacity

The significantly maximum germination capacity of 78.44 per cent was obtained

when hazelnut seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) followed by 76.38 per cent obtained for

80 days (P5) stratification. The significantly least value was however, observed in control

seeds (P1) which produced 64.89 per cent success in this regard. Almost similar trend was

observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013

(Appendix-II)

Germination energy

An overview of the pooled data in table 10 reveals that germination energy was

significantly affected by different stratification periods. However, the significantly maximum

value of 37.50 per cent resulted when hazelnut seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This

was followed by P5 treatments (80 days) (32.57 %), while the significantly minimum value of

3.89 per cent was observed in control seeds i.e. P1 (0 days). Almost similar trend was


(Appendix-II)

Germination speed

The scrutiny of data in table 10 reflects that 60 days (P4) stratification produced

significantly maximum germination speed of 0.79 followed by 40 days stratification (P3)

(0.66), The significantly least value was recorded in control seeds (P1) giving 0.08 value in

this regard. A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of

investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II)

Peak value

The appraisal of the pooled data pertaining to peak value of hazelnut seeds revealed

significantly maximum value of 0.49 when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This was

however followed by treatment P3 (40 days) giving value of 0.44 in this regard. The

significantly minimum value (0.15) was obtained when control seeds (P1) were used for

sowing.

Mean daily germination

It is evident from the data in table 10 that significantly maximum mean daily

germination (1.80) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This was followed by

57

1.46 obtained for 80 day treatment (P5). The significantly minimum value of 0.15 was,

however recorded in control seeds (P1). An almost similar trend was observed in both years

of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 for this parameter (Appendix-II).

Germination value

It is clear from the pooled data in table 10 that significantly maximum germination

value (1.03) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) being followed by 40 (P3)

and 80 (P5) days giving value of 0.64 and 0.57 in this regard. The significantly least value of

0.03 was, however recorded in control seeds (P1). Thus, the maximum germination value in

P4 treated seeds was found to be 3333.33 per cent higher as compared to minimum value

obtained in control P1 treatment. A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter

in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).

Germination index

The pooled data in table 10 regarding germination index reveals significantly

maximum germination index of 0.78 when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This was

followed by value 0.63 obtained for 80 days stratification (P5). However, significantly

minimum value of 0.07 was registered when control seeds (P1) were used for the treatment.

Thus, the maximum germination value obtained in P4 treated seeds was found to be 638.70

per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control P1. An almost similar trend

was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013

(Appendix-II).

4.4.1.2. Effect of stratification temperature on germinability of seeds

The pooled data pertaining to the effect of different stratification temperature viz.,

room temperature (T1), out-door pit (T2), 4±1 0C (T3) and 0±1

0C (T4) on various

germinability parameters viz., germination per cent, germination capacity, germination

energy, germination speed, peak value, mean daily germination, germination value and

germination index are presented in table 10. The pooled data for various parameters are being

described as under:


A scrutiny of pooled data in table 10 reflects that germination per cent was

significantly affected by various stratification temperatures. The significantly maximum

58

germination (46.28 %) resulted when seeds were stratified as out-door pit (T2) treatment. This

was followed by 4±10C (T3) stratification with the germination of 28.11 per cent, while

significantly least value (21.78 %) was recorded for 0±1 0C (T4) temperature. Thus, the

maximum value of germination obtained in T2 treated seeds was found to be 112.48 per cent

higher as compared to minimum value obtained in T4 treatment. A more or less similar trend


(Appendix-II).


The significantly maximum germination capacity of 74.79 per cent resulted when

hazelnut seeds were stratified as out-door pit treatment (T2) and followed by 4±10C (T3)

stratification viability 72.87 per cent success. The significantly minimum value (70.37 %)

was however recorded at room temperature (T1).

Germination energy

An inquisition of pooled data in table 10 reveals that germination energy was

significantly affected by different stratification temperatures. The significantly maximum

value of 33.17 per cent resulted when hazelnut seeds were stratified as out-door pit treatment

(T2). This was followed by 4±1 0C (T3) (23.22 %), while significantly minimum value of

17.22 per cent was observed in room temperature (T1). A more or less similar trend was


(Appendix-II).

Germination speed

It is evident from the pooled data in table 10 that out-door pit treatment (T2)

registered significantly maximum germination speed of 0.64, while significantly least value

was recorded in seeds stratified for 0±1 0C (T4) giving 0.39 value in this regard. A more or

less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12

and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).

Peak value

The pooled data pertaining to peak value of hazelnut seeds revealed significantly

maximum value of 0.44 when seeds were stratified as out-door pit temperature (T2).

59

However, this was followed by room temperature (T1) giving the mean value of 0.32 in this

regard. The significantly minimum value (0.27) was obtained for 0±1 0C (T4) treatment.


It is evident that mean daily germination exhibited significant effect of different

stratification temperatures (Table 10). The significantly maximum mean daily germination

(1.65) resulted when seeds were stratified as out-door pit temperature (T2). On the other hand,

significantly minimum value of 0.78 was recorded when seed were subjected at 0±1 0C (T4).

A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e.

2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).

Germination value

It is apparent from the pooled data in table 10 that significantly maximum

germination value (0.94) resulted when seeds were stratified as out-door pit temperature (T2).

The significantly minimum value of 0.28 was, however recorded at 0±1 0C (T4). Thus, the

maximum germination value obtained in T2 treated seeds was found to be 235.71 per cent

higher as compared to minimum value obtained in T4 treatment. A more or less similar trend


(Appendix-II).

Germination index

It is apparent from the pooled data in table 10 that germination index was significantly

affected by various stratification temperatures. The significantly maximum value of

germination index (0.71) was observed for the seeds stratified as out-door pit temperature

(T2).The significantly least value of 0.34, was however recorded when seeds were subjected

at 0±1 0C (T4). A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of

investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).

4.4.1.3. Effect of gibberellic acid on germinability of seeds

The table 10 reveals the effect of different concentration of gibberellic acid (GA3)

viz., control (G1), GA3 100 ppm (G2) and GA3 200 ppm (G3) on germination parameters of

hazelnut seeds. The interpretation of pooled data for different parameters are described as

under:

60


It is quite apparent from the pooled data in table 10 that germination per cent was

significantly affected by different concentration of GA3. Significantly maximum germination

of 38.92 per cent resulted when seeds were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). The significantly

minimum value of 22.83 per cent was however, recorded when seeds were not treated with

GA3 i.e. control (G1). The best germination success obtained in GA3 was thus, found to be

70.47 per cent more as compared to that of control (G1). An almost similar trend was


(Appendix-II).


Likewise, Germination capacity was significantly affected by the gibberellic acid as

evident from the pooled data in table 10. The seeds treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3) resulted

in significantly maximum germination capacity (74.33 %) in the seeds. The significantly

minimum value (70.83 %) was, however observed when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e.

control (G1).

Germination energy

The pooled data from the table 10 reveal significant affect of GA3 application on this

parameter. Significantly maximum germination energy of 29.21 per cent resulted when seeds

were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). On the other hand, significantly minimum value of

16.79 per cent was recorded when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e control (G1). An

almost similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-

12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).

Germination speed

The perusal of the pooled data in table 10, reveals that germination speed was

significantly affected by different concentration of GA3. Significantly maximum germination

speed of 0.59 was recorded for seeds applied with 200ppm GA3 (G2), while significantly

minimum value of 0.41 was recorded when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e control (G1).

A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e.

2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).

61

Peak value

Significant affect of different concentration of GA3 on peak value was observed with

significantly maximum success of 0.41 when seeds were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). The

significantly least value of 0.27 resulted when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e control

seeds (G1).


It appears from the pooled data in table 10 that significantly maximum mean daily

germination of 1.39 resulted when seeds were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). The

significantly least mean value of 0.82 was however, recorded when seeds were not treated

with GA3 i.e control (G1). A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in

both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).

Germination value

It is apparent from the data in table 10 that GA3 application exerted significant affect

on this parameter. The significantly maximum germination value (0.76) resulted when seeds

were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). The significantly minimum values of 0.28 was,

however recorded when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e. control (G1). The maximum

value obtained in G3 was thus, found to be 171.42 more as compared to that obtained in G1

treatment. A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of

investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).

Germination index

As is evident from the pooled data in table 10, the germination index was significantly

affected by different concentration of gibberellic acid treatment. The significantly maximum

germination index of 0.60 was recorded for seeds that were treated with 200ppm GA3 (G2).

The significantly minimum value of 0.35 was however, recorded when seeds were not treated

with GA3 i.e control (G1). A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in

both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).

4.4.1.4. Interaction effect of stratification period and stratification temperature (PxT)

on germinability parameters of seeds

Interaction of stratification period and stratification temperature (PxT) was found to

exert significant effect on germination per cent, germination capacity, germination energy,

62

germination speed, peak value, mean daily germination, germination value and germination

index. The pooled data is presented in table 11 and described here as under.

It is evident from the data in table 11 that significantly maximum germination of

77.78 per cent resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days as out-door pit (P4T2). This was

however, followed by treatment combinations P5T2, P3T2 and P4T1 giving values of 63.06 per

cent, 53.61 per cent and 38.61 per cent respectively in descending order. The significantly

minimum value of 3.61 per cent was observed when non stratified control seeds kept at room

temperature (P1T1) were used. Thus, the maximum value of germination in P4T2 treated seeds

was found to be 2002.16 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control

P1T1. Similarly, significantly maximum germination capacity of 83.89 per cent resulted when

seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit (P4T2). This was followed by treatment

combinations P5T3 (79.39 %), P4T3 (78.50 %) and P5T1 (77.89 %) giving values in descending

order. The significantly least value of 62.17 per cent resulted when non stratified seeds kept

at room temperature (P1T1) were used. The significantly maximum germination energy

(52.78 %) was recorded when seeds were stratified for 60 days as out-door pit (P4T2). This

was followed by treatment combinations P5T2 (45.00 %), P4T3 (42.50 %) and P5T3 (33.61%)

giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum value of 3.33 per cent resulted

when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1) were used. Likewise, seeds

stratified for 60 days as out-door pit (P4T2) recorded significantly maximum germination

speed of 1.16 for hazelnut seeds. This was followed by treatment combinations P3T2 (0.82),

P5T2 (0.71) and P4T1 (0.70) giving values in descending order. The significantly least value of

0.04 resulted when seeds stratified as control at room temperature (P1T1) were used. (Table

11). It is quite clear from the data in table 11 that significantly highest peak value of 0.80

resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days as out-door pit temperature (P4T2). The

significantly least value of 0.08 each resulted when non stratified seeds kept at 0±1 0C (P1T4)

and 4±1 0C (P1T3) were used. The significantly maximum mean daily germination of 2.78

was registered in seeds stratified for 60 days as out-door pit temperature (P4T2). The least

value of 0.13 was obtained in non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1). The data

in table 11 also revealed significantly maximum germination values of 2.38 when seeds were

stratified for 60 days as out-door pit temperature (P4T2). The significantly least value of 0.01

resulted when non stratified seeds kept at 0±1 0C (P1T4) were used. The maximum value

recorded in P4T2 treated seeds was thus found to be 23700 per cent higher as compared to

minimum value obtained in control P1T1. Similarly, significantly maximum germination

63

index of 1.20 resulted when seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit temperature (P4T2).

The least value of 0.06 was obtained when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature

(P1T1) and 0±1 0C (P1T4) was used. Thus, the maximum value of germination index in P4T2

treated seeds was found to be 1900.00 per cent higher as compared to minimum value

obtained in control P1T1. An almost similar trend was observed for each of the parameters in

both the years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-III).

4.4.1.5. Interaction effect of stratification period and gibberellic acid (PxG) on

germinability parameters of seeds

An overview of pooled data in table 12 reveals that stratification period and

gibberellic acid interaction (PxG) exert significant effect on germination per cent,

germination capacity, germination energy, germination speed, peak value and germination

value only.

A perusal of pooled data in table 12 reflects that significantly maximum germination

of 64.58 per cent resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days and treated with 200 ppm

GA3 (P4G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P5G3 and P3G3 giving

values of 49.79 per cent and 48.96 per cent respectively, in descending order. The minimum

value of 2.29 per cent was obtained when non-stratified seeds without GA3 treatment was

used (P1G1). Thus, the maximum value of germination in P4G3 treated seeds was found to be

5998.00 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control P1G1. Similarly,

significantly maximum germination capacity of 83.21 per cent was obtained when seed

stratified for 60 days and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3) was used. This was however,

followed by treatment combinations of P5G3 and P5G2 giving values of 78.46 per cent and

76.75 per cent respectively, in descending order. The significantly minimum germination

capacity of 64.08 per cent resulted when non- stratified seeds without GA3 treatment (P1G1)

was used. Though non-significant, the maximum germination energy of 49.17 per cent was

seen when seeds stratified for60 days were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3).

The minimum value of 2.50 per cent was observed for non-stratified seeds without

GA3 treatment (P1G1). On the other hand, the significantly maximum germination speed of

1.01 was noticed when seeds stratified for 60 days were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3).

This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P3G3 and P5G3 giving values of

0.73 per cent and 0.67 per cent respectively, in descending order. The significantly minimum

value of 0.06 was observed for unstratified seeds without GA3 treatment (P1G1).

64

Table 11. Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition

Treatments

(PxT)

Germination

(%)

Germination

capacity (%)

Germination

energy (%)

Germination

speed Peak value

Mean daily

germination

Germination

value

Germination

index

P1T1

3.61 (8.94) 62.17 (52.04) 3.33 (8.61) 0.04 0.20 0.13 0.03 0.06

P1T2 5.28 (12.92) 65.61 (54.10) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.25 0.19 0.04 0.08

P1T3 4.72 (11.58) 65.33 (53.93) 3.89 (10.05) 0.10 0.28 0.17 0.04 0.07

P1T4 4.72 (11.58) 65.33 (53.93) 3.89 (10.05) 0.10 0.28 0.17 0.04 0.07

P2T1 6.67 (14.76) 65.94 (54.30) 5.56 (13.53) 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.04 0.10

P2T2 31.67 (33.71) 72.28 (58.23) 27.22 (30.49) 0.45 0.27 1.13 0.34 0.49

P2T3 19.17 (25.71) 68.72 (56.00) 12.78 (20.47) 0.35 0.26 0.68 0.19 0.29

P2T4 7.50 (14.58) 71.44 (57.71) 4.72 (11.82) 0.15 0.16 0.27 0.05 0.12

P3T1 35.28 (36.15) 70.00 (56.80) 21.11 (26.83) 0.57 0.45 1.26 0.59 0.54

P3T2 53.61 (47.32) 74.33 (59.57) 35.83 (36.39) 0.82 0.53 1.91 1.04 0.82

P3T3 30.28 (33.26) 72.39 (58.31) 23.33 (28.61) 0.59 0.40 1.08 0.43 0.47

P3T4 35.83 (36.73) 73.39 (58.98) 30.83 (33.55) 0.65 0.40 1.28 0.51 0.55

P4T1 43.89 (41.42) 75.83 (60.61) 28.06 (31.70) 0.70 0.37 1.57 0.58 0.68

P4T2 77.78 (63.91) 83.89 (69.55) 52.78 (46.75) 1.16 0.80 2.78 2.38 1.20

P4T3 47.78 (43.70) 78.50 (62.39) 42.50 (40.41) 0.76 0.40 1.71 0.71 0.74

P4T4 32.50 (34.68) 75.56 (60.40) 26.67 (30.88) 0.54 0.38 1.16 0.45 0.50

P5T1 32.22 (34.25) 77.89 (61.96) 28.06 (31.69) 0.58 0.37 1.15 0.47 0.50

P5T2 63.06 (52.77) 77.83 (61.92) 45.00 (42.11) 0.71 0.39 2.25 0.90 0.97

P5T3 38.61 (38.30) 79.39 (63.01) 33.61 (35.33) 0.67 0.38 1.38 0.56 0.59

P5T4 29.44 (32.81) 70.39 (57.10) 23.61 (28.73) 0.52 0.34 1.05 0.36 0.45

SE+ 1.62 0.50 2.07 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.03

CD0.05 3.20 0.98 4.11 0.14 0.06 0.12 0.09 0.05


65

Table 12. Interaction effect of stratification period and gibberellic acid (PxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition

Treatments

(PxG)

Germination

(%)

Germination

capacity (%)

Germination

energy (%)

Germination

speed

Peak

value

Mean daily

germination

Germination

value

Germination

index

P1G1 2.29(6.58) 64.08 (53.19) 2.50 (6.46) 0.06 0.12 0.08 0.02 0.04

P1G2 3.75(10.13) 64.96 (53.71) 4.17 (10.77) 0.07 0.15 0.13 0.02 0.06

P1G3 6.88(15.08) 65.63 (54.11) 5.00 (12.92) 0.10 0.19 0.25 0.04 0.11

P2G1 10.63(18.31) 69.04 (56.20) 7.08 (15.01) 0.23 0.16 0.38 0.07 0.16

P2G2 13.75(19.97) 69.46 (56.48) 11.46 (18.08) 0.20 0.22 0.49 0.12 0.21

P2G3 24.38(28.29) 70.29 (56.99) 19.17 (24.14) 0.38 0.26 0.87 0.27 0.38

P3G1 30.42(33.28) 70.79 (57.31) 20.83 (26.71) 0.58 0.39 1.09 0.44 0.47

P3G2 36.88(37.28) 72.71 (58.52) 27.92 (31.57) 0.62 0.44 1.32 0.58 0.57

P3G3 48.96(44.54) 74.08 (59.41) 34.58 (35.76) 0.78 0.49 1.75 0.90 0.75

P4G1 38.54(38.23) 76.33 (60.93) 25.83 (30.34) 0.73 0.37 1.38 0.55 0.59

P4G2 48.33(44.20) 75.79 (60.55) 37.50 (37.34) 0.63 0.43 1.73 0.80 0.74

P4G3 64.58(55.35) 83.21 (68.23) 49.17 (44.62) 1.01 0.65 2.31 1.74 0.99

P5G1 32.29(34.33) 73.92 (59.40) 27.71 (31.45) 0.63 0.29 1.15 0.34 0.50

P5G2 40.42(39.30) 76.75 (61.22) 31.88 (33.94) 0.56 0.36 1.44 0.53 0.62

P5G3 49.79(44.97) 78.46 (62.37) 38.13 (38.00) 0.67 0.47 1.78 0.84 0.77

SE+ 1.40 0.43 - 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.02

CD0.05 2.78 0.85 NS 0.12 0.05 0.11 0.08 0.05


66

The scrutiny of data in table 12 revealed significantly highest peak value of 0.65 when seeds

stratified for 60 days were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3) was used. The significantly least

value of 0.12 resulted when non stratified seeds without GA3 (P1G1). Similarly, significantly

maximum mean daily germination of 2.31 was registered in seeds stratified for 60 days and

treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of

P5G3 and P3G3 giving values of 1.78 per cent and 1.75 per cent respectively, in descending

order. The least value of 0.08 was obtained in non-stratified seeds without GA3 treatment

(P1G1). A critical review of the data in table 12 indicated significantly maximum germination

value of 1.74 when seeds were stratified for 60 days and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3).

The significantly least value of 0.02 resulted for treatments combination of P1G1 and P1G2

seeds were used. Thus, the maximum germination value recorded in P4G3 treated seeds was

found to be 8600 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in the control P1G1.

Similarly, significantly maximum germination index of 0.99 resulted when seeds were

stratified for 60 days and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3). This was however, followed by

treatment combinations of P5G3 and P3G3 giving values of 0.77 per cent and 0.75 per cent

respectively, in descending order. Thus, the maximum value of germination index obtained

in P4G3 treated seeds was found to be 2375.00 per cent higher as compared to minimum value

obtained in control P1G1 seeds. The least value of 0.04 was obtained when non stratified seeds

without GA3 treatment (P1G1) was used.

A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of

investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-IV).

4.4.1.6. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (TxG) on

germinability parameters of seeds

A perusal of pooled data in table 13 revealed that interaction of stratification

temperature and gibberellic acid (TxG) exert significant effect on germination per cent,

germination capacity, germination energy, peak value, mean daily germination, germination

value and germination index of hazelnut seeds under laboratory condition.

An appraisal of the data (Table 13) reflects significantly maximum germination of

61.5 per cent when seeds were stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3

(T2G3). This was followed by treatment combinations T2G2 (43.3), T3G3 (36.0 %) and T2G1

67

(34.00 %) giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum value of 16.8 per

cent was observed when seeds kept at room temperature were used without GA3 treatment

(T1G1). Thus, the maximum value of germination in T2G3 treated seeds was found to be

266.07 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control T1G1 seeds.

Similarly, significantly maximum germination capacity of 78.80 per cent resulted when seeds

stratified as out-door pit were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). This was followed by

treatment combinations T3G3 (73.90 %), T4G3 (73.80 %) and T2G2 (73.33 % each) giving

values in descending order. The significantly least value of 70.00 per cent resulted when

seeds kept at room temperature were used without GA3 treatment (T1G1).

The significantly maximum germination energy (46.50 %) was recorded when seeds

were stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). This was followed by

treatment combinations T2G2 (30.67), T3G3 (27.83 %) and T3G2 (24.00 %) giving values in

descending order. The significantly minimum value of 13.33 per cent resulted when non

stratified seeds kept at room temperature (T1G1) were used. Similarly, seeds stratified as out-

door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3) recorded significantly maximum germination

speed of 0.89 in the seeds. This was followed by treatment combinations T3G2 (0.54), T3G1,

T2G2and T2G1 (0.52 each) giving values in descending order. The least value of 0.34 resulted

when seeds kept at room temperature without GA3 treatment (T1G1) was used. A critical

review of data in table 13 indicated significantly highest peak value of 0.56 when seeds

stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). The significantly least value

of 0.26 resulted when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (T1G1). Similarly,

significantly maximum mean daily germination of 2.20 was registered in seeds stratified as

out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). The significantly least value of 0.60 was

obtained in non-treated seeds kept at room temperature (T1G1) was used.

The data in table 13 revealed significantly maximum germination value of 1.58 when

seeds stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3) was used. This was

followed by treatment combinations T2G2 (0.71), T3G3 (0.56) and T1G3 (0.53) giving values in

descending order. The significantly least value of 0.20 resulted when non treated seeds kept

at room temperature (T1G1) was used.

68

Table 13. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (TxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under

laboratory condition

Treatments

(TxG)

Germination

(%)

Germination

capacity (%)

Germination

energy (%)

Germination

speed

Peak

value

Mean daily

germination

Germination

value

Germination

index

T1G1 16.8 (21.80) 70.00 (56.89) 13.33 (19.04) 0.34 0.26 0.60 0.16 0.26

T1G2 22.8 (26.13) 70.27 (57.12) 15.33 (21.32) 0.37 0.32 0.82 0.30 0.35

T1G3 33.3 (33.39) 70.83 (57.42) 23.00 (27.06) 0.50 0.39 1.19 0.53 0.51

T2G1 34.0 (33.93) 72.23 (58.26) 22.33 (26.90) 0.52 0.39 1.21 0.51 0.52

T2G2 43.3 (39.86) 73.33 (58.97) 30.67 (32.39) 0.52 0.36 1.55 0.71 0.67

T2G3 61.5 (52.59) 78.80 (64.78) 46.50 (41.90) 0.89 0.56 2.20 1.58 0.95

T3G1 21.3 (25.68) 72.00 (58.13) 17.33 (22.12) 0.52 0.24 0.76 0.22 0.33

T3G2 27.0 (30.00) 72.70 (58.62) 24.50 (28.25) 0.42 0.31 0.96 0.36 0.42

T3G3 36.0 (35.85) 73.90 (59.43) 27.83 (30.55) 0.54 0.37 1.29 0.56 0.55

T4G1 19.2 (23.18) 68.83 (56.11) 14.17 (19.91) 0.41 0.27 0.68 0.20 0.29

T4G2 21.3 (24.72) 71.70 (57.90) 19.83 (23.40) 0.34 0.27 0.76 0.27 0.33

T4G3 24.8 (28.75) 73.80 (59.27) 19.50 (24.84) 0.42 0.33 0.89 0.36 0.38

SE+ 1.25 0.38 1.61 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.02

CD0.05 2.48 0.76 3.18 0.11 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.04


69

Table 14. Interaction effect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid (PxTxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds

under laboratory condition

Treatments

(PxTxG)

Germination

(%)


(%)

Germination energy

(%)

Germination

speed

Peak

value

Mean daily

germination

Germination

value Germination index

P1T1G1 1.67 (4.31) 60.50 (51.06) 1.67 (4.31) 0.02 0.13 0.06 0.01 0.03

P1T1G2 3.33 (8.61) 63.17 (52.63) 3.33 (8.61) 0.03 0.25 0.12 0.03 0.05

P1T1G3 5.83 (13.91) 62.83 (52.44) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.38 0.21 0.08 0.09

P1T2G1 3.35 (10.37) 64.50 (53.43) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.38 0.12 0.05 0.05

P1T2G2 4.17 (11.65) 65.67 (54.13) 5.00 (12.92) 0.05 0.25 0.15 0.04 0.06

P1T2G3 8.33 (16.74) 66.67 (54.74) 5.00 (12.92) 0.11 0.15 0.30 0.05 0.13

P1T3G1 2.50 (7.34) 65.83 (54.23) 1.67 (4.31) 0.10 0.24 0.12 0.03 0.04

P1T3G2 4.17 (11.65) 64.83 (53.63) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.24 0.15 0.04 0.06

P1T3G3 7.50 (15.75) 65.33 (53.93) 5.00 (12.92) 0.11 0.12 0.27 0.03 0.12

P1T4G1 3.33 (10.37) 65.50 (54.03) 1.67 (4.31) 0.08 0.25 0.12 0.03 0.03

P1T4G2 3.35 (8.61) 66.17 (54.43) 3.33 (8.61) 0.08 0.25 0.12 0.03 0.05

P1T4G3 5.83 (13.91) 67.67 (55.35) 5.00 (12.92) 0.09 0.14 0.21 0.03 0.09

P2T1G1 6.67 (14.76) 65.83 (54.23) 5.00 (12.92) 0.15 0.14 0.24 0.03 0.10

P2T1G2 5.00 (12.92) 65.33 (53.93) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.22 0.18 0.04 0.08

P2T1G3 8.33 (16.60) 66.67 (54.74) 6.67 (14.76) 0.13 0.14 0.30 0.04 0.13

P2T2G1 18.33 (25.19) 71.00 (57.42) 11.67 (19.45) 0.27 0.22 0.65 0.14 0.28

P2T2G2 25.00 (29.98) 72.50 (58.37) 24.17 (29.44) 0.31 0.24 0.89 0.21 0.38

P2T2G3 51.67 (45.96) 73.33 (58.91) 45.83 (42.59) 0.76 0.35 1.85 0.65 0.79

P2T3G1 12.50 (20.64) 69.33 (56.37) 6.67 (14.76) 0.33 0.22 0.45 0.10 0.19

P2T3G2 20.00 (26.54) 68.00 (55.55) 13.33 (21.34) 0.32 0.27 0.71 0.19 0.31

P2T3G3 25.00 (29.95) 68.83 (56.06) 18.33 (25.31) 0.41 0.30 0.89 0.27 0.38

P2T4G1 5.00 (12.64) 70.00 (56.79) 5.00 (12.92) 0.16 0.24 0.18 0.04 0.08

P2T4G2 5.00 (10.45) 72.00 (58.06) 3.33 (8.61) 0.07 0.24 0.18 0.04 0.08

P2T4G3 12.50 (20.64) 72.33 (58.27) 5.83 (13.91) 0.22 0.26 0.45 0.12 0.19

P3T1G1 20.83 (27.12) 68.83 (56.07) 11.67 (19.50) 0.37 0.36 0.74 0.27 0.32

P3T1G2 39.17 (38.74) 70.00 (56.79) 23.33 (28.86) 0.59 0.44 1.40 0.62 0.60

P3T1G3 45.83 (42.60) 71.17 (57.53) 28.33 (32.14) 0.75 0.55 1.64 0.90 0.71

P3T2G1 41.67 (40.19) 73.17 (58.80) 25.00 (29.80) 0.68 0.49 1.49 0.73 0.64

P3T2G2 43.33 (41.16) 74.33 (59.56) 27.50 (31.49) 0.69 0.49 1.55 0.76 0.67

P3T2G3 75.83 (60.60) 75.50 (60.33) 55.00 (47.88) 1.10 0.60 2.71 1.63 1.17

P3T3G1 27.50 (31.59) 70.00 (56.79) 22.50 (28.24) 0.64 0.38 0.98 0.37 0.42

P3T3G2 25.00 (29.98) 72.67 (58.48) 21.67 (27.22) 0.52 0.42 0.89 0.38 0.38

70

Treatments

(PxTxG)

Germination

(%)


(%)

Germination energy

(%)

Germination

speed

Peak

value

Mean daily

germination

Germination


P3T3G3 38.33 (38.22) 74.50 (59.67) 25.83 (30.38) 0.60 0.40 1.37 0.55 0.59

P3 T4G1 31.67 (34.22) 71.17 (57.58) 24.17 (29.31) 0.63 0.36 1.13 0.40 0.49

P3T4G2 40.00 (39.22) 73.83 (59.24) 39.17 (38.70) 0.67 0.42 1.43 0.59 0.62

P3T4G3 35.83 (36.76) 75.17 (60.11) 29.17 (32.63) 0.66 0.42 1.28 0.54 0.55

P4T1G1 34.17 (35.77) 80.00 (63.46) 26.67 (30.95) 0.59 0.38 1.22 0.47 0.53

P4T1G2 38.33 (38.22) 72.83 (58.59) 20.83 (26.88) 0.64 0.36 1.37 0.49 0.59

P4T1G3 59.17 (50.29) 74.67 (59.78) 36.67 (37.26) 0.87 0.37 2.11 0.78 0.91

P4T2G1 58.33 (49.85) 75.83 (60.56) 30.00 (33.16) 0.90 0.53 2.08 1.09 0.90

P4T2G2 78.33 (62.27) 76.67 (61.12) 51.67 (45.96) 0.87 0.59 2.80 1.67 1.21

P4T2G3 96.67 (79.63) 99.17 (86.97) 76.67 (61.12) 1.70 1.27 3.45 4.39 1.49

P4T3G1 34.17 (35.76) 76.50 (61.01) 26.67 (30.79) 0.86 0.30 1.22 0.37 0.53

P4T3G2 45.83 (42.60) 78.50 (62.38) 48.33 (44.00) 0.59 0.39 1.64 0.65 0.71

P4T3G3 63.33 (52.74) 80.50 (63.80) 52.50 (46.43) 0.84 0.49 2.26 1.12 0.97

P4 T4G1 27.50 (31.57) 73.00 (58.71) 20.00 (26.45) 0.57 0.29 0.98 0.28 0.42

P4 T4G2 30.83 (33.73) 75.17 (60.12) 29.17 (32.51) 0.44 0.36 1.10 0.40 0.47

P4 T4G3 39.17 (38.74) 78.50 (62.38) 30.83 (33.68) 0.62 0.48 1.40 0.68 0.60

P5T1G1 20.83 (27.03) 76.17 (60.78) 21.67 (27.52) 0.58 0.29 0.74 0.22 0.32

P5T1G2 28.33 (32.14) 78.67 (62.49) 24.17 (29.31) 0.50 0.30 1.01 0.31 0.44

P5T1G3 47.50 (43.57) 78.83 (62.61) 38.33 (38.22) 0.66 0.52 1.70 0.87 0.73

P5T2G1 48.33 (44.04) 76.67 (61.12) 40.00 (39.19) 0.66 0.33 1.73 0.57 0.74

P5T2G2 65.83 (54.25) 77.50 (61.69) 45.00 (42.12) 0.70 0.39 2.35 0.92 1.01

P5T2G3 75.00 (60.00) 79.33 (62.96) 50.00 (45.00) 0.78 0.45 2.68 1.20 1.15

P5T3G1 30.00 (33.06) 78.33 (62.26) 29.17 (32.51) 0.69 0.24 1.07 0.26 0.46

P5T3G2 40.00 (39.23) 79.50 (63.08) 34.17 (35.77) 0.58 0.39 1.43 0.56 0.62

P5T3G3 45.83 (42.61) 80.33 (63.68) 37.50 (37.72) 0.74 0.52 1.64 0.85 0.71

P5T4G1 30.00 (33.17) 64.50 (53.43) 20.00 (26.57) 0.61 0.29 1.07 0.31 0.46

P5T4G2 27.50 (31.57) 71.33 (57.63) 24.17 (28.56) 0.46 0.34 0.98 0.34 0.42

P5T4G3 30.83 (33.70) 75.33 (60.24) 26.67 (31.07) 0.49 0.39 1.10 0.43 0.47

SE+ 2.80 0.86 3.59 0.13 0.06 0.11 0.08 0.05

CD0.05 5.55 1.70 7.11 0.25 0.11 0.22 0.16 0.09


71

Thus, the maximum germination value in T2G3 treated seeds was found to be 690 per

cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control T1G1. The significantly

maximum germination index of 0.95 resulted when seeds stratified as out-door pit and treated

with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3) was used. The significantly least value of 0.26 resulted when non

stratified seeds kept at room temperature (T1G1) was used. Thus, the maximum germination

index obtained in T2G3 treated seeds was found to be 265.38 per cent higher as compared to

minimum value obtained in control T1G1 seeds.

The almost similar trend was observed for the parameters in both the years of

investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-V).

4.4.1.8 Interaction effect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid

(PxTxG) on germinability parameters of seeds

A cursory glance at the pooled data in table 14 indicated that the interaction effect of

stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid (PxTxG) exerted significant effect on

germination per cent, germination capacity, germination speed, peak value, mean daily

germination, germination value and germination index. The pooled results are described here

as under.

The data in table 14 reveal significantly maximum germination of 96.67 per cent

when seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit and the treated with 200 ppm GA3

(P4T2G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P4T2G2 (78.33 %),

P3T2G3 (75.83 %), P5T2G3 (75.00 %) and P5T2G2 (65.834%) giving values in decreasing

order. The significantly minimum value of 1.67 per cent was observed when non stratified

seeds kept at room and treated with water only (P1T1G1) were used. Thus, the maximum

value of germination obtained in P4T2G3 treated seeds was found to be 5586.4 per cent higher

as compared to minimum value obtained in control P1T1G1. Alike, the significantly

maximum germination capacity of 99.17 per cent resulted when seeds were stratified for 60

days in out-door pit. This was followed by treatment combinations P4T3G3 (80.50%), P5T3G3

(80.33 % each) and P4T1G1 (80.00 %) giving values in descending order. The significantly

least value of 60.50 per cent resulted when P1T1G1 treatment combination was used for study.

The pooled data in table 14 indicated significantly maximum germination energy

(76.67 %) when seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit were treated with 200 ppm GA3

(P4T2G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P3T2G3 (55.00 %),

P4T3G3 (52.50 %), P4T2G2 (51.67 %) and P5T2G3 (50.00 %) giving values in decreasing order.

72

The significantly minimum value of 1.67 per cent resulted when non stratified seeds kept at

room temperature were treated with 100 ppm GA3 (P1T1G3). Similarly, seeds stratified for 60

days in out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3) recorded significantly maximum

germination speed of 1.70 in the species. The significantly least value of 0.02 resulted when

P1T1G1 treatment combination was used for the study. A critical review of the data in table 14

indicate significant effect on peak value giving highest value of 1.27 when seeds stratified for

60 days in out-door pit were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3). The minimum value of

0.13 however, resulted when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature and treated with

water (P1T1G1) were used. Similarly, significantly maximum mean daily germination of 3.45

was registered in seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3

(P4T2G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P4T2G2 (2.80), P3T2G3

(2.71), P5T2G3 (2.68) and P5T2G2 (2.35) giving values in decreasing order. The significantly

minimum value of 0.06 resulted when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature were

treated with water (P1T1G1) only. The data in table 14 also revealed significant effect on

germination value giving success rate of 4.39 when seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit

were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3). This was however, followed by treatment

combinations P4T2G2 (1.67), P3T2G3 (1.63), P5T2G3 (1.20) and P4T3G3 (1.12) giving values in

descending order. However, the significantly minimum value of 0.02 resulted when non

stratified seeds kept at room temperature were treated with water (P1T1G1). Similarly,

significantly maximum germination index of 1.49 was registered in seeds stratified for 60

days in out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3).The significantly minimum

value of 0.03 resulted when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature were used without

GA3 application (P1T1G1). Thus, the maximum germination index obtained in T2G3 treated

seeds was found to be 4866.66 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in

control T1G1 seeds.

The almost similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of

investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-VI).

4.4.2 Effect of stratification medium, temperature and gibberellic acid on germination

and seedling growth of Corylus colurna

The pooled data for germination per cent and seedling growth parameters viz.

seedling height, collar diameter, root length, dry shoot weight, dry root weight, shoot-root

ratio, total dry weight of seedlings and stock quality index are described as under:

73

4.4.2.1 Effect of stratification medium on germination and seedling growth

It is revealed from the data in table 15 that stratification medium exert significant

effect on germination and various seedling growth parameters including stock quality index

for hazel seedlings. The details of parameters are described as under:

The stratification medium exert significant affect on germination per cent of hazel

seeds as evidenced from the data in table 15. The significantly highest germination of 35.70

per cent resulted when seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2) followed by M1 (15.94 %)

medium. The significantly least value of 8.68 per cent was observed when seeds stratified in

cow-dung (M3) were used for sowing. The significantly maximum seedling height of 8.44 cm

was observed when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2). The

least value of 2.09 cm was however, observed when seedlings were raised from seeds

stratified in cow dung medium (M3). Similarly, the collar diameter was significantly affected

by different stratification media as observed from the data in table 15.

The significantly maximum collar diameter was recorded when seedlings were raised

from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2) giving a value of 3.62 mm in this regard. The

significantly least value of 1.23 mm was observed when seedlings were raised from seeds

stratified in cow dung medium (M3). Likewise, significantly maximum root length of 15.20

cm resulted when seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2). The significantly least value of

3.9 cm was obtained when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung medium

(M3).

An overview of the data in table 15 reveals that significantly least value of dry shoot

weight (0.24 g) resulted when seeds were stratified in cow dung medium (M3).Whereas,

significantly maximum dry shoot weight resulted when seeds were stratified in sand medium

(M2) giving value of 0.58 g. Similarly, significantly maximum dry root weight when

seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2) giving value of 0.55 g. The

significantly least value of 0.20 g resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in

cow dung medium (M3).

It is also apparent from the given data that significantly maximum total dry weight of

1.13 g resulted when seedlings were raised from seed stratified in sand medium (M2). The

significantly least value of 0.12 g was, however, seen when seedlings were raised from seeds

stratified in cow dung medium (M3).

74

Table 15. Effect of stratification medium (M), temperature(C) and gibberellic acid (G) treatments on germination and seedling growth

of Corylus colurna

Treatments Germination

(%)

Seedling

s height

(cm)

Collar

diameter

(mm)

Root

length

(cm)

Dry

shoot

weight

(g)

Dry

root

weight

(g)

Total

dry

weight

(g)

Root:

shoot

ratio

Stock

quality

index

Stratification medium (M)

Naked (Control)(M1) 15.94 (9.10) 3.91 2.18 7.6 0.33 0.26 0.59 0.55 0.28

Sand (M2) 35.70 (35.28) 8.44 3.62 15.2 0.58 0.55 1.13 0.88 0.40

Cow-dung(M3) 8.68 (3.54) 2.09 1.23 3.9 0.24 0.20 0.45 0.33 0.19

SE+ 0.74 0.26 0.13 0.43 0.08 0.05 0.12 0.03 0.02

CD0.05 1.48 0.51 0.26 0.86 0.15 0.10 0.25 0.06 0.04

Stratification temperature (C)

Control (C1) 16.80 (10.42 3.34 1.90 7.3 0.37 0.26 0.63 0.46 0.31

2 week warm (250-280C)+2 week cold (30C) (C2) 27.56 (24.17) 7.16 2.85 11.4 0.61 0.45 1.06 0.73 0.37

3 week warm (250-280C) +3 week cold (30C)

(C3) 29.32 (28.89) 7.43 3.02 13.7 0.65 0.70 1.35 0.89 0.39

4 week warm (250-280C) + 4 week cold (30C)

(C4) 21.43 (17.78) 5.80 2.53 9.4 0.42 0.35 0.77 0.59 0.29

5 week warm (250-28

0C) +5 week cold (3

0C)

(C5) 14.57 (8.89) 3.09 2.22 6.7 0.15 0.17 0.32 0.50 0.22

6 week warm (250-280C) +6 week cold (30C)

(C6) 10.96 (5.69) 2.06 1.54 4.8 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.34 0.15

SE+ 1.05 - - 0.61 - 0.07 - 0.04 -

CD0.05 2.09 NS NS 1.22 NS 0.14 NS 0.08 NS


Control (G1) 17.76 (13.19) 4.68 2.22 8.5 0.34 0.30 0.64 0.55 0.27

150 ppm (G2) 22.46 (18.75) 4.94 2.47 9.3 0.43 0.38 0.81 0.61 0.31

SE+ 0.61 - 0.11 0.35 0.06 - - 0.02 0.02

CD0.05 1.21 NS 0.21 0.71 0.12 NS NS 0.05 0.03


75

The significantly, maximum shoot-root ratio of 0.88 resulted when seedlings were

raised from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2). The significantly least value of 0.33 g

resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung medium (M3).

Similarly, the significantly maximum stock quality index of 0.19 was observed when

seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2). However, significantly least

value of 0.19 resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung medium

(M3).

The more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of

investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-VII).

4.4.2.2 Effect of stratification temperature on germination and seedling growth

The various stratification temperature (Table 15) treatments exerted significant effect

on germination per cent and seedling growth parameters viz. seedling height, collar diameter,

root length, dry shoot weight, dry root weight, root- shoot ratio, total dry weight and stock

quality index in hazelnut seedlings. The detailed pooled data is described here as under:

A critical review of the data in table 15 indicate significantly maximum germination

of 29.32 per cent when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280

C)

followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). This was followed by C2 treatment giving

a success rate of 27.56 per cent. The least significant value of 10.96 per cent resulted when

seeds were stratified as six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30 C) (C6).

Similarly, significantly maximum seedling height of 7.43 cm was observed when seedlings

were raised from nuts stratified for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold

(30 C) (C3) treatments. The result being at par with C2 giving a value of 7.16 cm in this

regard. The minimum value of 2.06 cm resulted when seedlings were raised from nuts

stratified as six week warm (25-280C) followed by six week cold (3

0 C) (C6).

An inquisition of the pooled data in table 15 revealed that stratification temperature

had a significant effect on collar diameter of hazelnut seedlings. The significantly highest

collar diameter was registered when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified for three

week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (C3) treatment giving value of 3.02

mm, the result being at par with C2 (2.85 mm) in this regard. The significantly minimum

76

value of 1.54 mm was, however observed when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified as

six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30 C) (C6) treatments. Likewise,

significantly maximum root length of 13.7 cm resulted when seeds were stratified as three

week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (C3) treatments. This was followed

by C2 giving value of 11.4 cm in this regard. The significantly minimum value of 4.8 cm was,

however recorded when nuts were stratified as six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six

week cold (30 C) (C6).

The appraisal of the pooled data in table 15 indicated significantly maximum dry

shoot weight of 0.65 g when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified as three week warm

(25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (C3) treatments, the result being at par with C2

giving value 0.61g in this regard. However, significantly minimum shoot dry weight (0.10 g)

was observed for the seedlings raised from seeds stratified as six week warm (25-280

C)

followed by six week cold (30 C) (C6) treatments. Similarly, significantly highest dry root

weight (0.70 g) resulted when seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280

C) followed

by thee week cold (30 C) (C3) treatment. Likewise, maximum total dry weight of 1.35 g

resulted when seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week

cold (30 C) (C3) treatments. However, the minimum total dry weight of 0.20 g resulted when

the seedlings were raised from seeds stratified as six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six

week cold (30 C) (C6) treatments.

The significantly maximum root-shoot ratio of 0.89 resulted when seedlings were

raised from seeds stratified as three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30

C) (C3) treatments. This was followed by C2 (0.73) and C4 (0.54) treatments giving values in

descending order. It is also clear from the data in table 15 that significantly minimum root-

shoot ratio of 0.34 resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified for six week

warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30 C) (C6) treatments. Similarly, stratification

temperature exerted significant effect on quality index of hazelnut seedlings. The

significantly maximum quality index of 0.39 was observed when seedlings were raised from

seeds stratified as three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (C3)

treatments. This was however, at par with C2 treatment giving values of 0.37 in this regard.

The significantly minimum value of 0.15 resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds

stratified for C6) six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30 C) treatments.

77

A more or less similar trend was observed for almost all the parameters in both the

years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix- VII).

4.4.2.3 Effects of gibberellic acid on germination and seedling growth

The effect of different gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments on germination and seedling

growth parameters were found to be significant. It is evident from the pooled data in table 15

that germination per cent was significantly affected by different GA3 treatments. Maximum

germination of 22.46 per cent was obtained when seeds were given 150 ppm GA3 treatment

(G2) before sowing in the nursery. Though non-significant, maximum plant height of 4.94 cm

resulted when seeds were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). On the other hand, gibberellic acid

had a significant effect on collar diameter of seedlings. The significantly maximum collar

diameter of 2.47 mm was obtained when seeds were treated with150 ppm GA3 (G3).

Similarly, the significantly maximum root length of 9.3 cm resulted when seeds were treated

with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). The significantly minimum value of 8.5 cm resulted when seedlings

were raised from seeds without the application of GA3 i.e. controls (G1).

The perusal of pooled data in table 15 indicate significantly maximum dry shoot

weight of 0.43 g when seedlings were raised from seeds treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G2).

Though non-significant, maximum dry root weight of 0.38 g resulted when seeds were treated

with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). Similarly, maximum total dry weight of 0.81 g (NS) resulted when

seedlings were raised from seeds treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). On the other hand, the

significantly maximum root - shoot ratio of 0.61 resulted when seedlings were raised from

seeds treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). The significantly minimum value of 0.55 resulted

when seeds were sown without the application of GA3 i.e. control (G1). Likewise,

significantly maximum stock quality index of 0.31 was observed when seeds were treated

with 150 ppm GA3 (G2).


years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix- VII).

4.4.2.4 Interaction effect of stratification medium and stratification temperature

(MxC) on germination and seedling growth

An inquisition of pooled data in table 16 reveals that interaction of stratification

medium and temperature (MxC) exert significant effect on germination per cent and seedling

78

growth parameters except dry shoot weight. The significantly highest germination of 53.90

per cent resulted when seeds stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280

C)

followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) was used for sowing. This was however, followed

by treatment combinations M2C2 (46.69 %), M2C4 (39.20 %) and M2C5 (25.84 %), giving

values in descending order. The significantly least value of 0.25 per cent was obtained when

seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for five week warm (25-280

C) followed by five

week cold (30 C) treatment. On the other hand, significantly maximum seedling height of

14.75 cm resulted when seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280

C)

followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. This was however, followed by

treatment combinations M2C2 (13.17 cm), M2C4 (8.97 cm) and M1C4 (7.97 cm), giving values

in descending order. The significantly minimum value of 0.55 cm was observed when seeds

were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold

(30 C) (M3C6) treatment. Similarly, the significantly maximum collar diameter (4.68 mm)

resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium for three week

warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. This was followed by

treatment combinations of M2C5 (3.89 mm), M2C2 (3.80 mm) and M2C4 (3.75 mm), giving

values in descending order. The similarly minimum value of 0.48 mm resulted when seeds



(30 C) (M2C6) treatment. Similarly, significantly maximum root length of 26.2 cm resulted

when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-

280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. The minimum (1.2 cm) value

resulted when seeds were stratified in cow dung for six week warm (25-280

C) followed by

six week cold (30 C) (M3C6) treatment.

Though, non significant, maximum dry shoot weight (1.04 g) was obtained when

seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280

C) followed

by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. However, significantly maximum dry root

weight of 1.14 g resulted from seed stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280

C)

followed by three week cold (M2C3) treatment. This was however, followed by treatment

combinations of M2C2 (0.73 g), M2C4 (0.73 g) and M2C1 (0.46 g), giving values in descending

order. Similarly, significantly maximum total dry weight of 2.18 g resulted when seedlings

were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three

week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. The significantly minimum value of 0.08 g resulted when

79

seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung for five week warm (25-280

C)

followed by five week cold (30 C) (M3C5) treatment. It is also evident from the data in table

16 that significantly maximum root-shoot ratio 1.60 resulted when seedlings were raised

from seeds stratified in sand followed by three week warm and three week cold treatment

(M2C3). Similarly, significantly maximum stock quality index of 0.50 resulted when seedlings

were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280


week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. The significantly minimum value of 0.06 each resulted

when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung for five week warm (25-280

C)

followed by five week cold (30 C) and cow dung for six week warm (25-28

0 C) followed by

six week cold (30 C) treatments.


years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-VIII).

Table 16. Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) on germination


Treatments

(MxC)

Germination

(%)

Seedlings

height

(cm)

Collar

diameter

(mm)

Root

length

(cm)

Dry

shoot

weight

(g)

Dry

root

weight

(g)

Total

dry

weight

(g)

Root:

shoot

ratio

Stock

quality

Index

M1C1 9.89 (4.58) 1.63 1.37 3.5 0.17 0.12 0.28 0.29 0.19

M1C2 18.44 (10.42) 4.59 2.31 9.0 0.37 0.31 0.69 0.66 0.32

M1C3 25.83 (19.17) 5.03 2.86 11.2 0.67 0.44 1.11 0.71 0.44

M1C4 19.92 (11.67) 7.97 3.04 11.6 0.47 0.40 0.87 0.79 0.32

M1C5 14.83 (6.67) 4.28 2.52 8.6 0.23 0.23 0.46 0.66 0.27

M1C6 6.70 (2.08) 0.95 1.02 2.8 0.07 0.06 0.13 0.20 0.09

M2C1 26.96 (20.83) 4.83 2.51 11.7 0.71 0.46 1.17 0.60 0.48

M2C2 46.69 (52.92) 13.17 3.80 17.1 0.67 0.73 1.40 0.88 0.40

M2C3 53.90 (65.00) 14.75 4.68 26.2 1.04 1.14 2.81 1.60 0.50

M2C4 39.20 (40.00) 8.97 3.75 14.6 0.69 0.53 1.22 0.77 0.41

M2C5 25.84 (19.17) 4.23 3.89 10.9 0.19 0.23 0.42 0.72 0.34

M2C6 21.64 (13.75) 4.69 3.12 10.5 0.18 0.23 0.40 0.69 0.28

M3C1 13.56 (5.83) 3.57 1.81 6.6 0.23 0.22 0.45 0.49 0.25

M3C2 5.85 (3.06) 3.73 2.46 8.0 0.41 0.10 0.71 0.66 0.38

M3C3 2.50 (8.22) 2.51 1.51 3.8 0.62 0.51 1.13 0.36 0.24

M3C4 5.19 (1.67) 1.46 0.87 3.2 0.14 0.11 0.25 0.21 0.13

M3C5 3.03 (0.83) 0.75 0.52 1.5 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.06

M3C6 4.55 (1.25) 0.55 0.48 1.2 0.06 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.06

SE+ 1.82 0.63 0.32 1.06 - 0.13 0.31 0.07 0.05

CD0.05 3.62 1.26 0.63 2.12 NS 0.25 0.61 0.15 0.10


80

4.4.2.5 Interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberellic acid (MxG)

An overview of pooled data in table 17 reveals that stratification medium and

gibberellic acid interaction (MxG) exert significant effect on germination per cent only. The

significantly maximum germination of 39.09 per cent was obtained when seeds stratified in

sand were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2).

The significantly minimum value of 2.92 per cent was however, obtained when seeds

stratified in cow dung (M3) were sown without GA3 (G1) treatment. On the other hand, the

interaction indicated non-significant effect on seedling height. The maximum seedling height

of 8.51 cm resulted when seeds were stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2).

This was however, followed by M2G1 (8.37 cm) and M1G2 (4.14 cm) combinations giving

values in descending order. The minimum value of 2 cm resulted when seedlings were raised

from seeds stratified in cow dung (M3) without the treatment of GA3 (G1). Similarly non

significant, the maximum collar diameter of 3.72 mm was noticed when seeds were stratified

in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2).

The minimum value of 1.20 mm was observed when seedlings were raised from seeds

stratified in cow dung (M3) without the treatment of GA3 (G1).The maximum root length of

15.6 cm was observed when seeds were stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3

(M2G2). The minimum value of 3.7 cm was observed when seedlings were raised from seeds

stratified in cow dung (M3) without the treatment of GA3 (G1).

Table 17. Interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberellic acid (MxG) on

germination and seedling growth parameters of Corylus colurna

Treatments

(MxG)

Germination

(%)

Seedlings

height

(cm)

Collar

diameter

(mm)

Root

length

(cm)

Dry

shoot

weight

(g)

Dry

root

weight

(g)

Total

dry

weight

(g)

Root:

shoot

ratio

Stock

quality

index

M1G1 13.12 (6.67) 3.68 1.94 7.2 0.30 0.23 0.53 0.51 0.24

M1G2 18.75 (11.53) 4.14 2.42 8.0 0.35 0.28 0.64 0.60 0.31

M2G1 32.31 (30.00) 8.37 3.52 14.7 0.57 0.53 1.09 0.84 0.39

M2G2 39.09 (40.56) 8.51 3.72 15.6 0.59 0.58 1.17 0.91 0.42

M3G1 7.84 (2.92) 2.00 1.20 3.7 0.14 0.14 0.28 0.32 0.18

M3G2 9.53 (4.17) 2.18 1.27 4.2 0.35 0.27 0.62 0.33 0.20

SE+ 1.05 - - - - - - - -

CD0.05 2.09 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS


81

Though non-significant, maximum dry shoot weight of 0.59 g resulted when seedlings

were raised from seeds stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). The

minimum value of dry shoot weight of 0.14 g was observed when seeds were stratified in cow

dung without the treatment of GA3 (G1). Similarly, maximum dry root weight of 0.58 g was

recorded for seeds stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). The minimum

value of 0.14 was however, observed for seeds stratified in cow dung (M3) without the

treatment of GA3 (G1). Similarly, maximum total dry weight of 1.17 g was recorded for seeds

stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). The minimum value of 0.28 g was

however, observed for seeds stratified in cow dung (M3) without the treatment of GA3 (G1).

It was also evident from the given data in table 17 that though non-significant,

maximum root-shoot ratio of 0.91 resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in

sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). The minimum value of 0.32 was however,

observed when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung (M3) without the

treatment of GA3 (G1). Similarly, maximum stock quality index of 0.42 resulted when

seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2).

The minimum value of 0.18 was however, observed from seeds stratified in cow dung (M3)

without the treatment of GA3 (G1).


years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-IX).

4.4.2.6 Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (CxG)

A scrutiny of pooled data in table 18 reflects that interaction of temperature and

gibberellic acid (CxG) exerts significant effect on germination per cent and collar diameter

only. The significantly maximum germination of 31.28 per cent resulted when seeds

stratified for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) were treated

with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The least value of 4.72 per cent resulted when seeds stratified for


C) followed by six week cold (30 C) were sown without GA3 (C6G1)

treatment. On the other hand, though, non-significant, maximum seedling height of 7.56 cm

resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold

(30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 1.97 cm resulted when

seeds stratified for six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30 C) were sown

82

without GA3 (C6G1). The significantly maximum collar diameter of 3.09 mm was recorded

when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C)

were sown without GA3 (C3G1). However, seeds stratified for six week warm (25-280

C)

followed by six week cold (30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment gave least value of

1.39 mm.

Table 18. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (CxG) on

germination and seedling growth parameters of Corylus colurna

Treatments

(CxG)

Germination

(%)

Seedlings

height

(cm)

Collar

diameter

(mm)

Root

length

(cm)

Dry

shoot

weight

(g)

Dry

root

weight

(g)

Total

dry

weight

(g)

Root:

shoot

ratio

Stock

quality

index

C1G1 12.26 (6.67) 2.62 1.45 6.0 0.28 0.22 0.50 0.37 0.24

C1G2 21.34 (14.17) 4.06 2.34 8.5 0.46 0.31 0.77 0.55 0.37

C2G1 24.47 (20.00) 6.77 2.83 10.6 0.57 0.41 0.98 0.69 0.36

C2G2 30.65 (28.33) 7.55 2.87 12.2 0.65 0.49 1.13 0.77 0.38

C3G1 27.36 (25.00) 7.56 3.09 13.4 0.48 0.55 1.03 0.86 0.37

C3G2 31.28 (32.78) 7.31 2.94 14.0 0.82 0.85 1.67 0.91 0.42

C4G1 19.67 (15.56) 6.19 2.53 10.1 0.43 0.36 0.79 0.60 0.28

C4G2 23.20 (20.00) 5.42 2.54 8.8 0.41 0.34 0.75 0.59 0.30

C5G1 13.11 (7.22) 3.00 2.02 6.7 0.15 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.22

C5G2 16.02 (10.56) 3.17 2.43 6.8 0.14 0.17 0.31 0.51 0.22

C6G1 9.66 (4.72) 1.97 1.39 4.3 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.32 0.14

C6G2 12.26 (6.67) 2.16 1.69 5.4 0.11 0.11 0.22 0.35 0.16

SE+ 1.48 - 0.26 - - - - - -

CD0.05 2.96 NS 0.52 NS NS NS NS NS NS


It was apparent from the data in table 18 that though, non significant, maximum root

length of 14.00 cm resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by

three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The least value of 4.3 cm

resulted when seeds were stratified for six week warm (25-280


(30 C) without GA3 (C6G1) treatment. Similarly, though non-significant, maximum dry shoot

weight of 0.82 g resulted from seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by

three week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 0.09 g



(30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment. Similarly non significant, maximum dry root

weight of 0.85 g resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by

83

three week cold (30 C) were sown with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2) treatment. The minimum value

of 0.10 g resulted when seeds were stratified for six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six

week cold (30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment. Though non-significant, the

highest total dry weight of 1.67 g resulted when seeds were stratified for three week warm

(25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The

minimum value of 0.19 g resulted when seeds were stratified for six week warm (25-280

C)

followed by six week cold (30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment.

It is also seen from the data in table 18 that though non-significant, maximum root-

shoot ratio of 0.91 resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by

three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 0.32



(30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment. Though non-significant, highest stock quality

index of 0.42 resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280


week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 0.14

resulted when seeds stratified for six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30 C)

were sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment.


years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-X).

4.4.2.7 Interaction effect of stratification medium, temperature and gibberellic acid

(MxCxG) on germination and seedling growth

It is apparent from the pooled data in table 19 that interaction effect of stratification

medium, temperature and gibberellic acid (MxCxG) exert significant effect on germination

per cent, collar diameter, root length and root-shoot ratio of seedlings. The significantly

highest germination of 74.17 per cent resulted when seeds stratified in sand for three week

warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3

(M2C3G2) being quite superior to all the other treatments. This was, however followed by

treatment combinations M2C2G2 (60.00 %), M2C3G1 (55.83 %), M2C2G1 (45.83 %) and

M2C4G2 (45.00 %) giving values in descending order. The significantly least success of 0.81

per cent resulted when stratified seeds kept in cow dung for six week warm (25-280

C)

followed by six week cold (30 C) were treated with water only (M3C1G1) but being at par with

M3C1G2, M1C1G1, M3C4G1 and M3C4G2 combinations in this regard. Though non-significant,

84

maximum seedling height of 14.94 cm resulted when seeds stratified in sand for three week

warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3

(M2C3G2). This was, however followed by M2C3G2 (14.57) and M2C2G2 (13.83 cm)

treatment giving values in descending order. The least value of 0.38 cm each resulted when

stratified seeds kept in cow dung for six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30

C) were treated with water (M3C6G1) and treatment combination of M1C1G1. On the other

hand, it was quite apparent from the given data that significantly highest collar diameter of

5.03 mm resulted when seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by

three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2), but being at par with

M2C3G1 (4.34 mm) combination in this regard. The significantly minimum value of 0.35 mm

each resulted when stratified seeds kept in cow dung for six week warm (25-280

C) followed

by six week cold (30 C) were treated with water only (M3C6G1) and treatment combination of

M1C1G1.

As evident from the data in table 19, the significantly, maximum root length of 27.50

cm resulted when seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280


week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). This was, however followed by

combinations M2C3G1 (24.82 cm), M2C2G2 (18.60 cm) and M2C2G1 (15.67 cm) giving values

in descending order. The significantly least value of 0.75cm resulted when non stratified

seeds were used for sowing in nursery (M1C1G1). Though, non significant, maximum dry

shoot weight of 1.03 g resulted from seeds stratified in sand for two week warm (25-280

C)

followed by two week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C2G2). The minimum

value of 0.04 g resulted when seeds were stratified in cow dung for six week warm (25-280

C)

followed by six week cold (30 C) and treated in water only (M3C6G1).

Though non-significant, highest dry root weight of 1.25 g resulted from seeds

stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) and

treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). The minimum value of 0.02 g resulted when seeds

stratified in cow dung for six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30 C) were

treated in water only. The non-significant, highest total dry weight of 1.82 g was obtained

when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280

C)

followed by three week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). The minimum

value of 0.05 g resulted when non stratified seeds were used for sowing.

85

Table 19. Interaction effect of stratification medium, temperature and gibberellic acid

(MxCxG) on germination and seedling growth parameters of Corylus colurna

Treatments

(MxCxG)

Germination

(%)

Seedlings

height

(cm)

Collar

diameter

(mm)

Root

length

(cm)

Dry

shoot

weight

(g)

Dry

root

weight

(g)

Total

dry

weight

(g)

Root:

shoot

ratio

Stock

quality

index

M1C1G1 0.83 (3.03) 0.38 0.35 0.75 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.04

M1C1G2 8.33 (16.74) 2.87 2.39 6.24 0.30 0.22 0.51 0.49 0.35

M2C1G1 15.83 (23.39) 4.80 2.58 11.83 0.63 0.45 1.08 0.63 0.46

M2C1G2 25.83 (30.52) 4.85 2.44 11.48 0.80 0.48 1.27 0.57 0.47

M3C1G1 3.33 (10.37) 2.68 1.43 5.50 0.19 0.18 0.37 0.39 0.21

M3C1G2 8.33 (16.74) 4.45 2.19 7.75 0.27 0.25 0.52 0.58 0.28

M1C2G1 6.67 (14.90) 4.27 2.19 8.32 0.26 0.26 0.52 0.64 0.28

M1C2G2 14.17 (21.98) 4.92 2.43 9.62 0.48 0.37 0.85 0.68 0.37

M2C2G1 45.83 (42.61) 12.50 3.87 15.67 1.02 0.70 1.72 0.82 0.43

M2C2G2 60.00 (50.77) 13.83 3.72 18.60 1.03 0.76 1.73 0.94 0.38

M3C2G1 7.50 (15.89) 3.55 2.44 7.70 0.37 0.29 0.66 0.63 0.38

M3C2G2 10.83 (19.19) 3.90 2.48 8.33 0.44 0.33 0.77 0.69 0.38

M1C3G1 15.83 (23.35) 4.70 2.87 10.32 0.59 0.39 0.98 0.72 0.42

M1C3G2 22.50 (28.32) 5.37 2.85 12.00 0.75 0.49 1.24 0.69 0.49

M2C3G1 55.83 (48.35) 14.57 4.34 24.82 0.75 1.04 1.79 1.38 0.46

M2C3G2 74.17 (59.46) 14.94 5.03 27.50 0.58 1.25 1.82 1.82 0.53

M3C3G1 3.33 (10.37) 3.40 2.07 5.00 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.49 0.23

M3C3G2 1.67 (6.06) 1.62 0.95 2.58 0.13 0.81 0.95 0.23 0.25

M1C4G1 10.00 (18.43) 7.63 3.30 12.58 0.57 0.45 1.02 0.80 0.37

M1C4G2 13.33 (21.40) 6.33 2.68 8.48 0.32 0.35 0.67 0.80 0.29

M2C4G1 35.00 (36.27) 9.60 3.39 14.70 0.61 0.51 1.13 0.79 0.34

M2C4G2 45.00 (42.13) 8.33 4.10 14.57 0.77 0.55 1.31 0.75 0.49

M3C4G1 1.65 (4.31) 1.33 0.89 3.08 0.12 0.11 0.23 0.20 0.13

M3C4G2 1.67 (6.06) 1.58 0.85 3.25 0.15 0.12 0.27 0.21 0.13

M1C5G1 5.00 (12.92) 4.35 2.21 9.42 0.26 0.24 0.51 0.64 0.26

M1C5G2 8.33 (16.74) 4.22 2.84 7.83 0.20 0.21 0.41 0.69 0.28

M2C5G1 15.83 (23.39) 3.98 3.87 10.73 0.19 0.23 0.42 0.73 0.34

M2C5G2 22.50 (28.29) 4.47 3.92 10.98 0.20 0.24 0.43 0.72 0.33

M3C5G1 0.83 (3.03) 0.67 0.52 1.50 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.06

M3C5G2 0.83 (3.03) 0.83 0.52 1.50 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.06

M1C6G1 1.67 (6.06) 0.77 0.70 1.67 0.07 0.05 0.12 0.17 0.09

M1C6G2 2.50 (7.34) 1.13 1.34 4.00 0.06 0.07 0.13 0.22 0.09

M2C6G1 11.67 (19.89) 4.75 3.11 10.25 0.17 0.23 0.40 0.71 0.28

M2C6G2 15.83 (23.39) 4.63 3.13 10.67 0.18 0.23 0.41 0.68 0.29

M3C6G1 0.81 (3.00) 0.38 0.35 0.83 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.04

M3C6G2 1.67 (6.06) 0.72 0.62 1.57 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.16 0.08

SE+ 2.57 - 0.45 1.50 - - - 0.10 -

CD0.05 5.13 NS 0.90 2.99 NS NS NS 0.21 NS


86

It is also evident from the data in table 19 that significantly maximum root-shoot ratio

of 1.82 resulted when seeds and stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280

C) followed

by three week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). On the other hand,

significantly least root-shoot ratio of 0.08 each resulted when seeds stratified in cow dung for


C) followed by six week cold (30 C) and treated with water (M3C6G1)

and treatment combination of M1C1G1.

Though non-significant, highest stock quality index of 0.53 resulted from seeds

stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) and

treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 0.04 each resulted when non

stratified seeds were kept for six week warm (25-280


temperature (30 C) and treated with water (M3C6G1) and treatment combination of M1C1G1.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XI).

4.5 EFFECT OF STRATIFICATION PERIOD, MEDIUM AND TEMPERATURE

ON MOISTURE CONTENT AND BIOCHEMICAL STATUS OF HAZEL

SEEDS

The biochemical analysis of the seeds of Corylus colurna was carried out to study the

various changes that occurred during stratification treatments. The freshly collected hazelnut

seeds were also investigated for viability, germination, moisture content, and biochemical

parameters before subjecting them to various stratification treatments as given in table 20. It

is quite clear from the data that germination of the fresh seeds was very low (5.50 %), but

possessed high viability (97.77 %). The initial moisture content was 12.87 per cent, while

biochemical parameters were found as reducing sugar-22.69 mg/g, non-reducing sugar-17.10

mg/g, total sugar-39.79 , starch-23.75 and soluble protein as 50.23 per cent.

Table 20. Initial viability, moisture content and biochemical parameters of hazel seeds

Parameter Value Parameter Value

Viability (%) 97.77 Non-reducing sugar (mg/g) 17.10

Germination (%) 5.00 Total sugar (mg/g) 39.79

Moisture (%) 12.87 Starch (mg/g) 23.75

Reducing sugar (mg/g) 22.69 Protein (%) 15.25

87

4.5.1 Effect of stratification period on moisture content and biochemical status of hazel

seeds

The pooled data regarding moisture content and the biochemical status viz., , sugar,

starch content, protein and during different stratification periods (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 days)

are presented in table 21. The data revealed that stratification period exert significant effect

on germination of hazel seeds. The significantly maximum moisture content (17.94 %) was

observed in seeds stratified for 60 days (P4), while the least value of 14.54 per cent was

recorded in non-stratified seeds (P1). Reducing sugars, on the other hand showed significant

increase with increasing stratification period. It is apparent from the pooled data in table 21

that significantly highest reducing sugar content (33.97) was recorded when the seeds were

stratified for 60 days (P4), followed by stratification period of P5 (32.26 mg/g) period.

However, significantly minimum value of 24.38 mg/g was observed for control seeds (P1).

The perusal of data in table 21 reveals that though non-significant, the highest non-

reducing sugar (24.45 mg/g) was observed when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) and

followed by stratification period of P5 (24.11 mg/g) in this regard. However, stratification

period had significant effect as far as total sugar content was concerned. The 60 days

stratification period (P4) resulted in significantly maximum sugar content of 58.13 mg/g,

while the significantly minimum value of 42.77 per cent was registered in non-stratified

control seeds (P1). Likewise, the starch content was also significantly affected by different

stratification periods. The significantly maximum starch content (23.78 mg/g) was, however

recorded in non stratified control seeds (P1) while, the significantly minimum value of 19.59

mg/g was registered in 60 days stratified seeds (P4). On the other hand, significantly

maximum soluble protein content (17.45 %) was recorded in seeds stratified for 60 days (P4),

while the minimum value of 15.42 per cent was obtained in non-stratified control seeds (P1).


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XII).

4.5.1.1 Effect of stratification temperature on moisture content and biochemical status

of hazel seeds

The perusal of pooled data in table 21 reveals that significantly maximum moisture

content (18.91 %) resulted when seeds were stratified in out-door pit (T2), followed by T4

(17.77 %) and T3 (15.88%) treatments, giving values in descending order. The significantly

88

least value of 13.30 per cent was however observed for the seeds kept at room temperature

(T1). The maximum moisture content found in T2 was, therefore 17.91 per cent higher as

compared to T1. Likewise, significantly maximum reducing sugar (32.03 mg/g) was recorded

when seeds were stratified in out-door pit (T2). This was, however followed by T3 (31.25

mg/g) and T4 (25.37) treatments, giving values in descending order. The significantly least

value of 24.31 mg/g was observed when seeds were kept at room temperature (T1). The

maximum value of reducing sugar content in T2 was thus found to be 31.00 per cent higher as

compared to that of control (T1) seeds.

Table 21. Effect of stratification period and temperature on moisture content and bio-chemical

status of hazel seeds

Treatments

Moisture

content

(%)

Reducing

sugar

(mg/g)

Non-

reducing

sugar (mg/g)

Total

sugar

(mg/g)

Starch

(mg/g) Protein %

Stratification periods (P)

Control (P1) 14.54 (3.81) 24.38 18.38 42.77 23.78 15.42 (3.93)

20 days (P2) 15.01 (3.87) 25.04 18.88 43.92 23.47 15.59 (3.95)

40 days (P3) 17.23 (4.13) 25.54 19.25 44.79 21.49 16.37 (4.05)

60 days (P4) 17.94 (4.21) 33.97 24.15 58.13 19.59 17.45 (4.17)

80 days (P5) 17.61 (4.18) 32.26 24.11 56.58 19.89 16.79 (4.10)

SE+ 0.04 0.51 0.13 0.08 0.01

CD0.05 0.08 1.03 NS 0.26 0.17 0.02


Control (T1) 13.30 (3.65) 24.31 18.33 42.64 22.03 15.52 (3.94)

Out-door pit (T2) 18.91 (4.31) 32.03 23.78 55.81 21.28 17.10 (4.13)

4 oC (T3) 15.88 (3.99) 31.25 22.61 54.01 21.71 16.44 (4.05)

0 oC (T4) 17.77 (4.21) 25.37 19.12 44.49 21.77 16.23 (4.03)

SE+ 0.04 0.46 0.50 0.11 0.09 0.01

CD0.05 0.07 0.93 1.01 0.23 0.17 0.02

Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values

A scrutiny of the pooled data in table 21 reveals significantly maximum non-reducing

sugar content (23.78 mg/g) when seeds were stratified in out-door pit (T2), followed by T3

(22.61 mg/g) and T4 (19.12 mg/g) treatments, giving values in descending order. The

significantly minimum values for (18.33 mg/g) was observed when seeds were kept at room

temperature (T1). Similarly, significantly maximum total sugar content (55.81 mg/g) was

observed when seeds were stratified in out-door pit (T2), followed by T3 (54.01 mg/g) and T4

89

(44.49 mg/g) treatments, giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum

values for total sugar (44.49 mg/g) was observed when seeds were kept at room temperature

(T1). On the other hand, significantly highest starch content (22.03 mg/g) was observed in

seeds kept at room temperature. However, significantly minimum starch content (21.28 mg/g)

was observed for seeds kept in out-door pit (T2). Similarly, the significantly maximum

soluble protein content (17.10 %) was observed when seeds were stratified for in out-door pit

(T2). The significantly minimum values for soluble protein (15.52 %) was recorded when the

seeds were kept at room temperature (T1).


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XII).

4.5.1.2 Effect of stratification period and temperature interaction (PxT) on moisture

content and biochemical status of hazel seeds

It is evident from the data in table 22 that significantly maximum moisture content of

24.55 per cent resulted in the seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit (P4T2). This was

however, followed by treatment combinations P5T2 and P3T2 giving values of 22.88 per cent

and 20.20 per cent, respectively in descending order. However, minimum moisture content

(12.83 %) was observed for non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1). The

significantly maximum reducing sugar content (42.50 mg/g) resulted when seeds were

stratified for 60 days at 40C temperature (P4T3). This was however, followed by treatment

combinations P4T2 (42.11 mg/g) and P5T2 (38.86 mg/g), giving values in descending order.

The significantly least value of 22.76 mg/g was obtained when unstratified seeds were kept at

room temperature (P1T1). Likewise, significantly maximum non-reducing sugar (29.90 mg/g)

was recorded when seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit (P4T2). ). However, this

was followed by treatment combinations P5T2 (29.30 mg/g) and P4T3 (28.07 mg/g), giving

values in descending order. The significantly minimum non-reducing sugar content (17.16

mg/g) resulted when non stratified seeds were kept at room temperature (P1T1). Similarly,

seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit (P4T2) recorded significantly maximum total sugar

(72.01 mg/g). This was however, followed by treatment combinations P4T3 (70.57 mg/g) and

P5T2 (68.17 mg/g), giving values in descending order. The significantly of total sugar content

(39.93 mg/g) was, however obtained when unstratified seeds were kept at room temperature

(P1T1).

90

It is also evident from the pooled data in table 22 that significantly highest starch

content (23.80 mg/g) was recorded in non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1).

This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P1T3 and P1T4 giving values of

23.79 mg/g and 23.78 mg/g respectively in descending order. On the other hand, significantly

maximum soluble protein (19.55 %) was registered in seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door

pit (P4T2), being followed by P5T2 (17.51 %) and P4T3 (17.27 %) in the descending order. The

significantly minimum value of soluble protein (15.06 %) was, however obtained when non

stratified seeds were kept at room temperature (P1T1).

Table 22. Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) on moisture

content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds

Treatments

(PxT)

Moisture content

(%)

Reducing

sugar

(mg/g)

Non-

reducing

sugar (mg/g)

Total

sugar

(m/g)

Starch

(mg/g)

Protein

(%)

P1T1 12.83 (3.58) 22.76 17.16 39.93 23.80 15.06 (3.88)

P1T2 13.46 (3.67) 25.24 19.03 44.27 23.75 15.53 (3.94)

P1T3 15.88 (3.99) 24.83 18.72 43.55 23.79 15.53 (3.94)

P1T4 16.00 (4.00) 24.70 18.62 43.32 23.78 15.55 (3.94)

P2T1 13.25 (3.64) 23.46 17.69 41.15 23.44 15.54 (3.94)

P2T2 13.45 (3.67) 26.66 20.10 46.76 23.27 15.70 (3.96)

P2T3 15.52 (3.94) 24.98 18.83 43.81 23.50 15.63 (3.95)

P2T4 17.81 (4.22) 25.06 18.88 43.95 23.69 15.47 (3.93)

P3T1 12.67 (3.56) 23.87 17.98 41.86 22.16 15.51 (3.94)

P3T2 20.20 (4.49) 27.27 20.56 47.83 20.60 17.22 (4.15)

P3T3 16.18 (4.02) 25.50 19.22 44.72 21.60 16.57 (4.07)

P3T4 19.87 (4.46) 25.54 19.24 44.78 21.62 16.19 (4.02)

P4T1 14.15 (3.76) 25.34 19.11 44.45 20.60 15.85 (3.98)

P4T2 24.55 (4.95) 42.11 29.90 72.01 19.21 19.55 (4.42)

P4T3 16.34 (4.04) 42.50 28.07 70.57 19.80 17.27 (4.16)

P4T4 16.73 (4.08) 25.94 19.56 45.50 19.85 17.15 (4.14)

P5T1 13.62 (3.69) 26.12 19.69 45.81 20.15 15.63 (3.95)

P5T2 22.88 (4.78) 38.86 29.30 68.17 19.60 17.51 (4.18)

P5T3 15.51 (3.94) 38.43 28.98 67.41 19.85 17.19 (4.15)

P5T4 18.43 (4.29) 25.62 19.30 44.92 19.90 16.81 (4.10)

SE+ 0.67 1.02 1.12 0.25 0.19 0.14

CD 0.05 1.35 2.07 2.26 0.51 0.39 0.28



investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XIII).

91

4.5.2 Effect of stratification medium and temperature on moisture content and

biochemical status of hazel seeds

4.5.2.1 Effect of stratification medium on moisture content and biochemical parameters

of hazel seeds

The appraisal of pooled data in table 23 reveals significantly maximum moisture

content (15.97 %) when seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2), followed by cow dung

(13.0 %) and naked seeds (12.48 %) in the descending order. The significantly maximum

reducing sugars (29.48 mg/g) resulted when hazelnut seeds were stratified in sand medium

(M2), followed by control (M1) (22.21 mg/g) and cow dung seeds (M3) (20.39 mg/g) seeds in

the descending order. Similarly, the significantly maximum non-reducing sugar content

(24.46 mg/g) was obtained when seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2). However, the

significantly minimum value was recorded for M3 (20.39 mg/g) seeds in this regard.

Likewise, significantly maximum value for total sugar content (53.95 mg/g) was obtained

when hazelnut seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2). The minimum value was, however

noticed for M3 (37.31 mg/g) seeds in this regard. On the other hand, the significantly

maximum value (21.99 mg/g) for starch content was recorded in case of control M1 seeds.

The significantly maximum soluble protein content having value of 16.41 per cent was

observed for seeds stratified in sand medium (M2), followed by M1 (12.48 %) and M3 (13.0

%) seeds in the descending order.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XIV).

4.5.2.2 Effect of stratification temperature on moisture content and biochemical

parameters of hazel seeds

An overview of pooled data in table 23 indicates significantly maximum moisture

content (14.58 %) when seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280

C) followed by

three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). This was however, followed by C2 (14.43 %) and C4

(14.00 %) treatments giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum moisture

content (13.79 mg/g) was, however recorded for the C1 treatment. The significantly maximum

reducing sugars (26.64 mg/g) resulted when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week

warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). This was however,

followed by C4 (26.45 mg/g) and C2 (26.37 mg/g) giving values in descending order. The

92

significantly minimum reducing sugar (21.21 mg/g) was recorded for the C6 treatment.

Similarly, significantly maximum value for non-reducing sugar (22.11 mg/g) was noticed

when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280


cold (30 C) treatment (C3). While, significantly minimum value (17.60 mg/g) was recorded

for C6 treatment.

Table 23. Effect of stratification medium and temperature on moisture content and bio-

chemical status of hazel seeds

Treatments

Moisture

content

(%)

Reducing

sugar

(mg/g)

Non-

reducing

sugar

(mg/g)

Total

sugar

(mg/g)

Starch

(mg/g)

Protein

(%)

Stratification medium

Naked (Control) (M1)

12.48

(3.53) 22.21 18.43 40.58 21.99

15.18

(3.90)

Sand (M2)

15.97

(3.99) 29.48 24.46 53.95 19.61

16.41

(4.05)

Cow-dung (M3)

13.00

(3.60) 20.39 16.92 37.31 22.95

14.81

(3.85)

SE+ 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.002

CD0.05 0.02 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.003


(Control) C1

13.79

(3.71) 21.77 18.07 39.72 22.37

15.28

(3.91)

2 week warm (250-280C)+2 week

cold (30C) (C2)

14.43

(3.79) 26.37 21.89 48.26 20.86

15.94

(3.99)

3 week warm (250-28

0C) + 3 week

cold (30C) (C3)

14.58

(3.81) 26.64 22.11 48.75 20.63

16.09

(4.01)

4 week warm (250-280C) + 4

week cold (30C) (C4)

14.00

(3.73) 26.45 21.95 48.41 20.65

15.52

(3.94)

5 week warm (250-280C), + 5


13.27

(3.64) 21.71 18.02 39.73 21.95

15.11

(3.89)

6 week warm (250-280C) + 6


12.82

(3.58) 21.21 17.60 38.81 22.65

14.87

(3.86)

SE+ 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.002

CD0.05 0.03 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.03 0.005


93

Likewise, the significantly maximum value for total sugar content (48.75 mg/g) was

obtained when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280

C) followed by

three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3).This was, however followed by C4 (48.41 mg/g) and C2

(48.26 mg/g) giving values in descending order. The significantly least value (38.81 mg/g)

was recorded for C1 treatment. On the other hand, the significantly maximum value (22.65

mg/g) of starch content was obtained when hazelnut seeds were stratified as six week warm

(25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). The significantly minimum value

(20.63 mg/g) was, however noticed when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week warm

(25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). The significantly maximum

soluble protein content of 16.09 per cent was observed for seeds stratified as three week

warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3), followed by C2 (15.94

%) and C4 (15.52 %) in descending order. However, the minimum value (14.87 %) was

recorded for C6 treatment in this regard.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XIV).

4.5.2.2 Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) on moisture

content and biochemical parameters

A scrutiny of the pooled data in table 24 reveals that interaction of stratification

medium and temperature (MxC) exert significant effect on moisture content, and various

biochemical parameter on hazelnut seeds. The significantly maximum moisture content

(17.44 %) was noticed when seeds stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280

C)

followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatments was used. This was however, followed

by treatment combinations of M2C2 (16.86 %), M2C4 (16.40 %) and M2C5 (15.27 %), giving

values in descending order. The significantly least value of 11.50 per cent was obtained when

seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six

week cold (30 C) (M3C6). However, significantly maximum reducing sugar content (35.77

mg/g) was observed when seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatments in this regard. This was however,

followed by treatment combinations of M2C4 (35.21 mg/g), M2C2 (35.19 mg/g) and M2C5

(24.43 mg/g), giving values in descending order. The significantly least value of 18.72 mg/g

was obtained when seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280

C)

94

followed by six week cold (30 C) (M3C6). The significantly maximum value for non-reducing

sugar (29.68 mg/g) was noticed when seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week

warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) in this regard. The significantly

least value of 15.54 mg/g was obtained when seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for


C) followed by six week cold (30 C) (M3C6).

Table 24. Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) on moisture

content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds

Treatments

(MxC)

Moisture

content

(%)

Reducing

sugar

(mg/g)

Non-

reducing

sugar (mg/g)

Total

sugar

(mg/g)

Starch

(mg/g)

Protein

(%)

M1C1 12.22 (3.50) 21.13 17.53 38.32 23.26 14.90 (3.86)

M1C2 12.52 (3.54) 22.66 18.81 41.47 21.94 15.54 (3.94)

M1C3 13.27 (3.64) 23.19 19.25 42.45 21.37 15.65 (3.96)

M1C4 12.41 (3.52) 23.07 19.15 42.22 20.86 15.15 (3.89)

M1C5 12.34 (3.51) 21.98 18.25 40.23 21.81 15.12 (3.89)

M1C6 12.14 (3.48) 21.22 17.61 38.83 22.68 14.74 (3.84)

M2C1 14.99 (3.87) 22.79 18.92 41.71 20.66 15.73 (3.97)

M2C2 16.86 (4.11) 35.19 29.21 64.40 18.081 17.14 (4.14)

M2C3 17.44 (4.18) 35.77 29.68 65.45 17.95 17.70 (4.21)

M2C4 16.40 (4.05) 35.21 29.21 64.42 18.38 16.60 (4.07)

M2C5 15.27 (3.91) 24.43 20.27 44.70 20.68 15.85 (3.98)

M2C6 14.84 (3.85) 23.50 19.50 43.01 21.90 15.45 (3.93)

M3C1 14.15 (3.76) 21.38 17.75 39.14 23.18 15.20 (3.90)

M3C2 13.92 (3.73) 21.27 17.66 38.93 22.54 15.14 (3.89)

M3C3 13.03 (3.61) 20.96 17.40 38.36 22.57 14.92 (3.86)

M3C4 13.19 (3.63) 21.09 17.50 38.59 22.69 14.82 (3.85)

M3C5 12.20 (3.49) 18.90 15.60 34.50 23.34 14.42 (3.80)

M3C6 11.50 (3.39) 18.72 15.54 34.26 23.36 14.37 (3.79)

SE+ 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.02 0.03

CD0.05 0.33 0.26 0.26 NS 0.05 0.07


Likewise, the significantly maximum value for total sugar content (65.45 mg/g) was

obtained when hazelnut seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatments. This was however, followed by

treatment combinations of M2C4 (64.42 mg/g), M2C2 (64.40 mg/g) and M2C5 (44.70 mg/g),

95

giving values in descending order. The significantly least value of 34.26 mg/g was obtained

when seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280

C) followed by

six week cold (30 C) in this regard. On the other hand, the significantly maximum for starch

content (23.36 mg/g) was obtained when hazelnut seeds were stratified in cow dung medium

for (M3C6) six week warm (25-280

C) followed by six week cold (30 C). While, the

significantly least value (17.95 mg/g) was recorded for M2C3 treatment. The significantly

maximum soluble protein content having value of 17.70 per cent was observed for when

hazelnut seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by

three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatments. This was however, followed by treatment

combinations of M2C2 (17.14 %), M2C4 (16.60 %) and M2C5 (15.85 %), giving values in

descending order. The significantly least value of 14.37 per cent was obtained when seeds



(30 C) (M3C6) in this regard.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XV).

4.6 EFFECT OF IBA FORMULATION AND PRE-CONDITIONING ON

ROOTING BEHAVIOUR OF HAZELNUT

The observation on sprouting and its progress was initiated one week after planting of

cuttings and recorded upto two months. The observations on callusing and rooting

characteristics were recorded after four months. The findings thus arrived at and analyzed

data for both years of study is given in appendix- XVI to XXV, while the pooled data are

described here as under:

4.6.1 Rooting behaviour of hazelnut during spring season (February-April)

4.6.1.1 Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting

and rooting behaviour during spring season (February-April)

It can be inferred from the pooled data in table 25 that all the studied parameters were

significantly affected by IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion treatments

except for mean number of roots.

Sprouting per cent

A scrutiny of pooled data in table in table 25 reveals that significantly highest

sprouting (50.83 %) resulted in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3%

96

sucrose + talc) formulation of IBA. This was however, followed by R5, R4 and R6 giving

values 45.83, 44.17, and 39.17 per cent in the descending order. Significantly minimum

sprouting was observed in R1 (control), having value of 17.08 per cent. Similarly,

significantly more sprouting success (39.31 %) was found in girdled cuttings (G1) as

compared to non-girdled cuttings (36.67 %) (G2). Likewise, basal portion of cuttings (C2)

sprouted significantly better as compared to apical portion of cuttings (C1), giving values of

46.11 per cent and 28.86 per cent, respectively.

Callusing per cent

An overview of pooled data in table 25 indicates significantly maximum callusing

(36.25 %) in R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) formulation of IBA. This was

however, followed by R4, R5 and R2 giving values 26.67, 24.58 and 23.75 per cent in this

regard. Similarly, significantly maximum callusing was observed in girdled cuttings (G1)

(25.95 %) as compared to non-girdled cuttings (20.69 %) (G2) during the spring season.

However, significantly maximum callusing (28.75 %) was observed in the basal portion of

cuttings (C2) was as compared to that of 17.92 per cent in upper portion (C1).

Table 25. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting

and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)

Treatments Sprouting

(%)

Callusing

(%)

Rooting

(%)

Mean

root

length

(cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean root

dry weight

(mg)

IBA formulation R1 17.08 (24.16) 8.75 (15.63) 5.42 (11.53) 2.00 2.33 57.46

R2 30.00 (32.97) 23.75 (28.80) 10.83 (18.30) 3.12 3.46 82.54

R3 50.83 (45.54) 36.25 (36.78) 22.92 (27.96) 4.76 5.00 207.88

R4 45.42 (42.33) 26.67 (30.82) 16.67 (23.42) 4.62 4.75 219.21

R5 45.42 (42.31) 24.58 (29.54) 16.25 (23.17) 4.26 4.04 196.42

R6 39.17 (38.64) 20.00 (26.26) 11.67 (18.76) 3.81 3.71 150.79

SE+ 1.05 1.67 1.96 0.36 0.37 3.05

CD0.05 2.11 3.35 3.94 0.72 0.74 6.13

Girdling G1 39.31 (38.46) 25.97 (29.55) 17.36 (23.10) 4.09 4.22 178.39

G2 36.67 (36.86) 20.69 (26.40) 10.56 (17.95) 3.44 3.54 126.38

SE+ 0.61 0.96 1.13 0.21 0.21 1.76

CD0.05 1.22 1.93 2.28 0.42 0.43 3.54

Cutting portion C1 29.86 (32.68) 17.92 (24.03) 9.58 (16.52) 2.99 3.19 112.10

C2 46.11 (42.63) 28.75 (31.92) 18.33 (24.53) 4.53 4.57 192.67

SE+ 0.61 0.96 1.13 0.21 0.21 1.76

CD0.05 1.22 1.93 2.28 0.42 0.43 3.54

Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values

97

Rooting per cent

It is also apparent from the pooled data in table 25 that significantly highest rooting

(22.92 %) resulted in the cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose +

talc) formulation of IBA. This was however, followed by R4, R5 and R6 giving values 16.67,

16.25 and 11.67 per cent in the descending order. However, significantly least rooting was

recorded control (R1) (5.42 %) in the hazelnut cuttings. The highest rooting success found in

R3 was thus found to be 103.12 per cent greater as compared to the control (R1). Similarly,

girdled cuttings (G1) resulted in significantly highest success of 17.36 per cent as compared to

10.56 per cent of non-girdled (G2) ones, in this regard. The girdled (G1) cuttings thus

produced 28.77 per cent more success as compared to non-girdled (G2).

As far as the portion of the cutting was concerned, significantly maximum rooting was

recorded in basal portion (C2) with 18.33 per cent success as against only 9.58 per cent in

apical or upper portion of the hazelnut cuttings (C1).

Mean root length (cm)

A cursory glance of the pooled data in table 25 indicates significantly maximum mean

root length (4.76 cm) in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc)

formulation of IBA. This was however, found to be at par with R4 (0.6% IBA + 3% captan +

3% sucrose + talc) and R5 (0.8% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) treatment giving

value of 4.62 cm and 4.26 cm respectively. Whereas, significantly minimum root length (2.00

cm) was recorded in control (R1). Likewise, girdled cuttings (G1) exhibited significantly

higher root length as compared to non-girdled cuttings (G2), having values of 4.06 cm and

3.44 cm, respectively. Similarly, root length (4.53 cm) was significantly maximum in

basal/lower portion cuttings (C2) as compared to upper portion of cuttings (C1) (2.99 cm).

Mean number of roots

A perusal of the pooled data in table 25 also reveals significantly maximum root

number (5.00) when the cuttings were treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose

+ talc) formulation of IBA. However, significantly least number of roots (2.33) was recorded

in control (R1). Similarly, girdled cuttings (G1) showed maximum number of roots (4.22) as

against 3.54 obtained in non-girdled cuttings (G2). On the other hand, lower portion cuttings

(C2) exhibited significantly maximum number of roots (4.57) in comparison to upper potion

cuttings (C2) (3.19).

98

Mean dry root weight (mg)

The pooled data in table 25 indicates that significantly highest mean dry root weight

(219.21 mg) was observed when the cuttings were treated with R4 (0.6% IBA + 3% captan +

3% sucrose + talc) formulation of IBA. This was however followed by R3 and R5 treatments,

giving values of 219.19 mg and 196.42 mg, respectively, in the descending order. The

significantly minimum dry root weight (57.46 mg) was observed in the cuttings treated with

R1 (control). The maximum dry root weight obtained in R3 was thus found to be 281.50 per

cent more as compared to control (I1). Similarly, significantly maximum mean dry root

weight of 178.39 mg was observed in girdled cuttings (G1) as compared to 126.38 mg

obtained in non-girdled cuttings (G2). Likewise, significantly maximum mean dry root weight

of 192.67 mg was recorded in lower portion cuttings (C2) as compared to 112.10 mg obtained

for upper portion cuttings (C1).


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix- XVI).

4.6.1.2 Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on rooting

behaviour during spring season (February-April)

It is evident from the pooled data in table 26 that, though non-significant, maximum

sprouting (51.67 %) resulted in girdled cuttings treated with R3 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3%

sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1). However, the minimum sprouting success (15.83

%) was recorded in R1G1 and R1G2 treatment combination. The significantly maximum

callusing (44.17 %) was recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. However, minimum

callusing (8.33%) was recorded in R1G1 treatment combination. It is also clear from the

pooled data that significantly highest rooting (30.83 %) was observed in girdled cuttings

treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation (R3G1). This was

however followed by R4G1 (21.67 %), R5G2 (20.00 %) and R6G1 (15.00 %) treatment

combinations, giving value in descending order. However, minimum rooting success (4.14

%) was observed in control of girdled (R1G1) cuttings.

Similarly, the perusal of the pooled data in table 26 indicates a non-significant effect

of IBA formulations and pre-conditioning interaction on mean root length and mean root

number of cuttings. However, maximum mean root length (6.08 cm) was observed in R3G1

treatment combination. This was however, found to be at par with R5G1 giving 4.99 per cent

99

value in this regard. Treatment combination of R1G1 produced the minimum root length of

4.17 cm in the cuttings. Similarly, though non-significant, maximum root number (6.08) was

recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. However, least number of roots (1.50) was observed

in R1G1, treatment combination. Though non-significantly maximum mean dry root weight

(271.58 mg) was recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. This was however, followed by

R4G1 and R5G1 (264.42 mg) (226.08 mg) treatment combinations, giving values in the

descending order. However, significantly minimum mean dry root weight (48.42 mg) was

noticed in the treatment combination of R1G1. The maximum mean dry root weight in R3G1

was thus found to be 446.09 per cent more as compared to R1G1 treatment combination.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XVII).

Table 26. Effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on sprouting and

rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)

Treatments

(RxG)

Sprouting

(%)

Callusing

(%)

Rooting

(%)

Mean

root

length

(cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean root

dry weight

(mg)

R1G1 17.50 (24.52) 8.33 (15.36) 4.17 (9.53) 1.44 1.50 48.42

R1G2 16.67 (23.80) 9.17 (15.89) 6.67 (13.52) 2.57 3.17 66.50

R2G1 30.83 (33.46) 24.17 (28.91) 12.50 (20.52) 3.46 3.67 83.25

R2G2 29.17 (32.48) 23.33 (28.70) 9.17 (16.09 2.78 3.25 81.83

R3G1 51.67 (46.07) 44.17 (41.46) 30.83 (33.32) 5.42 6.08 271.58

R3G2 50.00 (45.00) 28.33 (32.10) 15.00 (22.60) 4.11 3.92 144.17

R4G1 49.17 (44.51) 30.83 (33.46) 21.67 (27.06) 4.81 5.02 264.42

R4G2 41.67 (40.16) 22.50 (28.19) 11.67 (19.79) 4.43 4.00 174.00

R5G1 45.00 (42.03) 29.17 (32.57) 20.00 (26.01) 4.99 4.42 226.08

R5G2 45.83 (42.58) 20.00 (26.51) 12.50 (20.32) 3.53 3.67 166.75

R6G1 41.67 (40.14) 19.17 (25.54) 15.00 (22.15) 4.43 4.17 176.58

R6G2 36.67 (37.13) 20.83 (26.99) 8.33 (15.36) 3.20 3.25 125.00

SE+ - 2.36 2.77 - - -

CD0.05 NS 4.74 5.58 NS NS NS


100

4.6.1.3 Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cuttings portion (RxC) on sprouting

and rooting behaviour during spring season (February-April)

It is evident from the data in table 27 that significantly maximum sprouting (63.33 %)

resulted in cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of

IBA (R3C2). This was however, followed by R5C2 (54.17 %) and R4C2 (53.33 %) treatment

combination, giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum value (13.33 %)

was noticed in R1C1 treatment combination. On the other hand, significantly maximum

callusing of 45.00 per cent was recorded in cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3%

sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2). Significantly minimum callusing (5.83 %) was

recorded in R1C1 treatment combination. It is quite clear from the table that significantly

highest rooting success (29.17 %) resulted in the cuttings were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3%

captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2). This was however found to be at par

with R4C2 (22.50 %) and R5C2 (21.67 %) treatment combinations, giving values in descending

order. However, minimum rooting success of 3.33 per cent was recorded in control treatment

(R1C1).

Table 27. Effect of IBA and cutting portion interaction (RxC) on sprouting and rooting

behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)

Treatments

(RxC)

Sprouting

(%)

Callusing

(%)

Rooting

(%)

Mean

root

length

(cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean root

dry weight

(mg)

R1C1 13.33 (21.24) 5.83 (11.37) 3.33 (7.38) 1.23 1.25 46.00

R1C2 20.83 (27.08) 11.67 (19.89) 7.50 (15.68) 2.78 3.42 68.92

R2C1 21.67 (27.71) 16.67 (23.95) 8.33 (15.36) 2.77 3.00 78.75

R2C2 38.33 (38.23) 30.83 (33.65) 13.33 (21.24) 3.47 3.92 86.33

R3C1 38.33 (38.00) 27.50 (31.57) 16.67 (23.80) 3.53 4.00 117.25

R3C2 63.33 (53.07) 45.00 (42.00) 29.17 (32.12) 6.00 6.00 298.50

R4C1 37.50 (37.73) 20.83 (27.08) 10.83 (19.16) 3.72 4.58 164.67

R4C2 53.33 (46.93) 32.50 (34.57) 22.50 (27.69) 4.95 4.92 273.75

R5C1 36.67 (37.21) 21.67 (27.62) 10.83 (18.97) 3.65 3.25 143.00

R5C2 54.17 (47.40) 27.50 (31.46) 21.67 (27.37) 4.88 4.83 249.83

R6C1 31.67 (34.19) 15.00 (22.60) 7.50 (14.44) 3.08 3.08 122.92

R6C2 46.67 (43.08) 25.00 (29.93) 15.83 (23.07) 4.55 4.33 178.67

SE+ 1.49 2.36 - 0.51 0.52 4.31

CD0.05 2.99 4.74 NS 1.02 1.05 8.68


An overview of the pooled data in table 27 indicates non-significantly maximum

mean root length (6.00 cm) in R3C2 treatment combination. This was however, followed by

R4C2 and R5C2 treatment combination, giving values of 4.95 cm and 4.88 cm, respectively.

101

However, minimum mean root length (1.25 cm) was recorded in R1C1 treatment combination.

The maximum mean root length in R3C2 was thus found to be 390.24 per cent more as

compared to R1C1 treatment combination. Similarly, significantly maximum mean root

number (6.00) was recorded in R3C2, followed by R4C2 (4.92) and R5C2 (4.83), treatment

combinations. However, significantly least mean number of roots (1.25) was recorded in

R1C1, treatment combination. Likewise, significantly maximum mean dry root weight

(298.50 mg) was recorded in treatment combination of R3C2. This was however, followed by

R4C2 and R5C2 treatment combinations, giving values of 273.75 mg and 249.83 mg

respectively, in the descending order. However, significantly least mean dry root weight

(46.00 mg) was noticed in the treatment combination of R1C1. The maximum mean dry root

weight in R3C2 was thus found to be 547.82 per cent more as compared to R1C1 treatment

combination.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XVIII).

4.6.1.4 Interaction effect of pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on rooting

behaviour during spring season (February-April)


resulted in girdled cuttings from the basal portion (G1C2) in this regard. This was however,

followed by G2C2 (40.28 %) and G2C1 (31.94 %) treatment combination, giving values in

descending order. For the same parameter, significantly minimum value (29.44 %) was

noticed in G1C1 treatment combination. On the other hand, significantly maximum callusing

of 33.61 per cent was recorded in G1C2. Significantly minimum callusing (17.50 %) was

recorded in G2C1 treatment combination. It is quite clear from the table that significantly

highest rooting success (24.17 %) resulted girdled cuttings from the basal portion (G1C2) in

this regard. This was however, followed by G2C2 (12.50 %) and G1C1 (10.56 %) treatment

combination, giving values in descending order. For the same parameter, significantly

minimum value (8.61 %) was noticed in G2C1 treatment combination.

An overview of the pooled data in table 28 indicates significantly maximum mean

root length (5.20 cm) in G1C2 treatment combination. This was however, followed by G2C2

(3.86) and G2C1 (3.01) treatment combination treatment combination. However, significantly

minimum mean root length (2.98 cm) was recorded in G1C1 treatment combination. Though

non-significant significantly maximum mean root number (5.06) was recorded in G1C2,

102

followed by G2C2 (4.08) and G1C1 (3.39), treatment combinations. However, significantly

least mean number of roots (3.00) was recorded in G2C1, treatment combination. Likewise,

significantly maximum mean dry root weight (250.72 mg) was recorded in treatment

combination of G1C2. This was however, followed by G2C2 and G2C1 treatment

combinations, giving values of 134.61 mg and 118.14 mg respectively, in the descending

order. However, significantly least mean dry root weight (106.06 mg) was noticed in the

treatment combination of G1C1. The maximum mean dry root weight in G1C2 was thus found

to be 136.37 per cent more as compared to G1C1 treatment combination.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XIX).

Table 28. Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on sprouting

and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)

Treatments

(GxC)

Sprouting

(%)

Callusing

(%)

Rooting

(%)

Mean

root

length

(cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean

root dry

weight

(mg)

G1 C1 28.06 (31.62) 18.33 (24.30) 10.56

(17.59) 2.98 3.39 106.06

G1C2 50.56 (45.29) 33.61 (34.80) 24.17

(28.61) 5.20 5.06 250.72

G2 C1 31.67 (33.74) 17.50 (23.76)

8.61

(15.44) 3.01 3.00 118.14

G2C2 41.67 (39.98) 23.89 (29.03)

12.50

(20.45) 3.86 4.08 134.61

SE+ 0.86 1.36 1.60 0.29 - 2.49

CD0.05 1.73 2.73 3.22 0.59 NS 5.01


4.6.1.5 Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion

(RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behaviour during spring season (February-

April)

It is evident from the pooled data in table 29 that, significant, maximum sprouting

(76.67 %) resulted in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA +

3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was followed by R4G1C2

(60.00 %), R5G1C2 (56.67 %) and R5G2C2 (51.67 %) treatment combinations, giving values in

descending order. However, the minimum sprouting (11.67 % each) was recorded for non-

103

girdled control cuttings of treatment R1G2C1 and R1G2C2. Likewise, non-significant, but

maximum callusing (60.00 %) was noticed in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were

treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2).

However, minimum callusing (5.00 %) was recorded in R1G2C1 treatment combination. The

perusal of the data also reveals that auxin concentration x pre-conditioning x cutting portion

(RxGxC) interaction has a significant effect on rooting success of cuttings. The maximum

rooting success (41.67 %) was recorded in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were

treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This

was followed by R4G1C2 (31.67 %), R5G1C2 (28.33 %) and R6G1C2 (21.67 %) treatment

combinations, giving values in descending order. However, minimum rooting success (1.67

%) was observed in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G1C1).

The perusal of the pooled data in table 29 also reveals that significantly maximum

mean root length of 7.77 cm was obtained when girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated

with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was

however followed by R4G1C2 (6.13 cm), R5G1C2 (5.98 cm) and R6G1C2 (5.13 cm) treatment

combinations, giving values in descending order. The significantly, least mean root length of

0.62 cm was recorded for treatment combination of R1G1C1 in this regard. The maximum

value obtained in R3G1C2 was thus 1153.22 per cent more as compared to R1G1C1 treatment

combination. Similarly, significantly maximum mean root number (7.67) was noticed when

girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose +

talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). The minimum mean number of roots (0.50) was observed

in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G1C1).

Likewise, significantly maximum mean dry root weight of 430.17 mg was recorded

when girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose

+ talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was however, followed by R4G1C2 (379.83 mg),

R5G1C2 (318.67 mg) and R6G1C2 (224.67 mg) treatment combinations, giving values in

descending order. However, significantly minimum mean dry root weight of 30.00 mg was

observed in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G1C1). The maximum value obtained

in R3G1C2 was thus 1333.33 per cent more as compared to R1G1C1 treatment combination.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XX).

104

Table 29. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion (RxGxC) on

sprouting and rooting behavior during spring season (February-April)

Treatments

(RxGxC) Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%)

Mean

root

length

(cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean root

dry weight

(mg)

R1G1C1 13.33 (21.34) 6.67 (12.29) 1.67 (4.31) 0.62 0.50 30.00

R1G1C2 21.67 (27.71) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (14.76) 2.27 2.50 66.83

R1G2C1 13.33 (21.14) 5.00 (10.45) 5.00 (10.45) 1.83 2.00 62.00

R1G2C2 20.00 (26.45) 13.33 (21.34) 8.33 (16.60) 3.30 4.33 71.00

R2G1C1 21.67 (27.71) 15.00 (22.60) 10.00 (18.43) 3.20 3.50 82.33

R2G1C2 40.00 (39.21) 33.33 (35.22) 15.00 (22.60) 3.72 3.83 84.17

R2G2C1 21.67 (27.71) 18.33 (25.31) 6.67 (12.29) 2.33 2.50 75.17 R2G2C2 36.67 (37.26) 28.33 (32.09) 11.67 (19.89) 3.22 4.00 88.50

R3G1C1 26.67 (31.00) 28.33 (32.14) 20.00 (26.45) 3.07 4.50 113.00

R3G1C2 76.67 (61.14) 60.00 (50.79) 41.67 (40.20) 7.77 7.67 430.17

R3G2C1 50.00 (45.00) 26.67 (31.00) 13.33 (21.14) 3.98 3.50 121.50

R3G2C2 50.00 (45.00) 30.00 (33.21) 16.67 (24.05) 4.23 4.33 166.83

R4G1C1 38.33 (38.24) 21.67 (27.71) 11.67 (19.89) 3.27 4.67 149.00

R4G1C2 60.00 (50.77) 40.00 (39.21) 31.67 (34.23) 6.31 6.15 379.83

R4G2C1 36.67 (37.22) 20.00 (26.45) 10.00 (18.43) 4.17 4.50 180.33

R4G2C2 46.67 (43.09) 25.00 (29.93) 13.33 (21.14) 4.70 3.50 167.67

R5G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 25.00 (29.93) 11.67 (19.89) 4.00 3.33 133.50

R5G1C2 56.67 (48.85) 33.33 (35.22) 28.33 (32.14) 5.98 5.50 318.67

R5G2C1 40.00 (39.21) 18.33 (25.31) 10.00 (18.05) 3.30 3.17 152.50

R5G2C2 51.67 (45.96) 21.67 (27.71) 15.00 (22.60) 3.77 4.17 181.00

R6G1C1 35.00 (36.24) 13.33 (21.14) 8.33 (16.60) 3.72 3.83 128.50

R6G1C2 48.33 (44.04) 25.00 (29.93) 21.67 (27.71) 5.13 4.50 224.67

R6G2C1 28.33 (32.14) 16.67 (24.05) 6.67 (12.29) 2.43 2.33 117.33

R6G2C2 45.00 (42.12) 25.00 (29.93) 10.00 (18.43) 3.97 4.17 132.67

SE+ 2.10 - - 0.72 0.74 6.10

CD0.05 4.23 NS NS 1.45 1.49 12.27


4.6.2 Rooting behaviour of hazelnut during monsoon season (July-August)

4.6.2.1 Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting

and rooting behaviour during monsoon season (July-August)

An overview of the pooled data in table 30 reveals the studied rooting parameters are

significantly affected by auxin concentration, species and pre-conditioning treatment during

the rainy season, as described here under:

Sprouting per cent

The perusal of pooled data in table 30 reveals significantly highest sprouting (47.50

%) in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) formulation of

IBA. This was however, followed by R5, R4 and R6 giving values 39.17, 37.50, and 36.67per

cent in the descending order. Significantly minimum sprouting was observed in R1 (control),

105

having value of 12.50 per cent. Though non-significantly more sprouting success (33.89 %)

was observed in girdled cuttings (G1) as compared to non-girdled cuttings (33.61 %) (G2).

Likewise, basal portion of cuttings (C2) sprouted significantly better as compared to apical

portion of cuttings (C1), giving values of 26.94 per cent and 20.14 per cent, respectively.

However, basal portion cuttings (C2) sprouted significantly better as compared to upper

portion cuttings (C1), giving values of 41.39 per cent and 26.11 per cent, respectively.

Table 30. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting

and rooting behaviorof cuttings during monsoon season

Treatments Sprouting

(%)

Callusing

(%) Rooting (%)

Mean root

length

(cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean root

dry weight

(mg)

IBA formulation R1 12.50 (20.47) 10.42 (17.08) 2.92 (6.92) 1.25 1.25 24.63

R2 29.17 (32.40) 22.08 (27.52) 7.08 (13.27) 2.38 2.75 53.67

R3 47.50 (43.44) 33.33 (34.95) 18.33 (24.45) 4.77 5.08 229.42

R4 37.50 (37.68) 29.17 (32.36) 15.42 (22.63) 4.47 4.79 217.63 R5 39.17 (38.55) 25.42 (30.03) 12.50 (19.41) 4.05 3.75 183.71

R6 36.67 (37.06) 20.83 (26.89) 9.58 (17.54) 3.37 3.17 144.58

SE+ 1.29 1.60 2.25 - - -

CD0.05 2.59 3.21 4.52 NS NS (NS)

Girdling G1 33.89 (34.98) 26.94 (30.16) 13.33 (19.12) 3.78 3.72 168.19

G2 33.61 (34.89) 20.14 (26.12) 8.61 (15.62) 3.00 3.21 116.35

SE+ - 0.92 1.30 0.25 - 6.26

CD0.05 NS 1.85 2.61 0.50 NS 12.58

Cutting portion C1 26.11 (30.23) 17.22 (23.62) 6.94 (13.32) 2.49 2.71 79.94

C2 41.39 (39.64) 29.86 (32.66) 15.00 (21.42) 4.29 4.22 204.60

SE+ 0.74 0.92 1.30 0.25 0.30 6.26

CD0.05 1.49 1.85 2.61 0.50 0.60 12.58


Callusing per cent

A scrutiny of the pooled data in table 30 indicates significantly maximum callusing

(33.33 %) in R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) treatment. This was however,

followed by R4, R5 and R2 giving values 29.17, 25.42, and 22.08 per cent in the descending

order for the respective IBA treatments. Significantly minimum sprouting was observed in R1

(control), having value of 10.42 per cent. As far as the pre-conditioning of the cuttings was

concerned, the girdled cuttings (G1) showed significantly maximum callusing of 26.94 per

cent as compared to non-girdled cuttings (20.14%) (G2). Similarly, callusing (29.86 %) was

106

found to be higher in basal portion cutting (C2) as compared to upper/apical portion cuttings

(C1) giving value of 17.22 per cent in this regard.

Rooting per cent

It is evident from the pooled data in table 30 that IBA formulations exert a significant

effect on rooting behavior of hazelnut cuttings in the monsoon season also. It was observed

that significantly highest rooting (18.33 %) resulted in the cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA

+ 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) formulation of IBA. However, this was found to be at par

with that of R4 (.6% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) giving value of 15.42 per cent,

but superior to all other treatments. The control (R1) on the other hand, resulted in least

rooting success (2.92 %) in the cuttings. The highest rooting success found in R3 was thus

found to be 253.32 per cent greater as compared to control (R1). Likewise, the effect of pre-

conditioning treatment was also found to be significant with girdled cuttings (G1) giving

higher success rate of 13.33 per cent as compared to 8.61 per cent obtained in non-girdled

(G2) ones. Similarly, significantly maximum rooting was noticed in basal portion cuttings

(C2) with 15.00 per cent success as against the 6.94 per cent obtained in apical portion

cuttings (C1).

Mean root length (cm)


root length (4.77 cm) in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc)

formulation of IBA, being at par with R4 (4.47 cm) IBA formulation, in this regard. This was

however followed by R5 and R6 treatments giving values of 4.05 cm and 3.37 cm

respectively. However, significantly minimum root length (1.25 cm) was recorded in control

(R1) treatment. Similarly, effect of pre-conditioning treatment was also found to be

significant with girdled cuttings (G1) giving higher mean root length as compared to non-

girdled cuttings (G2), producing values of 3.78 cm and 3.00 cm, respectively. Likewise, mean

root length (4.29 cm) was significantly better incase of basal portion cuttings (C2) as

compared to upper portion cuttings (C1) cuttings (2.71 cm).

Mean number of roots

It is apparent from the pooled data in table 30 that significantly maximum mean root

number (5.08) was observed in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose

+ talc), being at par with R4 (0.6% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc), giving value of

4.79, but superior to all other treatments in this regard. However, significantly least mean

107

number of roots (1.25) was recorded in control (R1) treatment. However, non significant

effect of girdled cuttings (G1) showed maximum mean number of roots (3.72) as against 3.21

obtained in non-girdled cuttings (G2). On the other hand, cuttings from basal portion (C2)

exhibited significantly maximum mean number of roots (4.22) in comparison to that of lower

portion cuttings (C1) (2.71).

Mean dry root weight (mg)

It is evident from the pooled data in table 30 that the effect of auxin concentration was

also found to be significant on mean dry root weight. The significantly highest mean dry root

weight (229.42 mg) was recorded when the cuttings were treated with R3 formulation (0.4%

IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc). This was however, found to be at par with that of R4

(0.6% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc), giving value of 217.63 mg, in this regard, but

superior to all other treatments. The control (R1) on the other hand, resulted in least dry root

weight (24.63 mg) in the cuttings. The maximum dry root weight obtained in R3 was thus

found to be 831.14 per cent more as compared to control (R1). Likewise, significantly

maximum mean dry root weight (168.19 mg) was recorded in girdled cuttings (G1) as

compared to non-girdled cuttings (G2) (168.19 mg). As far as the cutting portion was

concerned, significantly maximum mean dry root weight of 204.60 mg was recorded from

basal cuttings (C2) as compared to 79.94 mg obtained in cuttings from upper portion (C1).


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXI).

4.6.2.2 Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on rooting

behaviour during monsoon season (July-August)

It is evident from the pooled data in table 31 that, significantly maximum sprouting

(50.00 %) was found in girdled cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose +

talc formulation of IBA (R3G1), this was followed by R3G2 giving 45.00 per percent

sprouting. However, significantly minimum value for sprouting (11.67 %) was recorded in

R1G1 treatment combination. Similarly, though non-significant maximum callusing (41.67 %)

was recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. The minimum callusing (9.17 %) was observed

in R1G1 treatment combination. It is also apparent that significantly maximum rooting (23.33

%) resulted in the girdled cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc

formulation (R3G1). This was however found to be at with R4G1 (19.17 %) treatment

108

combination. The minimum rooting success (2.50 %) was observed in non-girdled cuttings of

control (R1G1). An overview of the pooled data in table 31 reveals non significantly

maximum mean root length (5.42 cm) in R3G1 treatment combination. This was however,

found to be at par with R4G1 (5.31 cm) but superior to all other treatments. However,

treatment combination of R1G1 gave minimum root length (0.87 cm). The maximum mean

root length in R3G1 was thus found to be 513.36 per cent more as compared to R1G1 treatment

combination.

Similarly, though non-significant, maximum root number (5.42) was recorded in R3G1

treatment combination. However, least number of roots (1.08) was observed in R1G1,

treatment combination. Though non-significantly maximum mean dry root weight (247.17

mg) was recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. This was however, followed by R4G1 and

R5G1 giving values of 266.75 mg and 224.42 mg for the treatment combinations. However,

least value for mean dry root weight (21.33 mg) was noticed in the treatment combination of

R1G1.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXII).

Table 31. Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on

sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season

Treatments

(RxG)

Sprouting

(%)

Callusing

(%)

Rooting

(%)

Mean root

length

(cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean root

dry weight

(mg)

R1G1 11.67 (19.79) 9.17 (16.09) 2.50 (6.46) 0.87 1.08 21.33

R1G2 13.33 (21.14) 11.67 (18.07) 3.33 (7.38) 1.18 1.42 27.92

R2G1 28.33 (31.89) 23.33 (28.06) 7.50 (13.02) 2.40 2.83 55.17

R2G2 30.00 (32.90) 20.83 (26.99) 6.67 (13.52) 2.35 2.67 52.17

R3G1 50.00 (45.00) 41.67 (39.98) 23.33 (27.65) 5.40 5.42 247.17

R3G2 45.00 (41.89) 25.00 (29.93) 13.33 (21.24) 4.13 4.75 211.67

R4G1 40.00 (39.15) 34.17 (35.40) 19.17 (25.48) 5.31 5.33 266.75

R4G2 35.00 (36.22) 24.17 (29.33) 11.67 (19.79) 4.23 4.25 168.50

R5G1 40.00 (38.96) 30.83 (33.55) 15.83 (22.73) 4.77 4.17 224.42

R5G2 38.33 (38.14) 20.00 (26.51) 9.17 (16.09) 3.33 3.33 143.00

R6G1 38.33 (38.19) 22.50 (27.90) 11.67 (19.40) 3.94 3.50 194.33

R6G2 35.00 (35.93) 19.17 (25.88) 7.50 (15.68) 2.79 2.83 94.83

SE+ 1.82 - - - - -

CD0.05 3.66 NS NS NS NS NS


109

4.6.2.3 Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cuttings portion (RxC) on sprouting

and rooting behaviour during monsoon season (July-August)


resulted in cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of

IBA (R3C2). This was however, followed by R5C2 (50.00 %) and R6C2 (45.00 %) treatment

combination, giving values in descending order. Though non-significant, maximum callusing

(41.67 %) was recorded when basal portion cuttings were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan

+ 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2). The minimum callusing (6.67 %) was

recorded in R1C1 treatment combination. It is also apparent that significantly maximum

rooting (25.83 %) resulted in the cuttings from basal portion treated with 0.4% IBA + 3%

captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2). This was however found to be at with

R4C2 (20.00 %) treatment combination. The minimum rooting success (1.67 %) was observed

in cuttings from upper/apical portion of control (R1G1). Though non significantly maximum

mean root length (5.83 cm) in R3C2 treatment combination when the basal portion of cuttings

were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2).

However, treatment combination of R1G1 gave the minimum root length (0.75 cm) in this

regard. The maximum mean root length in R3C2 was thus found to be 905.17 per cent more as

compared to R1G1 treatment combination.

Table 32. Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cutting portion (RxC) on sprouting

and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season

Treatments

(RxC)

Sprouting

(%)

Callusing

(%) Rooting (%)

Mean root

length (cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean root

dry weight

(mg)

R1C1 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 1.67 (4.31) 0.58 0.75 14.25

R1C2 15.00 (22.50) 14.17 (21.87) 4.17 (9.53) 1.47 1.75 35.00

R2C1 20.00 (26.57) 14.17 (21.97) 4.17 (8.30) 1.48 1.92 35.00

R2C2 38.33 (38.23) 30.00 (33.08) 10.00 (18.24) 3.27 3.58 72.33

R3C1 36.67 (37.04) 25.00 (29.90) 10.83 (18.97) 3.71 4.08 115.75

R3C2 58.33 (49.85) 41.67 (40.01) 25.83 (29.93) 5.83 6.08 343.08

R4C1 33.33 (35.22) 20.83 (27.14) 10.83 (19.16) 3.77 4.33 134.50

R4C2 41.67 (40.15) 37.50 (37.59) 20.00 (26.11) 5.77 5.25 300.75

R5C1 28.33 (32.10) 20.83 (27.08) 7.50 (14.44) 2.89 2.75 102.58

R5C2 50.00 (45.00) 30.00 (32.98) 17.50 (24.37) 5.20 4.75 264.83

R6C1 28.33 (32.00) 15.83 (23.32) 6.67 (14.76) 2.53 2.42 77.58

R6C2 45.00 (42.12) 25.83 (30.46) 12.50 (20.32) 4.21 3.92 211.58

SE+ 1.82 - - - - 15.33

CD0.05 3.66 NS NS NS NS 30.82


110

An overview of the pooled data in table 32, though non significantly highest root

number (6.08) was recorded in R3C2. This was however, found to be at par with R4C2 (5.25)

but superior to all other treatments. However, treatment combination of R1C1 gave minimum

root number (0.75). The significantly maximum mean dry root weight of 343.08 mg was

recorded in treatment combination of R3C2. This was however, followed by R4C2 (300.75

mg) and R5C2 (264.83 mg) treatment combinations, giving values in the descending order.

However, significantly minimum mean dry root weight of 14.25 mg was noticed in the

treatment combination of R1C1.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXIII).

4.6.2.4 Interaction effect of pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on rooting

behaviour during monsoon season (July-August)

It is evident from the data in table 33 that non significantly maximum sprouting

(42.78 %) resulted in girdled cuttings from the basal portion (G1C2) in this regard. This was

however, followed by G2C2 (40.28 %) and G2C1 (27.22 %) treatment combination, giving

values in descending order. For the same parameter, minimum value (25.00 %) was noticed

in G1C1 treatment combination for the non girdled cuttings. On the other hand, significantly

maximum callusing of 36.11 per cent was recorded in G1C2. Significantly minimum callusing

(16.67 %) was recorded in G2C1 treatment combination. It is quite clear from the table that

significantly highest rooting success (19.72 %) resulted girdled cuttings from the basal

portion (G1C2) in this regard. This was however, followed by G2C2 (10.28 %), while G1C1

and G2C1 gave the least value of 10.56 per cent each for treatment combination.

Table 33. Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on sprouting

and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season

Treatments

(GxC)

Sprouting

(%)

Callusing

(%)

Rooting

(%)

Mean root

length

(cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean root

dry weight

(mg)

G1 C1 25.00 (29.57) 17.78 (23.90) 6.94 (13.29) 2.50 2.67 74.61

G1C2 42.78 (40.38) 36.11 (36.42) 19.72 (24.95) 5.06 4.78 261.78

G2 C1 27.22 (30.88) 16.67 (23.33) 6.94 (13.35) 2.48 2.75 85.28

G2C2 40.00 (38.90) 23.61 (28.91) 10.28 (17.88) 3.52 3.67 147.42

SE+ - 1.30 1.83 0.35 0.30 8.85

CD0.05 NS 2.62 3.69 0.71 0.60 17.79

Figures in parentheses are arc transformed values

111


root length (5.06 cm) in G1C2 treatment combination. This was however, followed by G2C2

(3.52) and G2C1 (2.75) treatment combination treatment combination. However, significantly

minimum mean root length (2.50 cm) was recorded in G1C1 treatment combination.

Similarly, the significantly maximum mean root number (4.78) was recorded in G1C2,

followed by G2C2 (3.67) and G2C1 (2.75), treatment combinations. However, significantly

least mean number of roots (2.67) was recorded in G2C1, treatment combination. Likewise,

significantly maximum mean dry root weight (261.78 mg) was recorded in treatment

combination of G1C2. This was however, followed by G2C2 and G2C1 treatment

combinations, giving values of 147.42 mg and 85.28 mg respectively, in the descending

order. However, significantly least mean dry root weight (74.61 mg) was noticed in the

treatment combination of G1C1. The maximum mean dry root weight in G1C2 was thus found

to be 250.86 per cent more as compared to G1C1 treatment combination.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXIV).

4.6.2.5 Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion

(RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behaviour during monsoon season (July-

August)

It is evident from the pooled data in table 34 that, significant, maximum sprouting

(63.33 %) resulted in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA +

3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was followed by R2G2C2

(53.33 %), R5G1C2 (53.33 %) and R5G2C2 (46.67 %) treatment combinations, giving values in

descending order. However, the minimum sprouting (10.00 % each) was recorded for control

cuttings of R1G1C1 and R1G2C1 treatment combination. Likewise, non-significant, but

maximum callusing (55.00 %) was noticed in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were

treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2).

However, minimum callusing (6.67 %) was recorded for R1G1C1 and R1G2C1 treatment

combination. The perusal of the data also reveals that auxin concentration x pre-conditioning

x cutting portion (RxGxC) interaction has a significant effect on rooting success of cuttings.

The maximum rooting success (36.67 %) was recorded in the girdled cuttings from basal

portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA

(R3G1C2). This was followed by R4G1C2 (26.67 %), R5G1C2 (23.33 %) and R6G1C2 (16.67 %)

112

treatment combinations, giving values in descending order. However, minimum rooting

success (0.57 %) was observed in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G2C1).

The perusal of the pooled data in table 34 also reveals non significantly maximum

mean root length of 7.43 cm was obtained when girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated

with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was

however followed by R4G1C2 (6.80 cm), R5G1C2 (6.15 cm) and R6G1C2 (5.22 cm) treatment

combinations, giving values in descending order. The significantly, least mean root length of

0.67 cm was recorded for treatment combination of R1G2C1 in this regard. The maximum

value obtained in R3G1C2 was thus 1181.03 per cent more as compared to R1G2C1 treatment

combination. Similarly, significantly maximum mean root number (7.17) was noticed when

girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose +

talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). The minimum mean number of roots (0.67) was observed

in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G2C1).

Table 34. Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion

(RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon

season

Treatments

(RxGxC)

Sprouting

(%)

Callusing

(%)

Rooting

(%)

Mean root

length (cm)

Mean

no. of

roots

Mean root

dry weight

(mg)

R1G1C1 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 1.67 (4.31) 0.58 0.83 14.00

R1G1C2 13.33 (21.14) 11.67 (19.89) 3.33 (8.61) 1.15 1.33 28.67

R1G2C1 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 1.67 (4.31) 0.57 0.67 14.50

R1G2C2 16.67 (23.86) 16.67 (23.86) 5.00 (10.45) 1.78 2.17 41.33

R2G1C1 20.00 (26.57) 11.67 (19.89) 3.33 (6.14) 1.20 1.67 28.00

R2G1C2 36.67 (37.22) 35.00 (36.24) 11.67 (19.89) 3.60 4.00 82.33

R2G2C1 20.00 (26.57) 16.67 (24.05) 5.00 (10.45) 1.77 2.17 42.00

R2G2C2 40.00 (39.23) 25.00 (29.93) 8.33 (16.60) 2.93 3.17 62.33

R3G1C1 26.67 (31.00) 28.33 (32.09) 10.00 (18.05) 3.37 3.67 85.00

R3G1C2 63.33 (52.78) 55.00 (47.87) 36.67 (37.26) 7.43 7.17 409.33

R3G2C1 46.67 (43.08) 21.67 (27.71) 11.67 (19.89) 4.05 4.50 146.50

R3G2C2 53.33 (46.92) 28.33 (32.14) 15.00 (22.60) 4.22 5.00 276.83

R4G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 21.67 (27.71) 11.67 (19.89) 3.82 4.50 139.67

R4G1C2 46.67 (43.08) 46.67 (43.09) 26.67 (31.07) 6.80 6.17 393.83

R4G2C1 33.33 (35.22) 20.00 (26.57) 10.00 (18.43) 3.72 4.17 129.33

R4G2C2 36.67 (37.22) 28.33 (32.09) 13.33 (21.14) 4.73 4.33 207.67

R5G1C1 26.67 (31.00) 23.33 (28.86) 8.33 (16.60) 3.38 3.00 105.00

R5G1C2 53.33 (46.92) 38.33 (38.24) 23.33 (28.86) 6.15 5.33 343.83

R5G2C1 30.00 (33.21) 18.33 (25.31) 6.67 (12.29) 2.40 2.50 100.17

R5G2C2 46.67 (43.08) 21.67 (27.71) 11.67 (19.89) 4.25 4.17 185.83

R6G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 15.00 (22.60) 6.67 (14.76) 2.67 2.33 76.00

R6G1C2 43.33 (41.15) 30.00 (33.21) 16.67 (24.05) 5.22 4.67 312.67

R6G2C1 23.33 (28.78) 16.67 (24.05) 6.67 (14.76) 2.38 2.50 79.17

R6G2C2 46.67 (43.08) 21.67 (27.71) 8.33 (16.60) 3.20 3.17 110.50

SE+ 2.57 - - - - -

CD0.05 5.17 NS NS NS NS NS

Figures in parentheses are arc transformed values

113

Likewise, significantly maximum mean dry root weight of 409.33 mg was recorded

when girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose

+ talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was however, followed by R4G1C2 (393.83 mg),

R5G1C2 (343.83 mg) and R6G1C2 (312.67 mg) treatment combinations, giving values in

descending order. However, significantly minimum mean dry root weight of 14.00 mg was

observed in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G1C1). The maximum value obtained

in R3G1C2 was thus 2821.14 per cent more as compared to R1G1C1 treatment combination.


investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXV).

Chapter-5

DISCUSSION

The results obtained in the present investigation “Studies on site characteristics,

natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in

Himachal Pradesh”, have been discussed after interpretation of the analyzed data of the

research undertaken. This chapter therefore, deals with the most likely cause and effect

relationships, underlying patterns, resulting in the predictions, evidence or even a line of

reasoning, which supports each interpretation, agree or perhaps disagree with previous work

in the light of the available literature. The results have therefore been discussed under the

following main headings:


5.2 Effect of site and stand characteristics

5.3 Natural regeneration studies



5.1 PHYTOSOCIOLOGY STUDIES

Phytosociological study, structure and diversity of plant community in question was

studied by taking into consideration a number of characters like density (D), basal area (BA),

per-cent frequency (%F), relative density (RD), relative basal area (RBA), relative frequency

(RF), importance value index (IVI) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index ( H ). Plant

communities are ephemeral and sensitive to environmental change. Therefore, it is useful to

collect such data to describe the population dynamics of each species and know how they

relate to each other in the same community and thus, to decide the level of scientific

management. The comparison of such quantitative data over a period of time provides not

only the species richness and community structure but can also detect the sublet changes in

the flora to be correlated to either a change in climatic factors or to the anthropogenic

pressure. Importance value index (IVI) represents the relative dominance of the species in a

community, which indicates importance of the species with respect to its associates. The

overall structural patterns (Table 2, 3 and 4) of the present forest site revealed that out of the

115

24 woody species enumerated from Pattidhank and Gajta forest, equal number of trees and

shrubs i.e. 12 each accounts in both the forest sites of Kotkhai Range of Theog Forest

Division. On the other hand again 24 woody elements were enumerated from the hazelnut

bearing forest of Sali and Mindal forest of Sach Range of Pangi Forest Division of which 14

were identified as trees and 10 as shrubs species. This distribution pattern is comparable to

the Himalayan temperate forest of Kotgarh, Theog and Kullu Forest Division (Sharma, 2006;

Gupta, 2007; Lanker, 2007 and Gupta et al., 2015).

The salient features of the floristic composition showed (Fig. 1) that broad leaved

species dominated the hazelnut bearing forest of Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range, except for

Sali forest where the conifers dominated the habitat with highest IVI value (154.43).

However, with respect to the average number of trees per hectare, broad leaved species

dominated all forest sites of hazelnut bearing forest of Kotkhai and Sach forest ranges. The

maximum number of hazelnut trees were enumerated from Mindal (235 ha-1

) forest, followed

by Sali (200 ha-1


) and Gajta (75 ha-1

) forests. While, maximum number

of conifers were enumerated in Pattidhank and Sali forest with 155 trees per hectare each and

the minimum number of conifer trees was found in Mindal forest (35 ha-1

).

It is postulated from the tables 2 and 3 that no distinct arrangement of tree distribution

could be made hazelnut bearing forest with well defined vegetational classes. This may be

attributed to the fact that the mountain ecosystem embodies considerable environmental

variations, even in small geographic area (Camarero et al., 2006; Bisht et al. , 2015). The

total density of trees in the hazelnut baring forest varied from 445 to 535 per hectare, while,

total basal area varied from 8783.35 cm2 to 5978.08 cm

2 per hectare. The value of density

and total basal area are thus within the ranged values reported by various researchers in

several Himalayan temperate forests, i.e. varying from 350 to 2080 trees and 1560 to 5930

cm2 per 100 m

2 per hectare respectively. According to Pananjay et al., (2012), the values of

density ranged from 619 to 687 trees per hectare in the oak and pine forest of central

Himalaya, while, Mir et al., (2011) reported density values of 299 to 602 trees per hectare,

whereas, the total basal area ranged from 43 m2 to 123 m

2 per hectare in Chopal Forest

Divisions of Himachal Pradesh. Similarly, Dhaulkandi et al., (2008) found density of 820

trees per hectare with total basal area of 2.69 m2

per hectare in temperate forest of Gangotri

region. On the other hand, Rawat and Kapoor (2008) reported density of 450 to 760 trees and

total basal area of 18.60 to 144.80 m2 per hectare in Alnus community in Kullu valley. Kumar

116

(2012) have recorded the basal area and density per hectare as 15.84 m2 to 24.35 m

2 and

92.50 to 149.00, respectively in different ranges of Kinnaur Forest Division. On the other

hand, Rana et al., (2011), while studying the phytosociological status of Himalayan Maple

bearing forest in Himachal Pradesh, recorded that mean tree density ranged from 10± 0.0 to

215±45 trees per hectare and mean basal area from 0.01±0.0 to 23.23±11.2 m2 per hectare.

Himalayan maple was found to grow well in association with Aesculus indica, Acer

cappadocicum, Abies pindrow, Juglans regia and Prunus cornuta in natural habitats.

However, in our case, Corylus colurna, was the dominant tree species at Mindal (Fig.

1) with highest IVI value (103.4), followed by Sali (76.94), Pattidhank (69.61) and Gajat

(36.58) forests. Conifers were found to be the most important associate of Corylus colurna

bearing forest. For example, Picea smithiana was the co-dominant species in Pattidhank

forest with IVI value of 58.61, whereas, Acer caesium (39.92) was important tree species in

Mindal forest. On the other hand, Pinus wallichiana was the dominant tree with IVI value of

40.52 in Gajta forest of Kotkhai Forest Range, while, Picea smithiana dominated in Sali

forest of Sach Forest Range with IVI value of 89.86. In the temperate forest of western

Himalaya, the conifer species have been reported to be the dominant in most of the forest

types.

Fig. 1 Bar-diagram showing comparison of IVI values and no. of tress ha-1

of Corylus

colurna and its associates in different hazel bearing forests

Kaushal et al., (2012) have reported Pinus wallichiana as the dominant species in

Great Himalayan National Park. While Kumar (2012) reported Pinus gerardiana as the

dominant species in all the studied sites in district Kinnaur The dominance of Pinus

gerardiana in all the selected sites was due to less precipitation and loamy sandy soil which

Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindal

Conifer 103.79 107.98 154.43 56.07

Hazel 69.61 36.58 76.94 103.4

Other spp 126.6 155.44 68.63 140.53

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

IV

I

Important Value Index


Conifer 103.79 107.98 154.43 56.07

Hazel 69.61 36.58 76.94 103.4

Other spp 126.6 155.44 68.63 140.53

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

IV

I

Important Value Index

117

results in the formation of dry temperate forest in whole of Kinnaur. Infact, variation in

topography, elevation, soil, and other climatic conditions are also responsible for sustaining

specific type of plants community peculiar to Himalaya (Gaur 1999; Tambe and Rawat,

2010). Maximum number of species indicates the tendency of each species to emerge, grow

and establish with the onset of favorable conditions. However, this is ultimately determined

by the prevailing environmental conditions and through the range of tolerance and adaptation

of a particular species (Bhandari et al., 2000).

Fig 2. Bar-diagrams showing comparison of density and Shannon and Wiener

diversity index in different hazel bearing forests

As evident from the table 2 and 3, the lower canopy of the hazel bearing forests

represent a heterogeneous community with different species dominating the ground cover. In

Pattidhank and Gajta forests, Viburnum cotinifolium was the dominant shrub with IVI value

of 190.38 and 95.30, respectively. In Sali and Mindal forest, however it was Lonicera

quinquelocularis (114.61) and Sorbaria tomentosa (198.68) exhibiting highest IVI values.

Similarly, the highest basal area was recorded in Pattidhank (5193.22 cm2 ha

-1) forest

followed by Sali (4740.40 cm2 ha

-1), Mindal (4518.83 cm

2 ha

-1) and Gajta (1401.81 cm

2 ha

-1)

forests in descending order. The minimum basal area of shrub in Gajta forest might be

attributed to the higher number of stems and low solar influx in the forest. But on the other

hand, low density of shrub in the Mindal forest can be judged from the higher crown basal

area (8863.35 m2 ha

-1) of the above canopy.

Lankar (2007) while working on the stand parameters and regeneration status of

Taxus wallichiana found that dominant shrub species on the basis of IVI were Viburnum

cotinifolium, Rosa macrophylla, Cotoneaster bacillaris and Berberis aristata. Sharma,

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5


SHANNON-WIENER DIVERSITY INDEX

Trees Shrubs

79.00

61.00

76.00

40.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00


Pla

nts p

er h

a

Shrubs/ha

118

(2006), however reported Sarcococca saligna, Rosa macrophylla, Berberis aristata, Lonicera

angustifolia, Cotoneaster bacillaris and Viburnum cotinifolium as the dominant shrubs in fir

and spruce forests of Himachal Pradesh.

Kumar (2012) also reported different shrub species to be dominant in various forest

ranges of Kinnaur district. Rubus purpureus (IVI value 65.95) was the dominant shrub

species in Kalpa range, Lonicera quinquelocularis was dominant with IVI value of 64.84 in

Kilba range, Caranga brevispina had the highest IVI value of 77.92 in Moorang range, while

Rosa webbiana had the highest IVI (112.24) in Pooh range. The increase and decrease in the

values can be due to the change in number of species, the association pattern of species

contributing differently at different times to the total values or more intensified competition

between species and/or due to vigorous alteration, such as abiotic interferences (Precsenyi,

1981).

The Shannon and Wiener diversity index which reveal the species richness and

dominance is presented in figure 2. The data in table 7 also indicate that the higher value for

diversity of trees was found in Pattidhank and Gajta (1.96 each) forest followed by Sali (1.73)

and Mindal (1.60) forest. The maximum diversity in case of shrubs was found in Gajta (1.73),

whereas, the minimum value (0.93) was found in case of Mindal forest.The tree diversity in

the hazel bearing forest varied from 1.60 to 1.96 and for shrubs it varied from 0.93 to 1.75 as

indicted in the figure 2. The higher diversity of trees and shrubs was reported in Kotkhai

Forest Range than Sach Forest Range. In general, however, the tropical forests are more

diverse than temperate forest. Monk (1967) and Risser and Rice (1971) obtained the highest

as value 2.00 for diversity index for temperate forests. Except for Mindal forest of Sach

Range, there seems less difference in the value of diversity index in the hazel bearing forests

which can be attributed to lower rate of evolution and diversification of communities.

Pananjay et al., (2012) reported low diversity values (0.05 to 0.44) in oak and pine forests of

central Himalaya, which reflected the poor regeneration potential of species and therefore,

suggested for conservation management of these forests.

Similarly, the diversity index values for the temperate forest varied from 0.57 to 1.58

in Chopal Forest Division (Mir et al., 2011) and 0.0008 to 2.20 Gadoikhana forest (Palit et

al., 2012). Similarly, Kumar (2012) reveled higher diversity for tree species in Kalpa (0.518)

and Kilba (0.489) ranges, while, lowest value was found in Moorang Range (0.283) of

119

chilgoza pine forests of Kinnaur Forest Division. The variation in the number of species with

different number of individuals may be due to physiographic factors, as relief, effects of

aspect and slope and specific microclimate, which produces the most common and

predictable vegetation patterns (Kaushal et al., 2012).

5.2 EFFECT OF SITE AND STAND CHARACTERISTICS

It is evident that overall regeneration was highest in Gajta forest (29.07%), followed

by Sali (26.25%), Pattidhank (8.75%) and Mindal (6.56 %) forest (Fig. 4). The better overall

regeneration in Gajta and Sali forest might be attributed to more organic carbon (3.60; 3.37

%), available nitrogen (348.33; 353.75 kg ha-1

), available phosphorus (32.0; 30.90 kg ha-1

),

and available potassium (444.50; 437.30 kg ha-1

) in the study site (Table 8). The observations

find support from work of Ali et al., (2009) and Lankar (2007) in yew forest, Mahajan (2010)

in chir pine and Kumar (2012) in chilgoza bearing forest. The three elements, nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium differ in basic transformation mechanism through which the

available pools are built up in forest soil. Sufficient amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium are added annually in temperate forest soils through precipitation and litter fall

(Boyle and Ek, 1972).

It is quite evident (Fig. 3) that in Kotkhai and Sach Range, the diameter classes

ranged from 0-10cm to ≥100 cm for trees of hazelnut and its associated species in Pattidhank,

Gajta, Sali and Mindal forest. However, the diameter classes 80 to ≥100 cm and 90 to ≥100

cm were completely absent from Patidhank and Gajta forest. In general, the average dbh

showed an increasing trend from lower to higher diameter class. Similarly, the maximum

number of trees per hectare was obtained in lower diameter classes (10 to 50 cm) in all the

selected sites. The maximum number of trees per hectare were seen in 30-40 cm (150), 20-30

cm (165), 10-20 cm (175) and 30-40 cm (175) in Pattidhank, Gajta, Sali and Mindal forest,

respectively. However, the maximum basal area per hectare was recorded in medium and

higher diameter classes, viz., 30-40 cm (1619.30 cm2), 40-50cm (1651.05 cm

2), 80-90 cm

(1109.18 cm2) and ≥100 cm (3025.60 cm

2), diameter classes in hazel bearing forest of

Pattidhank, Gajta, Sali and Mindal forests, respectively (Fig. 3). It can thus, be postulated that

low tree density and high basal area in a particular stand indicated high biotic pressure in the

area (Chandra and Khushdil, 1977). While Jamoh (2014), found maximum number of tress

concentrated between the medium diameter classes in ban oak forest.

Fig 3. Bar diagram showing comparison the average number trees, crown and basal

area per hectare by diameter class in different ranges of hazelnut bearing forests

It was also evident that the maximum crown basal area per hectare (9215.30 m

observed in Gajta forest which may be attributed to higher number of stem per hectare.

Overall, the maximum crown

Pattidhank, 20-30 cm (2647.15 m

(3423.45 m2) at Mindal, diameter classes

0

50

100

150

200

No

. o

f st

em p

er h

a

Diameter classes (cm)

Mindal Forest

120

showing comparison the average number trees, crown and basal


It was also evident that the maximum crown basal area per hectare (9215.30 m

ch may be attributed to higher number of stem per hectare.

crown basal area was recorded in 30-40 cm (2574.20 m

30 cm (2647.15 m2) at Gajta, 10-20 cm (2243.28 m

2) at Sali, and 30

diameter classes. Thus, higher crown basal area was reported in the

0

1000

2000

3000

4000C

row

n/B

asa

l a

rea


Mindal Forest

Crown basal area (m) Basal area per hectare (cm)

showing comparison the average number trees, crown and basal


It was also evident that the maximum crown basal area per hectare (9215.30 m2) was

ch may be attributed to higher number of stem per hectare.

40 cm (2574.20 m2) at

, and 30-40 cm

Thus, higher crown basal area was reported in the


Basal area per hectare (cm)

121

diameter classes that have highest number of stems. Almost similar results and variations

have been reported by Kumar (2012) in chilgoza pure forest, Singh (2004) in deodar, Sharma

(2006) in fir and spruce, Lanker (2007) and Ali (2007) in yew and Mahajan (2010) in chir

pine forests.


The natural regeneration study was conducted in the hazel bearing forests of

Pattidhank, Gajta, Sali and Mindal forests for the assessment of recruits, unestablished,

established plants and regeneration success. The data pertaining to natural regeneration

components are presented in tables 8 and 9.

Results of natural regeneration parameters presented in table 8 and figure 4 reveals

that eight tree species regenerated in hazelnut bearing forests of Gajta and Pattidhank forests

of Kotkhai Forest Range. On the other hand, only seven tree species were found to regenerate

in Sali and Mindal bearing forests of Sach Forest Range. It is quite evident that across all the

sites of hazelnut bearing forests (Fig 4), maximum number of recruits and unestablished

plants per hectare was recoded in Gajta forest (2250 ha-1

; 1657 ha-1

), followed by Sali (876

ha-1

; 624 ha-1


; 500 ha-1

) and Mindal (94 ha-1

; 281 ha-1

) forests.

However the highest number of established plants was recorded for Sali forest (501 ha-1

) and

the lowest for Mindal (93 ha-1

) forests. Gupta et al., (2015) on the hand, while studying the

regeneration potential of fir and spruce reported higher number of recruits in Kotgarh (4250

ha-1

) followed by Rajgarh (3667 ha-1

) and Kullu (3168 ha-1

) Forest Division owing to

adequate number of seed bearers. The sufficiency of regeneration is often judged on the basis

of number of established plants in a unit area. According to Chacko (1965), the desired

number of established plants is 2500 per hectare and the quadrat is considered fully stocked

when it contained at least one established plant.

As far as natural regeneration of Corylus colurna is concerned, it is clear from the

data in table 8 that proportion of current year seedlings of hazelnut was low (63 ha-1

) in

Pattidhank and Sali forest, while it was complete absent in Gajta and Mindal forest. Still

worse the over unestablished plants of hazelnut were also absent in all the selected sites of

two Forest Ranges. However, the maximum number established plants were recorded in Sali

(281 ha-1

) forest contributing overall 11.25 per cent regeneration success. The lowest

numbers of established plants (31 ha-1

) were reported in Pattidhank forest of Kotkhai Forest

122

Range. On the other hand, Katoch (2014) studying Rhododendron community found no

recruit and established plant of hazelnut but only 139 unestablished plants per hectare in

Jalori forest of Banjar Forest Division of Kullu Circle. Regeneration potential of a species

simply expressed as its ability to complete the life cycle. However, the absence of recruits,

unestablished plants and poor conversion of unestablished plants to established regeneration

will adversely affect the stocking and community structure of hazelnut bearing forests in

future scenario. Rajwar et al., (1999) has observed that the climatic factors and biotic stress

would influence the regeneration potential of species comprising the stand of vegetation.

They further pointed out that the proportionate conversion of seedlings into sapling stage is

affected by biotic disturbances and competition for space and nutrients.

The very poor figures of hazelnut regeneration may be attributed to considerable

weight of the nut seeds that prevent its spread over grater distances. After falling to the

ground they are willingly eaten by small rodents like pica, flying squirrel, rats and even by

Himalayan brown bear as reported by Vaidya (2003) in the working plan of Pangi Forest

Division. More over the nuts are frequently collected by the locals for self-consumption

or/and sold in local market as they fetches very high price. Therefore, only scarcely seeds

grow into seedlings in the vicinity of maternal plants where they suffer form other problems

like trampling and grazing by animals both by wild as well as domesticated animals like goat,

sheep, cow etc. Moreover, hazelnut trees are self-incompatibe (incompatibe pollination) that

leads to blank nuts i.e shall lacking nuts (Janick and Paull, 2006 and Thompson, 1979). Such

blank nuts were noticed in large nmber in Pattidhank and Gajta forests of Kotkhai Forest

Range. Therefore, the evaluation of wild populations of hazelnut species is more important in

view of the fact that few nuts are germinating and their proportionate conversion to saplings

is decreasing continuously due to habitat degradation, overexploitation and many other

factors. Ahmed and Latif (2007), Malik (2007) and Kumar (2012), has also indicated high

biotic interference like grazing, trampling by sheep and goats, eating by birds and rodents and

collection of nuts by locals as the main cause for the poor natural regeneration status of Pinus

gerardiana in Kinnaur Forest Division. Anthropogenic interferences, such as, lopping for

fuel and fodder, collection of litter, minor forest products in addition to grazing, trampling

and browsing can substantially alter habitats and species composition (Sapkota et al., 2009).

Thus, the overall regeneration of hazelnut is poor due to less availability of seed for

the natural regeneration. The results are in line with the findings of Lankar (2007) who

123

reported low number of Taxus baccata recruits and nil established stocking per cent in

Kharapathar and Pattidhank forest of Kotkhai Forest Range. Similarly, Pant and Samant

(2008) found low abundance of yew seedlings and saplings as compared to the other

associated species of the communities in Khokhan wildlife sanctuary. The low abundance of

yew as compared to the other associated species indicates either a competitive disadvantage

as compared to other species, selective exploitation, poor regeneration from the seeds or all

three affects. The regeneration potential of different tree species is characterized by their

population structure, which in turn depends upon the presence of adequate number of

seedlings, saplings and boles in different girth classes (Muller et al., 1980 and Pande et al.,

2002). In broad leaved forest the disturbances gives an opportunity for invasion by conifers

and if the disturbances is prolonged, the oak and other broad leaved forests get slowly

replaced by pine forests in the lower fringes (Rawal and Pangtey, 1994; Rawat, 2001;

Dhaulkhandi et al., 2008; Pananjay et al., 2012).

It is evident from the fig. 4 that the regeneration success was highest in Gajta (29.07

%), Sali (26.25 %) forest followed by Pattidhank (8.75 %) and Mindal (6.56 %) forest in

descending order. Among the conifer species, natural regeneration was better for Pinus

wallichiana at Pattidhank, Gajta and Sali forest with regeneration success of 5.0, 12.19 and

6.88 per cent respectively. While among the broad leaved species Quercus dilatata has the

highest regeneration per cent at Pattidhank (1.88%), Gajta (5.0%) in Kotkhai Forest Range.

Incase of Sali forest Corylus colurna showed the highest regeneration success of 11.25 per

cent and while Cedrus deodara in Mindal forest with 3.75 per cent. Jamoh (2014), while

studying the natural regeneration of Qak forest in Solan division concluded that per-cent

regeneration success was better in ban oak + deodar (79.46%) compared to ban oak + chir

(50.89%) and ban + other broadleaved species (40.18%) in different forests. However,

Katoch (2014) while accessing the natural regeneration potential of pink rhododendron

bearing forest found the highest regeneration per cent for Rhododendron campanulatum in

Rhala and Jalori pass bearing forest, while minimum for Corylus colurna in the forest

adjoining Jaolri pass in Banjar Forest Division.

124

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Recruits No./ha Unestablished No./ha Established No./ha Weighted average

height (cm)

Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindhal

Fig. 4. Regeneration parameters of Corylus colurna in hazel bearing

forests of Kotkhai and Sach Range

In Sach Forest Range, maximum weighted average height was in Sali forest (484.44

cm) whereas, it was maximum in Gajta (224.35 cm) forest of Kotkhai Forest Range (Fig. 4).

Among the tree species maximum weighted average height was for Corylus colurna (200 cm)

in Sali forest, followed by Picea smithiana at Gajta (139 cm) and Sali (106.75 cm) while

Populus ciliate (70 cm) and Cedrus deodara (52.42 cm) at Pattidhank and Mindal forests,

respectively (Table 9).

The figure 4 indicate the maximum established index was in Sali (2.42), followed by

Gajta (1.13), Patttidhank (0.88) and Mindal (0.69) forest. The data tabulated in table 9 reveals

that the maximum established index among the conifer species was for Picea smithiana

0.8

8

0.0

8

1.1

3

0.2

9

2.4

2

0.2

60.6

9

0.0

7

Establishment index Stocking index

Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindhal

8.7

5

1.0

9

29

.07

11

.95

26

.25

17

.2

6.5

6

1.5

6

Per-cent Regeneration Established stocking per cent


125

(0.70) in Gajta forest, whereas, it was maximum for Corylus colurna (1.0) in Sali forest

among the broad leaved species. Similarly, Corylus colurna recorded the maximum value

(0.11) of stocking index in Sali forest of Sach Forest Range. The maximum value of

established stocking per cent was found in Sali (17.20) and Gajta (11.95) in Sach and Kotkhai

Forest Range respectively. Among the conifer species highest stocking per cent was recorded

for Picea smithiana (7.38) in Gajta forest, while it was maximum for Corylus colurna (11.25)

in Sali forest among the broad leaved species in hazelnut bearing forest.


5.4.1 Effect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid on

germinability and seedling growth parameters of hazelnut

Hazelnut is an orthodox seed with thick and hard pericarp and prevails deep embryo

dormancy that hampers its stocking in natural forest and seedling production in the nursery.

The inhibitors present in the testa and pericarp are carried to the cotyledons and subsequently

through the cotyledonary petioles into the embryonic axis (Jarvis, 1975; Bradbree et al.,

1978). Seed germination is influenced by internal factors controlling dormancy, including

phytohormones (e.g. abscisic acid) inducing dormancy, and by seed coat factors (seed coat-

enhanced dormancy) (Bewley, 1997). Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the

methods to release the deep physiological dormancy by stratification and exogenous

application of growth regulators. Stratification is a method employed to break dormancy of

seeds that removes the block to gibberellin biosynthesis, which begins when the seed is

transferred to higher temperatures (Barton, 1951; Haavisto and Winston, 1974; Dirr and

Heuser, 1987; Parhadi et al., 2013). Many species especially conifers have high degree of

dormancy which prevents them to germinate even when provided with favorable environment

(Chandra and Ram, 1980; Thapliyal and Gupta, 1980; Jully and Blazich, 2000; Dogra 2003).

Chilgoza pine has been reported to have both physiological and morphological dormancy

(Malik and Shamet 2008; Kumar 2012). Therefore, to break dormancy, the moist

stratification upto 80 days along with stratification temperatures and GA3 treatments were

tried to enhance germinability and growth performance under laboratory as well as field

conditions.

5.4.1.1 Effect of stratification period on germinability of seeds

Seeds of hazelnut were stratified for 0 (P1), 20 (P2), 40 (P3), 60 (P4) and 80 (P4) days

(P5) to observe its effect on various germination parameters viz., germination per cent (GP),

126

germination capacity (GC), germination energy (GE), germination speed (GS), peak value

(PV), mean daily germination (MDG), germination value (GV) and germination index (GV)

was assessed It was evident that germinability parameters increased significantly as the

stratification period was increased from 0 to 80 days under laboratory conditions. The results

(Fig. 5 and Table 10) reveal significantly highest germination (50.49 %), germination

capacity (78.44 %), germination energy (37.50 %), germination speed (0.79), peak value

(0.49), mean daily germination (1.80), germination value (1.03) and germination index

(0.78), when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) in comparison to 20 days (P2) of

stratification and control (P1). The length of stratification period required for dormancy

release largely depends on the extent of dormancy (Baskin and Baskin, 2001) and

considerably varies among the woody species (Dirr and Heuser, 1987). The increased seed

germinability performance might be attributed to increase in reducing sugar (33.97 mg/g),

non reducing sugar (24.15 mg/g), total sugar (58.13 mg/g), soluble proteins (17.45 %) and

decrease in starch content (19.59 mg/g) of the seeds with the increase of the stratification

period (Table 21). The increase in stratification period enhance the quantity of reducing

sugar, total sugar and soluble proteins in the seeds which then is used by embryo for its

subsequent growth and development. The conversion of starch into simple form of

monosaccharides and sucrose also increase total sugar pool in the seeds for the growth and

development. The results are in line with Han et al., (2006) who reported increase in soluble

protein content, while decrease in soluble starch content during Corylus avellana seed

storage. Similarly, six weeks of stratification resulted in the highest germination percent,

while 12 weeks evoked the most pronounced increase in germination value and peak value in

case of Alnus maritima (Schrader and Graves, 2000).

Koyuncu (2005), found increase in the duration of stratification from 0 to 100 days

resulted upto 164% increase in germination of the dormant seeds of Morus nigra.

Stratification might act simply to lower the rate of enzymatic reactions taking place in the

seed, and might cause differential changes in enzyme concentrations or in enzyme production

(Bewley and Black, 1994). While, Katoch (2014) found the highest germination energy

when the seeds of Rhododendron campanulatum were stratified for 6 weeks. Ching (1973)

has also stated that total sugar increase in the embryo of Pinus taiwanesis and

Cumminghamea lanceolata during stratification. Similarly, in Pinus gerardiana (Kumar,

2012) (Malik et al., 2009), and Picea smithiana (Singh, 1989), 60 days stratification and in

Pinus brutia, 44 days stratification (

germination parameters than that of non

maximum germination of Acer acuminatum

and thereafter it decreased.

Fig. 5. Effect of stratification period on germinability of hazelnut seeds

127

44 days stratification (Fahrettin and Huseyin, 2007) resulted in higher

germination parameters than that of non-stratified seeds. Similarly, Kumar (2015) recorded

Acer acuminatum seeds/samaras by stratification of upto 60 days


resulted in higher

rly, Kumar (2015) recorded

seeds/samaras by stratification of upto 60 days


128

The findings also get support from other research workers like Graber (1965) in white

pine, Dogra (2003) in Picea smithiana and Abies pindrow, Sofi and Bhardwaj (2007) in

Cedrus deodara seeds and Farhadi et al., (2013) in Acer velutinum seeds. Koyuncu and Sesli

(2000) reported that 125 days of stratification had a significant effect on the germination

percentage of Juglans regia nuts. These reports and our results show that stratification is

successful in breaking seed dormancy, though the duration of treatment may vary with the

species.

5.4.1.2 Effect of stratification temperature on germinability of seeds

It was quite evident that four stratification temperatures namely room temperature

(T1), out-door pit (T2), 4±1 0C (T3) and 0±1

0C (T4) exert significant effect on germinability

parameters of hazelnut seeds. The data in table 10 and Fig. 6 indicate significantly maximum

germination (46.28 %), germination capacity (74.79 %), germination energy (33.17 %),

germination speed (0.64), peak value (0.44), mean daily germination (1.65), germination

value (0.94) and germination index (0.71) when seeds were stratified as out-door pit (T2) in

comparison to other stratification temperatures. The higher germinability performance at out-

door pit might be attributed to significantly higher reducing sugar (32.03 mg/g), non reducing

sugar (23.78 mg/g), total sugar (55.81 mg/g), protein (17.10 %) and lower starch (21.71 %)

contents of seeds were stratified in out-door pit. The combination of low temperature and

high moisture level appear to trigger off biochemical changes in seeds to transform complex

food substances into simpler forms, which are utilized by the growing embryo during

germination. The lower value of starch content indicates the breakdown of

oligosaccharides/starch content into sucrose and monosaccharide, resulting in the release of

dormancy in chilgoza pine seeds. Dry seeds of most temperate trees and shrubs, even though

mature, will not germinate and grow until they been imbibed to threshold moisture content

under cold condition (0-50C) (Hartmann et al., 1997). The increase in seed germinability

might also be due to increase of gibberellins in seeds (Willemsen and Rice, 1972; Brown and

Vanstaden, 1973 and Tomaszeaska, 1976) due to cold moist treatment. Similarly, while

working with Pinus brutia, Fahrettin and Huseyin (2007) reported that cool temperature

improved total germination and speed of germination. The results also get support from

Mughal and Thapliyal (2006), and Khan et al. (2007) in Cedrus deodara, Bhardwaj et al.

(2001) in Ulmus leavigata, Gorden et al. (1972) in Pinus merkusii and Zlobin (1973) in Pinus

sylvestris seeds.

Fig. 6. Effect of stratification

The results are in line with findings of Katoch (2014) who reported that seeds of

Rhododendron campanulatum when stratified in outdoor

(64.53). Similarly, Malik and Shamet (2008) while working on the effect of stratifica

temperature on chilgoza pine found that highest germination parameters resulted when seeds

were stratified in outdoor-pit. On the other hand, Kumar (2014) reported that stratification at

3±1 0C temperature increased the rate of germination in seeds of

Mittal et al., (1987) reported that chilling the seeds of

increased the rate of germination at 2

129

Fig. 6. Effect of stratification temperature on germinability of hazelnut seeds


when stratified in outdoor-pit resulted in highest germination

(64.53). Similarly, Malik and Shamet (2008) while working on the effect of stratifica


pit. On the other hand, Kumar (2014) reported that stratification at

C temperature increased the rate of germination in seeds of Acer acuminatum.

reported that chilling the seeds of Picea glauca and Pinus strobus

increased the rate of germination at 20 to 4

0C.

on germinability of hazelnut seeds


pit resulted in highest germination

(64.53). Similarly, Malik and Shamet (2008) while working on the effect of stratification


pit. On the other hand, Kumar (2014) reported that stratification at

Acer acuminatum. Similarly,

Pinus strobus

130

5.4.1.3 Effect of gibberellic acid on germinability of seeds

Similarly, application of gibberellic acid in different concentrations viz. Control (G1),

100 ppm GA3 (G2) and 200 ppm GA3 (G3) demonstrated a marked bearing on germination

parameters of hazelnut seeds. It was evident from the data in table 10 and Fig. 7 that

significantly highest germination (38.92 %), germination capacity (74.33 %), peak value

(0.41), mean daily germination (1.39), germination value (0.76) and germination index (0.60)

resulted when seeds were treated with 200 ppm GA3. Prasad and Prasad (2009), concluded

that when seeds of ban oak treated with 200 mg-1

GA3 resulted in significantly higher

germination. The high germinability in GA3 treatment might be attributed to increase in

gibberellins content of seeds during treatment (Roos and Bradbeer, 1971; Tomaszeaska, 1976

and, Taylor and Wareing, 1979; Koyuncu (2005). Similarly, Malik (2007) and Gautam

(1997) working with Pinus gerardiana and Quercus leucotrichophora respectively, reported

that water soaking and low concentration of GA3 treatment exhibit higher germinability. The

results also get support from a number of other research workers like Chien et al. (1998) in

Taxus mairie, Henry and Blazich (1988) in Abies fraseri, Dogra (2003) in Picea smithiana,

Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara and Lavania et al., (2006) in Pinus wallichiana seeds, Katoch

(2014) in Rhododendron campanulatum and Kumar (2014) in Acer acuminatum.

Research carried out in recent years have shown that gibberellin is an effective

germination stimulator in many plant species (Giba et al., 1993; Samaan et al., 2000;

Cetinbas and Koyuncu, 2006; Dewir et al., 2011; Bhan and Sharma, 2011).

5.4.1.4 Interaction effects (PxT, PxG, TxG and PxTxG) on germinability

The interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) treatment on

germ inability parameters of hazelnut seeds has been depicted in table 11. The result reveal

maximum germination (77.78 %), germination capacity (83.89 %), germination energy

(52.78 %), germination speed (1.16), peak value (0.80), mean daily germination (2.78),

germination value (2.38) and germination index (1.20), when seeds stratified for 60 days as

out-door pit (P4T2) were used. However, the inferior value was obtained when non stratified

control seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1) were used for the study. The highest

germinability in treatment combination P4T2 might be due to higher biochemical contents like

reducing sugar (42.11 mg/g), non reducing sugar (29.90 mg/g), total sugar (72.01 mg/g) and

soluble proteins (19.55 %) in hazelnut seeds.

Fig. 7. Effect of gibberellic acid

The chilling process appears to enhance the production of some types of growth

promoting substances such as GA (Powell, 1987).

inhibitory effect of retardants was overcome by gibberellic acid. Treatment with GA

stratification was found to be successful for mahaleb

1999 and Ozvardar and Ozcagiran, 1991).

mg/l GA3 + 100 days of stratification overcame seed dormancy and increased the germination

percentage of black mulberry seeds.

131

gibberellic acid on germinability of hazelnut seeds

The chilling process appears to enhance the production of some types of growth

GA (Powell, 1987). Giba et al., (1993) reported that the

inhibitory effect of retardants was overcome by gibberellic acid. Treatment with GA

stratification was found to be successful for mahaleb and plum (Gercekcioglu and Cekic,

1999 and Ozvardar and Ozcagiran, 1991). Stratification at 40C for 80 to 100 day

+ 100 days of stratification overcame seed dormancy and increased the germination

percentage of black mulberry seeds.

on germinability of hazelnut seeds

The chilling process appears to enhance the production of some types of growth-

reported that the

inhibitory effect of retardants was overcome by gibberellic acid. Treatment with GA3 +

Gercekcioglu and Cekic,

C for 80 to 100 days or 250

+ 100 days of stratification overcame seed dormancy and increased the germination

132

These results are also in agreement with the findings of Allen (1962) who was

reported that longer the stratification period improves the germination in conifer seed.

Similarly, Sharma (2005) found that fresh chilgoza pine seeds fail to germinate in 28 days

period, while 20 weeks chilling at 10±1 0C improved germination upto 76 per cent in the

species. The results are also in agreement with the findings of Mughal and Thapliyal (2006)

in Cedrus deodara, Gorden et al., (1972) in Pinus merkusii, Calamassi et al., (1984) in Pinus

halepensis, Borghetti et al., (1986) in Pinus leucodermis, Tanaka et al., (1991) in Alnus rubra

and Chien et al., (1998) in Taxus mairie seeds.

The present investigations also revealed the influence of stratification period and

gibberellic acid (PxG) interaction on germination parameters. The significantly maximum

germination of 64.58 per cent resulted when seeds stratified 60 days and treated with 200

ppm GA3 (P4G3). The other germination parameters viz., germination capacity, germination

energy, peak value, mean daily germination, germination value and germination index also

exhibited a similar trend.

Koyuncu (2005) while working with seeds of Morus nigra found that combined

treatment with GA3 + stratification had a statistically significant effect on germination. Seeds

treated with 250 mg/l GA3 without stratification gave 35% germination, whereas seeds

treated with 250 mg/l GA3 + 100 day stratification gave 96% germination. Increasing the

stratification period from 0 to 100 days at 250 mg/l GA3 resulted in up to a 174% increase in

germination. Seed dormancy in some species may be due to insufficient development of the

embryo, chemical inhibition, or the failure of chemical reactions that make food reserves in

the seed available to the developing embryo (Hilhorst and Karssen, 1992; Karam and Al-

Salem, 2001). Bhan and Sharma (2011) confirmed that the interaction effect of stratification

and chemical treatments on Prunus armeniaca L. had significant influence on the

germination of seeds.

The improvement of germinability in P4G3 combination might be linked to gibberelllic

acid increase in seeds during treatment as reported by Tomaszewska (1976) in Acer

platanoides, Taylor and Wareing (1979) in Pinus lambertiana and Brown and Vanstaden

(1973) in Protea compacta and Leucadendron aphnoides. The effect of GA3 might have

resulted in increase in the synthesis of amylase or breakdown of starch into monosaccharide

resulting in better germinability (Wareing, 1982). The almost similar results have been

133

reported by Dogra (2003) in Picea smithiana, Sofi (2005) and Chandra and Ram (1980) in

Cedrus deodara seeds.

The data reveal significantly maximum germination of 61.5 per cent when seeds were

stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). The other parameters viz.,

germination capacity, germination speed, peak value and germination value also showed a

more or less similar trend. This might probably be attributed to higher sugar and soluble

protein contents in seeds. While working with Abies frarseri seeds, Henry and Blazich (1988)

reported that different concentration of gibbberellic acid with alternating temperature of

20/10 0C or 30/20

0C resulted in higher germination success in the species.

The present investigations in hazelnut revealed that interaction effect PxTxG exerts

significant influence on various germinability parameters. It was evident from the data in

table 14 that significantly maximum germination (96.67 %), germination capacity (99.17 %),

germination energy (76.67 %), germination speed (1.70), peak value (1.27), mean daily

germination (3.45) germination value (4.39), and germination index (1.49) resulted when

seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit and the treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3).

The significantly least values for these parameters were observed when non stratified seeds

kept at room and treated with water only (P1T1G1) were used for the study.

Bretzloff and Pellett (1979) had indicated that cold stratification of 6, 12, or 18 weeks

with 25, 100 and 500 ppm GA3 application enhanced the germinability of Carpinus

caroliniana seeds. The results are also, in line with those of Chien et al., (1998) in Taxus

marirei, Gautum (1997) in Quercus leucotrichophora, Beyhan et al., (1999) in Corylus

coryza, Dogra (2003) in Picea smithiana and Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara seeds.



Hazelnut, an important nut crop, possess physiological dormancy that hampers the

nursery production in the nursery for large scale-reforestation and afforestation programme.

Stratification is a method employed to break dormancy of seeds and to ensure uniform and

quick germination of seeds in nursery (Barton, 1951; Haavisto and Winston, 1974).

Therefore, to break dormancy, the nuts were stratified in cow-dung and moist sand medium

with the objective to soften the hard pericarp, with alternate thermal treatment (warm-moist-

cool) from two weeks to six weeks and GA3 treatments were tried to enhance germinability

and growth performance under field conditions.

134

5.4.2.1 Effect of stratification medium on germination and seedling growth of Corylus

colurna

Seeds of hazelnut were stratified in control (naked) (M1), cow-dung (M2) and sand

(M3) to observe its effect on various germination and seedling growth parameters viz.,

germination per cent, seedlings height, collar diameter, root length, dry shoot weight, dry root

weight, total dry weight, root: shoot ratio and stock quality index was assessed. It was evident

that germinability and growth parameters that stratification medium exert significant affect

on germination per cent of hazel seeds as evidenced from the data in table 15 and fig. 8. The

significantly highest germination (35.70 %), seedling height (8.44 cm), collar diameter (3.62

mm), root length (15.20 cm),dry shoot weight (0.58 g), dry root weight (0.55 g), total dry

weight (1.13 g) , shoot-root ratio (0.88) and stock quality index of 0.19 resulted when seeds

were stratified in sand medium (M2) medium. The significantly least value for these

parameters were observed when seeds stratified in cow-dung (M3). The better results from

sand medium could be due to good aeration and moist condition for stratification.

Fig. 8. Effect of medium on germination and seedling growth of hazelnut

135

Fang et al., (2006) while working with deeply dormant seeds of Cyclocarya paliurus

found that seeds stratified in moistened sand with 400 ppm GA3 for 60 days, significantly

increased germination rate over 90% after 120 days. Similarly, Millaku et al., (2012) reported

germination per cent of 55.94 per cent when seeds of yellow gentian were stratified in sand-

soil mixture as compared to non-stratified seeds (14.42%). The better germination and

seedling growth parameters have been favorably co-related to the biochemical status of the

seeds. The values of moisture content (15.97), reducing sugar (29.48 mg/g), non-reducing

sugar (24.46 mg/g), total sugar (53.95mg/g) and proteins (16.41 %) was found to be

maximum when seeds were stratified in moist sand medium (M2), which must have been

used by embryo for its subsequent growth and development. Derkx (2000), reported poor

embryo development for seeds of ash treated without a medium compared with those treated

in a medium of sand or sand with sphagnum peat for maximum of twenty weeks.

5.4.2.1 Effect of temperature on germination and seedling growth of Corylus colurna

Seeds of hazel were subjected to thermal stratification (Warm and Cold), as control

(C1), two week warm (250-28

0C) followed by two week cold (3

0C) (C2), three week warm

(250-28

0C) followed by week cold (3

0C) (C3), four week warm (25

0-28

0C) followed by four

week cold (30C) (C4), five week warm (25

0-28

0C) followed by five week cold (3

0C) (C5) and


0C) followed by six week cold (3

0C) (C6) to observe its effect on

various germination parameters. It was evident from table 15 that germinability and growth

parameters increased significantly as the thermal stratification was increased from 0 to 3

week and thereafter decreased under field conditions. The results (Fig. 9) reveal significantly

highest germination (29.32 %), seedling height (7.43cm), collar diameter (3.02 mm), root

length (13.7cm),dry shoot weight (0.65 g), dry root weight (0.70g), total dry weight (1.35 g),

shoot-root ratio (0.89) and stock quality index of 0.39 resulted when seeds were stratified as

three week warm (25-280C) followed by three week cold (3

0 C) treatment (C3). The minimum

value for these growth parameters were recorded when seedlings were raised from nuts

stratified as six week warm (25-280C) followed by six week cold (3

0 C) (C6).

Pritchard et al., (1999) dormancy breaking in horse chestnut seeds was highly

dependent on temperature and found that lower temperatures (2–80C) were more effective in

dormancy release with maximal germination was observed over 93 per cent than the higher

temperature.

136

Fig. 9. Effect of temperature on germination and seedling growth of hazelnut

The seeds of many temperate trees and spring-germinating annuals and perennials

respond to stratification at cool temperatures (Baskin and Baskin, 1998). While, Tylkowski

(2007), reported, highest germination in European bladder nuts after the application of warm-

followed by cold stratification, with at least 12 week warm phase and a clod phase over 20

weeks at 30C. On other hand, Brokowska (2002), in different thermal combinations

employed, high seed germination and seedling emergence capacity in Crataegus monogyna

was recorded when cyclically alternating stratification at 20-300C (6+8bhrs/day) for 16 weeks

followed by cold stratification at 30C for 14 weeks. These reports and our results show that

thermal stratification is successful in breaking seed dormancy, though the duration of

treatment may vary with the species.

5.4.2.1 Effect of gibberellic acid on germination and seedling growth of Corylus colurna

Similarly, application of gibberellic acid in different concentrations viz. Control (G1)

and 150 ppm GA3 demonstrated a marked bearing on germination parameters of hazel seeds.

It is evident from the data in table 15 and Fig. that 10 highest germination (22.46 %), seedling

height (4.94cm), collar diameter (2.47 mm), root length (9.3 cm), dry shoot weight (0.43 g),

dry root weight (0.38g), total dry weight (0.81g), shoot-root ratio (0.61) and stock quality

137

index of 0.31, resulted when nuts were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G3). The high

germinability in GA3 treatment might be attributed to increase in gibberellins content of seeds

during treatment (Roos and Bradbeer, 1971 and Taylor and Wareing, 1979). Increasing the

concentration of GA3 resulted in an increase in germination percentage. GA3 has been found

to be effective in increasing germination in several species and to break dormancy in

dormant seeds. The increased growth performance of seedlings might be attributed to

increase in gibberellin level content under the nursery condition by enhancement of hydrolase

synthesis (especially the amylase) during germination. Pre-treatment of blueberry seeds with

GA4+7 at 100–500 mg/l accelerated germination and subsequently the seedling growth

(Ballington, 1984). Arbutus andrachne L. (eastern strawberry tree) seeds treated with 250

mg/l GA3 had 86% germination (Karam and Al-Salem, 2001). These results confirm that

GA3 treatment enhances seed germination and seedling growth under field condition.

Fig. 10. Effect of gibberellic acid on germination and seedling growth of hazelnut

5.4.2.4 Interaction effects (MxC, MxG, CxG and MxCxG) on germinability

The interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) treatment on

the germinability and seedling growth parameters has been depicted in table 16 and showed

138

significantly maximum germination (53.90 %), seedling height (14.75 cm), collar diameter

(4.68 mm), root length (26.20 cm) and total biomass (2.81g), when seedlings were raised

from seeds stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280 C) followed by three

week cold (30 C) (M2C3) and used for sowing. The high germination and seedling growth

parameters under this treatment might be due to significantly higher moisture content

(17.44%), total sugar (65.45mg/g) and proteins (17.70 %) contents in the seeds of the

treatment combination M2C3. The higher germination and seedling growth parameters have

also been reported by Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara. Similar observations were also made

by Borghetti et al., (1986) in Pinus leucodermis and Tanaka et al., (1991) in Thuja plicata

seedlings. Similarly, the interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberlic acid (MxG)

treatments presented in table 17 resulted in maximum germination (39.09 %), plant height

(8.51cm), collar diameter (3.72 mm) and root length (15.6 cm), when seedlings were raised

from seeds stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). Similarly, Kumar (2012)

reported maximum germination (57.48 %), plant height (12.82 cm), collar diameter (4.31

mm) and root length (14.08 cm), when chilgoza pine seedlings were raised from seeds

stratified for 50 days and treated with 100 ppm GA3 (P3G3)under nursery conditions. The

results, also, find support from the work of Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara and Beyhan et al.,

(1999) in Corylus seedlings. The present investigation also revealed the influence of

stratification temperature and gibberlic acid (CxG) interaction on germination and growth

parameters of hazelnut and resulted in maximum germination (31.28 %), root length, total dry

weight (1.67 g) and stock quality index (0.42) when seedlings were raised from seeds

stratified for three week warm (25-280 C) followed by three week cold (3

0 C) were treated

with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The higher germination and seedling growth parameter has

already been quoted separately while discussing the individual effect of stratification

temperature and gibberellic acid. The present study also reveals that interaction effect

MxCxG exerts significant influence on the germination and growth parameters of hazelnut

under nursery condition. The data in table 19 indicate significantly higher germination (74.17

%), seedling height (14.94 cm), collar diameter (5.03 mm) and root length (27.50 cm), when

seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280 C) followed

by three week cold (30

C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). The results thus, get

support from the work of Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara, Gautam (1997) in Quercus

leucotrichophora, Beyhan et al., (1999) for Corylus coryza and Kumar (2014) Acer

acuminatum. The higher seedling growth performance under the interaction has already been

139

quoted separately while discussing the individual effect of stratification period, temperature

and gibberellic acid treatments on hazelnut seeds.


5.5.1 Effect of IBA formulation on sprouting and rooting behaviour

The present investigation revealed significant effect of IBA formulations on rooting

behavior of cuttings in hazelnut. It is evident from Fig. 11 and data in table 25 (spring season)

and Table 30 (monsoon season) that significantly better rooting were observed when cuttings

were treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc) formulation of IBA in both

seasons. However, it was followed by R4 (0.6% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc)

formulation. The maximum rooting (22.92 %), mean root length (5.00) and mean dry root

weight (207.88 mg) was recorded in R3 during spring season (February-April). However,

mean root length (4.76 cm) was found to be significantly maximum in treatment R3 (0.4%

IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc) formulation of IBA. Almost similar trend was observed

in the monsoon seasons (Table 30). Likewise, the application of IBA significantly improved

rooting percentage, root number, root length and root dry matter of hazelnut, the best results

being with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc) formulation of IBA in both seasons

with superior rooting characteristics in spring season.

Kilavuz and Cetiner (1992) obtained maximum 66.7 per cent rooting from the

Tombul (hazelnut cultivar) from the hardwood cuttings obtained in December and treated

with 4000 ppm of IBA, while some researchers only obtained 40 per cent rooting from the

same cultivar when the cuttings were obtained in March. The effect of auxin in promoting

rooting of the cuttings is well know and reported by several authors (Nanda, 1970; Hartmann

et al., 1997; Husen and Mishra, 2001; Husen 2003; Husen and Pal, 2006; Thakur et al., 2014

and Kumar, 2014). Kaul (2008) found significantly positive effect of exogenous application

of auxin, naphthalene acetic acid and IBA on the percentage of rooting on cuttings on

Himalayan yew. Application of auxins has been found to stimulate cambial activity, thereby

resulting in hydrolysis and moblilization of reserved food materials to the site of application,

promoting root initiation (Nanda, 1970, Haissig 1986 and Haissig and David, 1994).

However many workers have reported IBA to be more effective in inducing rooting than

other synthetic growth regulators due to its non-toxicity over a wide range of concentrations

and its wide adaptability (Dikshit, 1956; Sircar, 1971 and Worrall, 1976). Hitchcock and

140

Zimmerman (1931) observed that optimum concentration of growth regulators, the kind of

carriers, the species of plants, the age and relative activity of the shoots from where the

cuttings material were obtained, the season of taking cuttings, treatments administered and

the method of application of growth regulators to the cuttings. Lyle (2006) advovated spring

as the best time for collection of hazel cuttings. Dhiman (2011) and Kumar (2014) found

better rooting response of cuttings collected during spring season for Wendlandai exserta and

Acer spp. respectively.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

Mea

n n

o.

of

roots

Spring Monsoon

0

50

100

150

200

250

Mea

n d

ry r

oot

wei

gh

t (m

g)

Spring Monsoon

Fig. 11. Effect of IBA formulation on rooting characteristics of Corylus colurna

Qasab (2009) also observed maximum rooting success in Myrica nagi and

Rhododendron arboretum when treated with 1.0 % IBA and 0.8% IBA respectively. Fang et

al., (2011) also found that the rooting hormones had significant influence on the rooting rates

and root quality of southern magnolia. While, Frimpong et al., (2008) found that IBA

concentration of 0.8% was the best exogenous auxin concentration for percentage rooting,

number of roots per cutting and the length of the longest root per cutting.

141

5.5.2 Effect of pre-conditioning (girdling) on sprouting and rooting behaviour

It was observed in the present investigation that girdling (G1), prior to planting of

cuttings had a significant effect on the rooting success in both the season of the study.

Significantly maximum rooting (39.31 %), mean root length (4.09 cm), mean number of roots

(4.22) and mean dry root weight (178.39 mg) was recorded girdled cuttings in spring and

monsoon season, respectively as compared to those on non-girdled cuttings (G2) Table 25 and

30; Fig. 12.

0

5

10

15

20

Spring Monsoon

Ro

oti

ng

%

G1 G2

Fig. 12. Effect of per-conditioning on rooting characteristics of Corylus colurna

Girdling application causes stress of the cuttings by providing a wound surface which

may increase the physiological activities at the wound. The photosynthates accumulates

above the girdled portion and consequently the callusing formation is promoted and rooting

increases. Petri dou and Voyiatzis (1994) while working with the propagation of olive and

found that girdling play an important role in accumulation of photosynthetic products

(carbohydrates, co-factors and various hormones) at the base of the layer where roots are to

appear. Thomson (1984) observed that application of blanching with black tape combined

142

with girdling in softwood and hardwood cuttings of cultivated hazelnut resulted in better

rooting of 85.5 per cent and 70.0 per cent respectively. Gautam and Howard (1991) noticed

that blanching plus girdling produced highest rooting success in chestnut and hazelnut leafy

stem cuttings. While, Gautam and Howard (1994) further reported that blanching combined

with girdling markedly improved the rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings of cultivated

hazelnut from 41.0 per cent to 82.0 per cent. Similarly, Qasab (2009) and Kumari (2012) also

reported that girdled cuttings of Myrica nagi and Rhododendron arboretum responded better

to the rooting characteristics. Kumar and Shamet (2002) observed that girdled cuttings of

Taxus baccata produced significantly higher rooting than the non-girdled ones. In an another

study, Shamet and Naveen (2005) also found significantly higher rooting in girdled cuttings

of Celtis australis as compared to fresh ones. Similarly, Kumar (2014) observed that girdled

cuttings in spring gave significantly better rooting characteristics in Acer caesium and A.

acuminatum. Superiority of girdled cuttings over the non-girdled ones has been reported by

Shamet (1991) in various Western Himalayan conifer species, viz. Pinus roxburghii, P

gerardiana, Picea smithiana and Abies pindrow. Similar results has been reported by Thakur

et al., (2011) while working on the cutting of neoza pine.

5.5.3 Effect of cutting portion on sprouting and rooting behavior

The lower/basal portion of the hazelnut cuttings (C2) were observed to produce

significantly maximum rooting success (18.33 %), mean root length (4.53 cm), mean dry root

weight (192.67 mg) in spring and monsoon season, respectively as compared to upper/apical

portion (C1) as inferred from the table 25 (Fig. 13).

Working with Corylus colurna, Srivastava et al., (2010) obtained maximum rooting

of 18 per cent for root suckers, followed by basal shoot (15%), whereas least numbered

cutting rooted in apical shoot. Soylu and Erturk (1997) obtained good results with 40 per cent

rooting from the hardwood cutting of filbert as compared to the softwood cuttings, age of the

cuttings did not significantly affected the rooting capacity. Some researchers reported one

year basal cuttings had given the best results regarding the rooting capacity of hazelnut

(Howard, 1968; Kilavuz and Cetiner, 1992). In most of the tree species rooting ability of

cuttings has been reported to increase from apical portion to basal part of the shoots which

has been attributed to accumulation of carbohydrates at the base of shoot. The effect of

position on rooting maybe caused by variation in the physiological status of shoot/cutting

143

tissues on stock plants resulting in occurrence of gradients along the stem axis in the cellular

activity or in the level of assimilates or growth regulators or in the level of lignification etc.

(Hartmann et al., 1997). Kumar and Shamet (2002) reported that lower portion of Taxus

baccata cuttings exhibited significantly higher rooting per cent, mean root number and

length in both spring and monsoon season. The results are in consonance with Bhardwaj et

al., (2001) who reported that lower shoot portion contained higher sugar and carbohydrates

contents in Ulmus laevigata and Acer oblongum than the upper ones and had positive

correlation with the rooting percentage. Superiority of the lower portion over the upper

portion have been reported by Kumar and Shamet (2002). In contrast, when the cuttings

originating from the apical position of shoots of Milicia excelsa (Ofori et al., 1997),

Triplochiton scleroxylon (Leakey et al., 1982; Leakey, 1983) and Nauclea diderrichii (Matin

1989) displayed higher rooting percentages than those taken from the basal portions.

Therefore, it is evident from these findings that optimal branch positions for the best rooting

percentage vary with the plant species.

Fig. 13. Effect of cutting portion on rooting characteristics of Corylus colurna

144

The effect of position on rooting may be caused by variation in the physiological

status of shoot/cutting tissues on stock plants resulting in occurrence of gradients along the

stem axis in the cellular activity or in the level of assimilates or growth regulators or in the

level of lignification etc. (Hartmann et al.,1997).

5.5.4 Interaction effects

It was quite evident from the data in table 26 and 31 that interaction effect IBA

formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) had a significant effect on rooting behavior of

cuttings in spring as well as in monsoon season (Table 29 and 34). In the spring season, the

significantly highest rooting (30.83 %) was observed in girdled cuttings treated with 0.4%

IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc) formulation (R3G1). Significantly maximum dry root

weight (271.58 mg), maximum root length (5.42 cm) and mean root number (6.08) was also

observed for the same treatment combination. Other treatment combination R4G1, R5G1,

R6G1, and R4G2 also performed well in this regard. However, minimum rooting parameters

were observed in control of girdled (R1G1). Results of the present study indicate that cuttings

of branches originating from the lower portion of hazelnut and planted in spring season

displayed higher rooting percentage. An almost similar trend was found in monsoon planted

cuttings but with inferior results. Kaul (2008) while working with the Himalayan yew found

maximum per cent rooting (90% ± 2.8) obtained with interactive effect of 0.5 mM, NAA (22

h) x 1 year old long shoot from female tree, followed by the interactive effect of 50 mM IBA

(5 sec) x 3 year old long shoot from female tree (83% ± 4.1). Similarly, Contessa et al.,

(2011), Cristofori et al., (2010) and Ercisli and Read (2001) observed improved rooting with

the application of IBA in different cultivars and genotypes of hazelnut. They further observed

considerable variability in rooting among the different genotypes of hazel.

The perusal of data of the tables 29 and 34 revealed that IBA formulation x pre-

conditioning x cutting portion interaction had a significant effect on rooting success of

cuttings. In spring season, maximum rooting success (41.67 %), mean root length (7.77 cm),

mean root number (7.67) and mean dry root weight (430.17 mg) were recorded in the girdled

cuttings from the basal portion treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc)

formulation (R3G1C2). Treatments combinations of R4G1C2, R5G1C2, R6G1C2, and R5G2C2

were also observed to give good results in this regard. It was observed from the data that

rooting performance was better in spring season than monsoon. The results are in contrast

145

with the finding of Thakur (2009) and Shamet and Naveen (2005) who reported monsoon

season to be better for the propagation of olive and khirk cuttings. While the results are in

line with the finding of Kumar (2014), noticed highest rooting success (48.33%) in spring

season when girdled cutting of maple treated with 0.75% IBA + 5% captan + 5% sucrose-

talc formulation and minimum rooting in non girdled cuttings. Similarly, Thakur et al.,

(2011) while working on the cutting of neoza pine found better rooting success in spring

season than in rainy seasons. Fang et al., (2007) reported that timing played a vital role on the

rooting of southern magnolia and the cuttings collected in November produced 70.8% of

rooting. Rooting hormones significantly affected the rooting of southern magnolia and the

highest rooting rate, 70.8%, was obtained under the treatment of K-IBA at 20 g/L K-IBA

concentrations at 10 g/L yielded 60.4% rooting rate. Both higher (40 g/L) K-IBA

concentrations reduced the rooting. Husen and Pal (2007) concluded that cuttings obtained

form middle branch position in hedge plants of teak and treated with 4000 ppm IBA showed

the highest values of per cent rooting, per cent sprouting, mean number of leaves and shoots

and mean shoot length per cutting.

Chapter-6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The present investigation entitled “Studies on site characteristics, natural


Himachal Pradesh”, was conducted in laboratory, farm nursery and natural populations of

hazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range (Theo Forest Division-Shimla Circle) and

Such Forest Range (Pang Forest Division-Chambal Circle) of Himachal Pradesh during the

years 2011-13 to study the distribution pattern, ecological status, natural regeneration status,

propagation techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna). Seeds were collected from Sail

(Pang Forest Division, while cuttings from Patti hank forest (Theo Forest Division). The

main results of the investigation are summarized and concluded here as under:


To know the ecological status, four quadrats of 20m X 25m (500 sq m) in each site

were laid down randomly to measure tree characteristics and within each quadrat four sub-

quadrats of 5m X 5m (25 sq m) size to measure shrub composition. The relative basal area,

relative density and relative frequency were computed following procedure given by Curtis

and Mc Intosh, 1950 and then Importance value index (IVI) for each site was calculated.

• The results of floristic composition of the hazelnut bearing forests in Kotkhai and

Sach Forest Range (Table 1 and 2) indicated the dominance of Corylus colurna in

Mindal and Pattidhank forest with respect to IVI values 103.4 and 69.61

respectively. On the other hand, in Gajta forest, Pinus wallichiana was the dominant

species with IVI value of 40.52 in Kotkhai Forest Range, while, Picea smithiana

dominated in Sali forest with IVI value of 89.86, of Sach Forest Range.

• Conifers the most important key associate of Corylus colurna bearing forest,

were maximum in Pattidhank and Sali forest with 155 trees per hectare in each

site and minimum number of conifer trees were noticed in Mindal forest (35 ha-1).

• Total tree density in the hazelnut bearing forest varied from 445 to 535 per hectare,

while, total basal area varied from 5978.08 cm2 to 8783.35 cm2 per hectare. In Gajta

and Pattidhank forest of Kotkhai Forest Range, the maximum share to basal area

147

per hectare (cm2) of the trees was contributed by Quercus dilatata and Corylus

colurna (4239.75 and 1488.28), while minimum was recorded for Acer acuminatum

(35.93) Taxus wallichiana (112.86) respectively. Similarly, in Mindal and Sali

forest, Picea smithiana and Corylus colurna (3044.13; 2491.51) contributed

maximum basal area, while minimum was recorded for Salix denticulata (9.95) and

Acer acuminatum (123.91), respectively.

• For shrubs, in Pattidhank and Gajta forests, Viburnum cotinifolium was the

dominant species with IVI value of 190.38 and 95.30, respectively, while.

Plectranthus rugosus and Rosa macrophylla being the rare species with lowest IVI

of 6.59 and 4.60, respectively. Similarly, in Sali and Mindal forest it was

Lonicera quinquelocularis (114.61) and Sorbaria tomentosa (198.68) the

dominant species with highest IVI values, while Indigofera heterantha and

Viburnum cotinifolium the least dominant shrubs with IVI values as 5.58 and

9.10 respectively.

• The Shannon and Wiener diversity index value (H) for trees varied from 1.60 to

1.96 and for shrubs, it varied from 0.93 to 1.75. The higher value for diversity of

trees was found in Pattidhank (1.96) and Gajta (1.96) forest followed by Sali

(1.73) and Mindal (1.60). Similarly, the maximum shrubs diversity was recorded in

Gajta (1.73), whereas, the minimum value (0.93) was found in case of hazelnut

bearing forests of Mindal.

6.2 SITE AND STAND CHARACTERISTICS STUDIES

• The crown projection ratio for hazel trees and its associated species ranged from

13.19 to 23.81 and 12.12 to 26.63, respectively in hazelnut bearing communities of

the two ranges. The solar influx was found to be high as Sali (39.06 %), while low at

Gajta (23.25 %).

• The organic matter layer (cm) was found to be maximum in Sali (2.73),

followed by Pattidhank (2.58), while the minimum value was recorded in Mindal

(1.67). Similarly, organic carbon (%) was found to be maximum in Pattidhank (3.60),

followed by Sali (3.37) while the minimum value was recorded in Gajta (2.28).

• There was little variation in sand, silt and clay proportion in both the ranges. The soil

texture at Pattidhank and Gajta forest of Kotkhai Forest Range was found to be sandy

clay loam, whereas, it was sandy loam texture in Sali and Mindal forest of Sach

148

Forest Range.

• Similarly, the pH of the soil was found to be slightly acidic to nearly neutral and

ranged between 5.89 to 6.91. However, there was little variation in the values of per

cent moisture and ranged between 9.27 to 9.76 per cent in different sites.

• The available nitrogen (kg ha-1) was more in Sali (353.75) followed by Gajta

(348.33), Pattidhank (340.78kg) and Mindal (338.35) forests. However, the value of

available phosphorus was found to be maximum at Gajta (32.00), followed by

Pattidhank (31.50), Sali (30.90) and Mindal (29.40) hazel bearing forests. Similarly,

available potassium was maximum at Gajta (444.50), followed by Pattidhank

(443.50), Sali (437.30 kg ha-1) and Mindal (434.60 kg ha-1) forest.

• The maximum number of trees per hectare were obtained in lower diameter classes

in all the forest sites of hazelnut bearing forest. The maximum number of trees per

hectare were recorded in 30-40 cm (150), 30-40 cm (175), 20-30 cm (165), 10-20 cm

(175) in Pattidhank, Mindal, Gajta and Sali forest respectively. Whereas, numbers of

trees decreased thereafter.

• Basal area per hectare was maximum in Mindal (8783.90 cm2), followed by Gajta

(7102.32 cm2), Sali (6186.52 cm2) and Pattidhank (5978.08 cm2) forest. Basal area

was found to be increased with increase in diameter.

• Crown basal area per hectare was maximum in Gajta (9215.30 cm2), followed by

Mindal (8863.35 cm2), Pattidhank (8589.50 cm2) and Sali (8545.39 cm2) forest. The

crown basal area was found to be more in middle diameter classes as compared to

lower and higher diameter classes.


The second objective was to study the natural regeneration status of Corylus colurna

and its associated species in hazelnut community in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range. For this

five sub-quadrat of 2m x 2m ( 4 sq m) within quadrat of size 20m x 25m in each site were

measured to record regeneration i.e. recruits, un-established and established and per cent

regeneration was calculated following Chaco (1965).

• The natural regeneration studies in hazelnut bearing forests reveals that eight tree

species were recorded to regenerate naturally in Gajta and Pattidhank forest of

Kotkhai Forest Range, while only seven woody tree species regenerated in Sali and

149

Mindal bearing forests of Sach Forest Range.

• The natural regeneration status of Corylus colurna was found to be quite low in

all the selected site/ranges. The recruits of hazelnut were completely absent in

Gajta and Mindal forest, while new recruits of hazelnut was low (63 ha-1) in

Pattidhank and Sali forest. The complete absence of unestablished saplings were seen

in all the hazelnut bearing forests.

• The maximum number of established saplings were recorded from Sali forest

(281 ha-1) and the minimum were obtained in Pattidhank forest (31 ha-1) of Kotkhai

Forest Range.

• Across the all the site of hazelnut bearing forests the maximum number of

recruits and unestablished plants per hectare was recorded in Gajta (2250 ha-1; 1657

ha-1), followed by Sali (876 ha-1; 624 ha-1), Pattidhank (689 ha-1; 500 ha-1) and

Mindal (94 ha-1; 281 ha-1) forest.

• The maximum established sapling per hectare of hazelnut bearing forest was found

in Sali (501), followed by Gajta (313), Pattidhank (94) and Mindal (93) forest.

• Similarly, maximum weighted average height (cm) for hazelnut bearing forest was

found in Sali (484.44), followed by Gajta (176.94) and minimum was obtained

in Mindal (137.45) forest.

• It was thus, evident that, natural regeneration success (%) was highest in Sali

(17.20), followed by Gajta (11.95), while it was least in Pattidhank forest (1.09).


6.4.1 Effect of stratification period and temperature with and without GA3 treatments

on germinability of Corylus colurna

Seeds were subjected to five stratification periods viz., 0 (P1), 20 (P2), 40 (P3), 60 (P4)

and 80 days (P5) and four stratification temperatures viz., room temperature (T1), out-door pit

(T2), 4 ±1 0C (T3) and 0 ±1

0C (T4) subsequent treatment of three gibberellic acid

concentration viz., 0 (water only) (G1), 100 ppm GA3 (G2) and 200 ppm GA3 (G3) to

determine the effect on germinability parameters like germination per cent (GP), germination

capacity (GC), germination energy (GE), germination speed (GS), germination value (GV)

and germination index (GI) under laboratory. The parameters were found to have significant

differences among various treatments as summarized below:

150

• Stratification period of 60 days (P4) registered significantly highest value of

germinability viz., GP (50.49 %), GC (78.44 %), GE (37.50 %), GS (0.79), PV (0.49),

MDG (1.80), GV (1.03) and GI (0.78), when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) in

comparison to 20 days (P2) of stratification and control (P1). The figures were 1071.46

per cent more for GP, 864.01 per cent more for GE, 3333.33 per cent more for GV and

1014.28 per cent more for GI as compared to their respective control under laboratory

conditions.

• Amongst four stratification temperatures tried viz., room temperature , out-door pit,

4±1 0C and 0±1

0C , the treatment out-door pit, outclassed for all temperatures by

registering maximum germinability viz., GP (46.28 %), GC (74.79 %), GE (33.17 %),

GS (0.64), PV (0.44), MDG (1.65), GV (0.94) and GI (0.71) when seeds were

stratified as out-door pit in comparison to other stratification temperatures. On the

other hand, minimum value was exhibited for seeds that were kept at room

temperature.

• For different gibberellic acids tried viz., control, 100 ppm GA3 and 200 ppm GA3, the

200 ppm GA3 excelled over the other two treatments, registering maximum values for

germinability viz., GP (38.92 %), GC (74.33 %), PV (0.41), MDG (1.39), GV (0.76)

and GI (0.60). On the other hand, minimum mean value was exhibited by the

untreated control seeds.

• Interaction PxT revealed that 60 days as out-door pit registered significantly

maximum GP (77.78 %), GC (83.89 %), GE (52.78 %), GS (1.16), PV (0.80), MDG

(2.78), GV (2.38) and GI (1.20). Similarly, The combined effect of stratification

period, temperature and gibberellic acid (PxTxG) exhibited significantly maximum

value of GP (96.67 %), GC (99.17 %), GE (76.67 %), GS (1.70), PV (1.27), MDG

(3.45) GV (4.39), and GI (1.49) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-

door pit and the treated with 200 ppm GA3.

• Biochemical study revealed significantly highest total sugar (58.13 mg/g), protein

(17.45 %) and moisture content (17.94 %) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60

days. In case of temperature, significantly highest total sugar (55.81 mg/g) and protein

(17.10 mg/g) was noticed when seeds were stratified in out-door pit. However for

combined effect of stratification period and temperature revealed significantly

maximum total sugar (72.01 mg/g) and proteins (19.55 %) when seeds were stratified

for 60 days in out-door pit.

151



The seeds were subjected to three stratification medium viz. Naked (M1), Sand (M2)

and Cow dung (M3) at six different temperatures to determine germination per-cent and

thereafter assessed the seedling growth parameters and biochemical changes.

• The germination of fresh hazelnut seeds was found to be very low (5.00 %), though

being highly viable (97.77 %). The initial moisture content was 12.87 per cent, while

biochemicals were found as reducing sugar-22.69 mg/g, non-reducing sugar-17.10

mg/g, total sugar-39.79 mg/g, starch-23.75 mg/g and soluble protein-15.25 mg/g.

• Biochemical study revealed significantly highest total sugar (53.95 mg/g), protein

(16.41 %) and moisture content (15.97 %) resulted when seeds were stratified in sand.

In case of temperature, significantly highest total sugar (48.75 mg/g) and protein

(16.09 mg/g) was noticed when seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280

C)

followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment. However for combined effect of

stratification medium and temperature revealed significantly maximum total sugar

(65.45 mg/g) and proteins (17.70 %) when seeds stratified in sand medium for three

week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C) was used for sowing.

• The different stratification medium tried to test germination and seedling growth

behavior of hazelnut seeds demonstrated a marked bearing on various nursery

parameters. Significantly maximum mean germination (35.70 %), significantly highest

plant height (8.44 cm), total dry weight (1.13 g) and shoot-root ratio (0.88) was

obtained in sand medium.

• The interaction MxC, MxG, CxG and MxCxG exert significant effect on germination

and seedling growth parameters in most of the cases. The interaction MxC registered

significantly maximum GP (53.90 %), plant height (14.75), collar diameter (4.6 mm)

and total dry weight (2.81 g) of seedlings when seeds were stratified in sand medium

for three week warm (25-280

C) followed by three week cold (30 C). The MxG

interaction revealed significantly highest germination (39.09 %) when seeds stratified

in sand were treated with 150 ppm GA3. The CxG interaction registered significantly

highest germination (31.28 %) when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280

C)

followed by three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3. In case of

MxCxG interaction, maximum germination (74.17%), plant height (14.94 cm), root

152

length (27.50 cm), total dry weight (1.82 g) and stock quality index (0.53) resulted

when seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280


cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 were used for sowing.


6.5.1 Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on rooting

behaviour of hazelnut

The girdled (G1) and non-girdled/fresh (G2) cuttings of Hazelnut from the upper (C1)

and lower/basal (C2) portion were treated with seven IBA formulations and then planted in

polythene bags (9x4.5”) filled with sterilized river sand to assess the effect on rooting

behaviour during spring and monsoon season.

• Among all IBA formulations used, the R3 registered significantly maximum sprouting

(50.83 %), rooting (22.92 %) and mean dry root weight (207.88 mg) in the spring

season. The same formulation recorded significantly better success in monsoon also

but with inferior results.

• The girdled cuttings (G1) exhibited significantly maximum sprouting (39.31 %),

rooting (17.36 %) and mean dry root weight (178.39 mg) as compared to non-girdled

ones in the spring season. The similar trend was observed in the monsoon also but

with inferior results. Similar was the case in monsoon but with inferior results.

• The lower/basal portion (C2) cuttings of hazelnut recorded significantly maximum

sprouting (46.11 %), rooting (18.33 %) and mean dry root weight (192.67 mg) as

compared to upper/apical portion (C1) during spring season. The similar trend was

observed in the monsoon also but with inferior results.

• For the combined effect of IBA formulation, species and pre-conditioning (RxGxC),

the significantly maximum rooting (41.67 %), mean root length (7.77 cm), number of

roots (7.67) and root dry weight (430.17 mg) was registered when girdled cuttings of

hazelnut were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc formulation of

IBA (R3G1C2) in the spring season. The similar treatment combination provided better

results in the monsoon season also, but with inferior results.

CONCLUSIONS

There were 18 species of trees and 17 species of shrubs in hazelnut bearing forest.

Among the recorded tree species Corylus colurna was the dominant in Mindal and Pattidhank

153

forest, while Pinus wallichiana and Picea smithiana were dominant in Gajta and Sali forest.

The natural regeneration per-cent was highest in Gajta (29.07), followed by Sali (26.25) and

lowest in Mindal forest (6.56).

The highest germination per-cent of 96.67 was achieved when seeds were stratified for

60 days in out-door pit and subsequent treatment of 200ppm GA3 under the laboratory

condition. While, under field condition, seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280

C)

followed by three week cold (30 C) in sand medium and treated with 150ppm GA3 before

sowing gave highest germination per-cent of 74.17.

Girdled cuttings from basal portion treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-

talc formulation of IBA registered the highest rooting (41.67 %).

Chapter-7

REFERENCES

Ahmed A and Latif A. 2007. Non-Timber forest products: A substitute for livelihood of the

marginal community in Kalash Valley, Northern Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11:

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172

Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and ForestryNauni- 173 230, Solan (HP), India


Title of Thesis : “Studies on site characteristics, natural regeneration status andnursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in HimachalPradesh.”

Name of the Student : Dinesh GuptaAdmission Number : F-2010-13-DMajor Advisor : Dr. D. P. SharmaMajor Field : SilvicultureMinor Field(s) : SilvicultureDegree Awarded : Ph.D Forestry (Silviculture)Year of Award of Degree : 2015No. of Pages in thesis : 172 + XXXIIINo. of words in Abstract : 461

ABSTRACT

The present investigation “Studies on site characteristics, natural regeneration status andnursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in Himachal Pradesh.” was carried out in theDepartment of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, during 2011-2013.The study involved work on four different aspects viz; phytosociological, site and stand characteristics,natural regeneration status and standardization of seed and nursery techniques in hazelnut. Hazelnut wasthe dominant tree species in Mindal and Pattidhank forest, while Pinus wallichiana and Picea smithianawere dominant in Gajta and Sali forest. Total tree density varied from 445 to 535 per hectare and totalbasal area varied from 8783.35 cm2 to 5978.08 cm2 per hectare. Better regeneration success in Gajta andSali forest might be attributed to better site quality w.r.t more organic carbon, soil moisture, availablenitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. The study on seed and nursery techniquesinvolved two types of experiments on effect of i) five stratification periods viz., 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 days,three stratification temperatures viz., room temperature, out-door pit, 4 ±1 0C and 0 ±1 0C and treated withtwo gibberellic acid concentration viz., 0 (water only), 100 ppm GA3 and 200 ppm GA3 (CRD factorial)prior to actual sowing in laboratory, ii) three stratification medium viz. naked, sand and cow dung at sixdifferent temperatures and assessed seedling growth parameters under field condition (RBD factorial), tostandardize techniques for large scale production of quality stock in the species. The out-door pittreatment, outclassed for all temperatures by registering maximum germinability viz., GP (46.28 %), GC(74.79 %), GE (33.17 %), GS (0.64), PV (0.44), MDG (1.65), GV (0.94) and GI (0.71). The combinedeffect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid exhibited significantly maximum value ofGP (96.67 %), GC (99.17 %), GE (76.67 %), GS (1.70), PV (1.27), MDG (3.45) GV (4.39) and GI (1.49)when seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit and the subsequently treated with 200ppm GA3.While, under the field condition seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280 C) followed by threeweek cold (30 C) were treated with 150ppm GA3 before sowing resulted in maximum germination(74.17%), plant height (14.94 cm), root length (27.50 cm), total dry weight (1.82 g) and stock quality index(0.53) when used for sowing. Experiment on cuttage propagation comprised of seven IBA formulation,two pre-conditioning treatment and two cutting portion i.e. upper and basal portion, involving a RBDfactorial experiment with three replications in nursery under a shade net house. Girdling of cuttings oflower/basal portion when treated with 0.4 % IBA in combination with 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talcregistered significantly maximum sprouting (76.67 %), rooting (41.67 %) and mean dry root weight(430.17 mg) in the spring season.

Signature of Major Advisor Signature of the StudentCountersigned

Professor and HeadDepartment of Silviculture and Agroforestry

Dr Y S Parmar UHF, Nauni, Solan-173 230 (HP)

i

Appendix-I

Meteorological data

Month Temperature (°C) Relative

Humidity (%)

Rainfall

(mm) Maximum Minimum

Year 2011

January 18.1 0.4 54 23.2

February 19.0 0.3 60 61.5

March 24.4 8.3 48 18.2

April 26.5 10.7 51 33.7

May 32.3 16.5 46 31.7

June 29.1 17.7 55 178.2

July 27.4 19.2 62 263.6

August 27.9 19.2 67 189.8

September 28.4 16.4 74 30.0

October 29.9 9.8 67 Nil

November 24.5 5.6 50 Nil

December 20.5 0.9 48 28.2

Year 2012

January 14.9 0.7 54 65.9

February 18.9 3.6 56 9.2

March 24.3 6.9 45 19.8

April 26.7 11.6 50 55.8

May 32.2 15.3 40 2.6

June 34.1 18.8 48 19.3

July 28.8 19.5 71 316.1

August 27.0 18.8 84 269.8

September 27.7 15.9 75 111.8

October 26.0 8.2 52 3.5

November 22.4 4.2 47 3.9

December 19.6 2.1 48 18.4

Year 2013

January 17.0 1.1 56 113.6

February 17.8 4.5 64 184.3

March 25.2 8.3 53 85.6

Source: Meteorological observatory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Y. S. Parmar university of

Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan (H.P.) – 173230 INDIA

ii

Appendix-II

Effect of different stratification period (P), temperature (T) and gibberellic acid (G) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition


Treatments Germination (%)

Germination

capacity (%)

Germination

energy (%) Germination speed Peak value

Mean daily

germination

Germination


2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

Stratification period (P)

Control (P1)

4.72

(11.17)

3.89

(9.23)

64.72

(53.57)

65.06

(53.77)

3.89

(10.05)

3.89

(10.05) 0.08 0.23 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.39 0.22 0.07 0.06

20 days (P2)

15.56

(21.78)

16.94

(22.38)

69.58

(56.55)

69.61

(56.57)

12.50

(18.92)

12.64

(19.15) 0.22 0.21 0.34 0.34 0.56 0.61 0.77 0.83 0.24 0.26

40 days (P3)

40.28

(39.32)

37.22

(37.32)

72.67

(58.50)

72.39

(58.32)

27.08

(30.52)

28.47

(31.83) 0.41 0.48 0.61 0.53 1.44 1.33 1.92 1.73 0.62 0.57

60 days (P4)

49.17

(44.97)

51.81

(47.41)

78.25

(63.07)

78.64

(63.57)

37.64

(37.40)

37.36

(37.38) 0.42 0.55 0.58 0.54 1.76 1.85 2.31 2.27 0.76 0.80

80 days (P5)

39.31

(38.58)

42.36

(40.42)

76.19

(60.91)

76.56

(61.10)

31.39

(33.56)

33.75

(35.22) 0.40 0.34 0.47 0.52 1.40 1.51 1.75 1.91 0.60 0.65

SE+ 0.73 1.17 0.35 0.22 1.47 0.82 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.02

CD0.05 1.45 2.32 0.70 0.44 2.92 1.61 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.04


Room

temperature

(T1)

24.00

(26.90)

24.67

(27.25)

70.49

(57.25)

70.24

(57.05)

17.44

(22.55)

17.00

(22.32) 0.25 0.39 0.35 0.37 0.86 0.88 1.25 1.13 0.37 0.38

Out door (pit)

(T2)

46.44

(42.29)

46.11

(41.99)

74.82

(60.65)

74.76

(60.82)

32.78

(33.43)

33.56

(33.97) 0.42 0.46 0.55 0.54 1.66 1.65 2.12 2.06 0.71 0.71

4 oC (T3)

27.67

(30.41)

28.56

(30.33)

72.87

(58.72)

72.87

(58.74)

22.67

(26.30)

23.78

(27.37) 0.30 0.31 0.44 0.42 0.99 1.02 1.30 1.31 0.43 0.44

0 oC (T4)

21.11

(25.05)

22.44

(25.84)

70.96

(57.45)

71.93

(58.07)

17.11

(22.07)

18.56

(23.24) 0.25 0.28 0.41 0.37 0.75 0.80 1.04 1.06 0.32 0.35

SE+ 0.65 1.05 0.32 0.20 1.32 0.73 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.02

CD0.05 1.29 2.07 0.63 0.40 2.61 1.44 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.02 0.04


Control (G1)

23.58

(26.70)

22.08

(25.09)

71.02

(57.54)

70.65

(57.29)

16.92

(22.01)

16.67

(21.91) 0.24 0.31 0.37 0.36 0.84 0.79 1.15 1.03 0.36 0.34

100 ppm (G2)

28.75

(30.31)

28.50

(29.84)

71.67

(57.93)

72.20

(58.26)

22.33

(25.84)

22.83

(26.58) 0.29 0.34 0.45 0.41 1.03 1.02 1.36 1.31 0.44 0.44

200 ppm (G3)

37.08

(36.42)

40.75

(39.12)

74.17

(60.08)

74.50

(60.46)

28.5

(30.42)

30.17

(31.69) 0.38 0.44 0.57 0.50 1.32 1.46 1.77 1.84 0.57 0.63

SE+ 0.57 0.91 0.27 0.17 1.14 0.63 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.02

CD0.05 1.12 1.79 0.54 0.34 2.26 1.25 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.03

iii

Appendix-III

Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) on germinabilityparameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition

Treatments

(PxT)

Germination

(%)

Germination

capacity(%)

Germination energy

(%)

Germination

speed Peak value

Mean daily

germination

Germination

value

Germination

index

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

P1T1

3.33

(8.61)

3.89

(9.23)

62.11

(52.01)

62.22

(52.08)

3.33

(8.61)

3.33

(8.61) 0.05 0.45 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.14 0.57 0.19 0.05 0.06

P1T2

6.67

(14.76)

3.89

(9.23)

65.56

(54.06)

65.67

(54.13)

05.00

(12.92)

05.00

(12.92) 0.10 0.30 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.14 0.54 0.24 0.10 0.06

P1T3

5.56

(12.71)

3.89

(9.23)

65.33

(53.93)

65.33

(53.93)

3.89

(10.05)

3.89

(10.05) 0.09 0.08 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.14 0.28 0.23 0.09 0.06

P1T4

3.33

(8.61)

3.89

(9.23)

65.89

(54.27)

67.00

(54.94)

3.33

(8.61)

3.33

(8.61) 0.08 0.07 0.19 0.20 0.12 0.14 0.19 0.22 0.05 0.06

P2T1

6.67

(14.76)

6.67

(14.76)

66.00

(54.34)

65.89

(54.27)

5.56

(13.53)

5.56

(13.53) 0.17 0.16 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.24 0.40 0.41 0.10 0.10

P2T2

29.44

(32.48)

33.89

(34.86)

72.33

(58.27)

72.22

(58.20)

27.22

(30.21)

27.22

(30.50) 0.27 0.27 0.40 0.39 1.05 1.21 1.32 1.48 0.45 0.52

P2T3

19.44

(25.94)

18.89

(25.42)

68.78

(56.04)

68.67

(55.96)

12.78

(20.47)

12.78

(20.47) 0.28 0.24 0.37 0.40 0.69 0.67 0.94 0.96 0.30 0.29

P2T4

6.67

(13.94)

8.33

(14.50)

71.22

(57.56)

71.67

(57.85)

4.44

(11.49)

20.00

(12.10) 0.15 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.30 0.40 0.45 0.10 0.13

P3T1

37.78

(37.79)

32.78

(34.31)

70.00

(56.80)

70.00

(56.80)

22.22

(27.59)

36.67

(25.99) 0.41 0.48 0.61 0.53 1.35 1.17 1.83 1.58 0.58 0.50

P3T2

56.11

(48.78)

51.11

(45.82)

74.33

(59.57)

74.33

(59.57)

35.00

(35.79)

25.00

(36.95) 0.56 0.49 0.62 0.68 2.00 1.83 2.49 2.39 0.86 0.79

P3T3

28.89

(32.48)

31.67

(33.96)

72.67

(58.49)

72.11

(58.14)

21.67

(26.13)

32.22

(29.93) 0.35 0.45 0.58 0.47 1.03 1.13 1.48 1.48 0.44 0.49

P3T4

38.33

(38.22)

33.33

(35.19)

73.67

(59.16)

73.11

(58.80)

29.44

(32.55)

28.33

(34.47) 0.29 0.51 0.64 0.41 1.37 1.19 1.87 1.48 0.59 0.51

P4T1

42.22

(40.47)

45.56

(42.39)

76.00

(60.81)

75.67

(60.47)

27.78

(31.19)

52.22

(31.97) 0.26 0.49 0.62 0.38 1.51 1.63 2.00 1.88 0.65 0.70

P4T2

77.22

(62.77)

78.33

(67.07)

83.67

(69.16)

84.11

(70.52)

53.33

(47.14)

41.11

(46.37) 0.72 0.88 1.01 0.84 2.76 2.80 3.63 3.52 1.19 1.21

P4T3

45.00

(42.08)

50.56

(45.38)

78.33

(62.28)

78.67

(62.51)

43.89

(41.19)

27.78

(39.55) 0.35 0.44 0.57 0.47 1.61 1.81 2.05 2.15 0.69 0.78

P4T4

32.22

(34.54)

32.78

(34.78)

75.00

(60.02)

76.11

(60.79)

25.56

(30.07)

27.78

(31.62) 0.37 0.39 0.52 0.49 1.15 1.17 1.54 1.54 0.50 0.50

P5T1

30.00

(32.87)

34.44

(35.55)

78.33

(62.28)

77.44

(61.66)

28.33

(31.83)

46.67

(31.51) 0.37 0.37 0.50 0.49 1.07 1.23 1.44 1.60 0.46 0.53

P5T2

62.78

(52.64)

63.33

(52.98)

78.22

(62.20)

77.44

(61.66)

43.33

(41.09)

36.11

(43.08) 0.42 0.36 0.49 0.54 2.24 2.26 2.60 2.69 0.97 0.97

P5T3

39.44

(38.86)

37.78

(37.65)

79.22

(62.89)

79.56

(63.13)

31.11

(33.68)

24.44

(36.87) 0.40 0.36 0.49 0.52 1.41 1.35 1.77 1.75 0.61 0.58

P5T4

25.00

(29.95)

33.89

(35.49)

69.00

(56.26)

71.78

(57.98)

22.78

(27.64)

3.33

(29.42) 0.39 0.29 0.42 0.51 0.89 1.21 1.18 1.60 0.38 0.52

SE+ 1.46 2.34 0.71 0.45 2.95 1.63 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.04

CD0.05 2.89 4.63 1.40 0.88 5.83 3.23 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.14 0.22 0.04 0.09


iv

Appendix-IV

Interaction effect of stratification period and gibberellic acid (PxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition


Treatments

(PxG)

Germination

(%)

Germination

capacity(%) Germination energy (%) Germination speed Peak value

Mean daily

germination

Germination

value

Germination

index

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

P1G1

2.92

(7.54)

1.67

(4.31)

63.92

(53.09)

64.25

(53.29)

2.50

(6.46) 2.50 (6.46) 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.24 0.18 0.17 0.10 0.06 0.36 0.11

P1G2

4.17

(10.77)

3.33

(8.61)

64.75

(53.58)

65.17

(53.83)

4.17

(10.77)

4.17

(10.77) 0.07 0.17 0.07 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.15 0.12 0.31 0.19

P1G3

7.08

(15.22)

6.67

(14.76)

65.50

(54.04)

65.75

(54.19)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.11 0.26 0.11 0.26 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.24 0.51 0.35

P2G1

10.83

(18.58)

10.42

(17.48)

69.58

(56.54)

68.50

(55.87)

7.50

(15.07)

6.67

(14.76) 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.29 0.29 0.39 0.37 0.55 0.54

P2G2

13.75

(19.98)

13.75

(19.94)

69.08

(56.24)

69.83

(56.72)

11.25

(17.93)

11.67

(18.22) 0.21 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.36 0.33 0.49 0.49 0.72 0.70

P2G3

22.08

(26.77)

26.67

(29.74)

70.08

(56.87)

70.50

(57.12)

18.75

(23.77)

19.58

(24.48) 0.28 0.24 0.28 0.24 0.37 0.40 0.79 0.95 1.03 1.24

P3G1

32.92

(34.91)

27.92

(31.46)

71.08

(57.50)

70.50

(57.13)

20.83

(26.70)

20.83

(26.66) 0.36 0.43 0.36 0.43 0.56 0.48 1.18 1.00 1.60 1.36

P3G2

39.58

(38.87)

34.17

(35.62)

72.92

(58.66)

72.50

(58.38)

26.67

(29.70)

29.17

(32.54) 0.42 0.47 0.42 0.47 0.60 0.54 1.41 1.22 1.88 1.64

P3G3

48.33

(44.17)

49.58

(44.88)

74.00

(59.35)

74.17

(59.47)

33.75

(35.14)

35.42

(36.30) 0.44 0.55 0.44 0.55 0.68 0.56 1.73 1.77 2.27 2.21

P4G1

39.58

(38.86)

37.50

(37.59)

76.83

(61.33)

75.83

(60.59)

27.08

(31.06)

24.58

(29.57) 0.32 0.43 0.32 0.43 0.56 0.44 1.41 1.34 1.84 1.66

P4G2

47.50

(43.74)

49.17

(44.67)

75.17

(60.14)

76.42

(60.96)

37.08

(36.76)

37.92

(37.72) 0.36 0.50 0.36 0.50 0.63 0.48 1.70 1.76 2.20 2.11

P4G3

60.42

(52.30)

68.75

(59.95)

82.75

(67.73)

83.67

(69.17)

48.75

(44.38)

49.58

(44.86) 0.59 0.72 0.59 0.72 0.85 0.71 2.16 2.46 2.88 3.04

P5G1

31.67

(33.91)

32.92

(34.61)

73.67

(59.26)

74.17

(59.55)

26.67

(30.74)

28.75

(32.10) 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.39 0.43 1.13 1.18 1.39 1.49

P5G2

38.75

(38.20)

42.08

(40.37)

76.42

(61.04)

77.08

(61.43)

32.50

(34.03)

31.25

(33.65) 0.39 0.32 0.39 0.32 0.45 0.51 1.38 1.50 1.70 1.90

P5G3

47.50

(43.64)

52.08

(46.28)

78.50

(62.42)

78.42

(62.34)

35.00

(35.91)

41.25

(39.91) 0.48 0.45 0.48 0.45 0.58 0.60 1.70 1.86 2.15 2.34

SE+ 1.27 2.03 0.61 0.39 - 1.41 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.10

CD0.05 2.51 4.01 1.21 0.77 NS 2.80 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.17 0.12 0.19

v

Appendix-V

Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (T x G) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition

Treatments

(TxG)

Germination

(%)

Germination

capacity(%)

Germination energy

(%) Germination speed Peak value

Mean daily

germination

Germination

value

Germination

index

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

T1G1

17.67

(22.34)

16.00

(21.09)

70.80

(57.52)

69.73

(56.76)

13.67

(19.29)

13.00

(18.75) 0.21 0.31 0.21 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.63 0.57 0.94 0.78

T1G2

22.33

(25.84)

23.33

(26.41)

69.67

(56.69)

70.33

(57.10)

15.33

(21.10)

15.33

(21.38) 0.26 0.37 0.26 0.37 0.40 0.38 0.80 0.83 1.17 1.09

T1G3

32.00

(32.52)

34.67

(34.24)

71.00

(57.54)

70.67

(57.31)

23.33

(27.26)

22.67

(26.85) 0.29 0.49 0.29 0.49 0.43 0.41 1.14 1.24 1.63 1.53

T2G1

34.67

(34.65)

33.33

(32.45)

72.33

(58.33)

72.13

(58.20)

22.00

(26.54)

22.67

(27.10) 0.32 0.46 0.32 0.46 0.44 0.44 1.24 1.19 1.70 1.51

T2G2

44.33

(40.59)

42.33

(38.80)

73.53

(59.11)

73.13

(58.84)

30.00

(31.91)

31.33

(32.83) 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.49 0.48 1.58 1.51 1.94 1.87

T2G3

60.33

(51.62)

62.67

(54.72)

78.60

(64.51)

79.00

(65.41)

46.33

(41.84)

46.67

(41.97) 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.55 0.68 0.70 2.15 2.24 2.71 2.81

T3G1

22.67

(26.71)

20.00

(24.21)

72.33

(58.34)

71.67

(57.93)

18.00

(22.41)

16.67

(21.76) 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.36 0.35 0.81 0.71 1.05 0.95

T3G2

27.33

(30.38)

26.67

(29.24)

72.47

(58.47)

72.93

(58.78)

23.33

(26.69)

25.67

(29.09) 0.29 0.33 0.29 0.33 0.46 0.41 0.98 0.95 1.31 1.25

T3G3

33.00

(34.15)

39.00

(37.53)

73.80

(59.36)

74.00

(59.50)

26.67

(29.81)

29.00

(31.27) 0.36 0.38 0.36 0.38 0.51 0.48 1.18 1.39 1.56 1.75

T4G1

19.33

(23.34)

19.00

(22.60)

68.60

(55.98)

69.07

(56.25)

14.00

(19.78)

14.33

(20.03) 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.34 0.33 0.69 0.68 0.91 0.89

T4G2

21.00

(24.43)

21.67

(24.92)

71.00

(57.46)

72.40

(58.34)

20.67

(23.65)

19.00

(23.01) 0.26 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.41 0.38 0.75 0.77 1.03 1.03

T4G3

23.00

(27.39)

26.67

(29.99)

73.27

(58.92)

74.33

(59.63)

16.67

(22.78)

22.33

(26.69) 0.30 0.36 0.30 0.36 0.49 0.42 0.82 0.95 1.18 1.25

SE+ 1.13 1.81 0.55 0.35 2.28 1.26 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.09

CD0.05 2.24 3.59 1.08 0.68 4.52 2.50 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.16 0.10 0.17


vi

Appendix-VI

Interaction effect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid (PxTxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition

Treatments

(PxTxG)

Germination

(%)

Germination

capacity(%)

Germination

energy (%)

Germination

speed Peak value

Mean daily

germination Germination value

Germination

index

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

P1T1G1

1.67

(4.31)

1.67

(4.31)

60.33

(50.97)

60.67

(51.16)

1.67

(4.31)

1.67

(4.31) 0.02 0.23 0.16 0.14 0.06 0.06 0.29 0.08 0.03 0.03

P1T1G2

3.33

(8.61)

3.33

(8.61)

63.00

(52.54)

63.33

(52.73)

3.33

(8.61)

3.33

(8.61) 0.05 0.44 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.57 0.17 0.05 0.05

P1T1G3

5.00

(12.92)

6.67

(14.76)

63.00

(52.54)

62.67

(52.34)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.08 0.66 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.24 0.86 0.32 0.08 0.10

P1T2G1

5.00

(12.92)

1.67

(4.31)

64.67

(53.53)

64.33

(53.33)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.07 0.68 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.06 0.86 0.13 0.08 0.03

P1T2G2

5.00

(12.92)

3.33

(8.61)

65.67

(54.13)

65.67

(54.13)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.08 0.08 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.12 0.26 0.20 0.08 0.05

P1T2G3

10.00

(18.43)

6.67

(14.76)

66.33

(54.53)

67.00

(54.94)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.15 0.14 0.27 0.27 0.36 0.24 0.50 0.39 0.15 0.10

P1T3G1

3.33

(8.61)

1.67

(4.31)

66.00

(54.33)

65.67

(54.13)

1.67

(4.31)

1.67

(4.31) 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.17 0.12 0.06 0.17 0.11 0.05 0.03

P1T3G2

5.00

(12.92)

3.33

(8.61)

64.67

(53.53)

65.00

(53.73)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.08 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.12 0.25 0.20 0.08 0.05

P1T3G3

8.33

(16.60)

6.67

(14.76)

65.33

(53.93)

65.33

(53.93)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.13 0.12 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.24 0.41 0.37 0.13 0.10

P1T4G1

1.67

(4.31)

1.67

(4.31)

64.67

(53.53)

66.33

(54.54)

1.67

(4.31)

1.67

(4.31) 0.06 0.06 0.15 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.03

P1T4G2

3.33

(8.61)

3.33

(8.61)

65.67

(54.14)

66.67

(54.74)

3.33

(8.61)

3.33

(8.61) 0.09 0.06 0.19 0.21 0.12 0.12 0.18 0.21 0.05 0.05

P1T4G3

5.00

(12.92)

6.67

(14.76)

67.33

(55.14)

68.00

(55.55)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.09 0.10 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.08 0.10

P2T1G1

6.67

(14.76)

6.67

(14.76)

66.33

(54.55)

65.33

(53.93)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.15 0.12 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.36 0.38 0.10 0.10

P2T1G2

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92)

65.33

(53.93)

65.33

(53.93)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.34 0.18 0.18 0.40 0.40 0.08 0.08

P2T1G3

8.33

(16.60)

8.33

(16.60)

66.33

(54.55)

67.00

(54.94)

6.67

(14.76)

6.67

(14.76) 0.15 0.14 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.44 0.44 0.13 0.13

P2T2G1

18.33

(25.31)

18.33

(24.81)

71.33

(57.63)

70.67

(57.21)

13.33

(19.68)

10.00

(18.43) 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.34 0.65 0.65 0.87 0.88 0.28 0.28

P2T2G2

25.00

(30.00)

25.00

(29.93)

72.33

(58.27)

72.67

(58.48)

23.33

(28.86)

25.00

(30.00) 0.22 0.27 0.40 0.34 0.89 0.89 1.16 1.11 0.38 0.38

P2T2G3

45.00

(42.12)

58.33

(49.83)

73.33

(58.91)

73.33

(58.91)

45.00

(42.09)

46.67

(43.08) 0.38 0.32 0.45 0.50 1.61 2.08 1.93 2.46 0.69 0.90

P2T3G1

13.33

(21.34)

11.67

(19.89)

70.33

(57.00)

68.33

(55.76)

6.67

(14.76)

6.67

(14.76) 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.34 0.48 0.42 0.69 0.63 0.21 0.18

P2T3G2

20.00

(26.57)

20.00

(26.45)

67.33

(55.14)

68.67

(55.96)

13.33

(21.34)

13.33

(21.34) 0.27 0.27 0.40 0.39 0.71 0.71 0.99 0.99 0.31 0.31

vii

P2T3G3

25.00

(29.93)

25.00

(29.93)

68.67

(55.96)

69.00

(56.17)

18.33

(25.31)

18.33

(25.31) 0.36 0.24 0.37 0.48 0.89 0.89 1.14 1.26 0.38 0.38

P2T4G1

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(10.45)

70.33

(57.00)

69.67

(56.59)

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 0.08 0.08 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.26 0.26 0.08 0.08

P2T4G2

5.00

(10.45)

5.00

(10.45)

71.33

(57.63)

72.67

(58.49)

3.33

(8.61)

3.33

(8.61) 0.14 0.14 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.18 0.32 0.32 0.08 0.08

P2T4G3

10.00

(18.43)

15.00

(22.60)

72.00

(58.05)

72.67

(58.48)

5.00

(12.92)

6.67

(14.76) 0.25 0.27 0.40 0.37 0.36 0.54 0.62 0.78 0.15 0.23

P3T1G1

26.67

(31.07)

15.00

(22.60)

69.33

(56.38)

68.33

(55.76)

13.33

(20.76)

10.00

(18.05) 0.27 0.44 0.57 0.39 0.95 0.54 1.39 0.81 0.41 0.23

P3T1G2

38.33

(38.24)

40.00

(39.21)

69.33

(56.38)

70.67

(57.21)

23.33

(28.86)

23.33

(28.86) 0.42 0.45 0.58 0.54 1.37 1.43 1.82 1.85 0.59 0.62

P3T1G3

48.33

(44.04)

43.33

(41.13)

71.33

(57.63)

71.00

(57.42)

30.00

(33.16)

26.67

(31.07) 0.55 0.55 0.68 0.67 1.73 1.55 2.27 2.09 0.74 0.67

P3T2G1

41.67

(40.20)

41.67

(40.17)

73.00

(58.70)

73.33

(58.91)

25.00

(29.80)

25.00

(29.80) 0.55 0.43 0.56 0.67 1.49 1.49 1.92 2.03 0.64 0.64

P3T2G2

50.00

(45.00)

36.67

(37.20)

74.67

(59.78)

74.00

(59.35)

25.00

(29.69)

30.00

(33.16) 0.55 0.43 0.56 0.67 1.79 1.31 2.21 1.85 0.77 0.56

P3T2G3

76.67

(61.14)

75.00

(60.07)

75.33

(60.22)

75.67

(60.45)

55.00

(47.88)

55.00

(47.88) 0.60 0.60 0.73 0.72 2.74 2.68 3.34 3.28 1.18 1.15

P3T3G1

28.33

(32.14)

26.67

(30.95)

70.33

(57.00)

69.67

(56.58)

21.67

(27.60)

23.33

(28.86) 0.36 0.39 0.52 0.48 1.01 0.95 1.41 1.32 0.44 0.41

P3T3G2

26.67

(31.07)

23.33

(28.86)

73.00

(58.70)

72.33

(58.27)

18.33

(21.07)

25.00

(29.93) 0.39 0.45 0.58 0.51 0.95 0.83 1.41 1.23 0.41 0.36

P3T3G3

31.67

(34.23)

45.00

(42.09)

74.67

(59.78)

74.33

(59.57)

25.00

(29.74)

26.67

(31.00) 0.30 0.50 0.63 0.42 1.13 1.61 1.63 1.91 0.49 0.69

P3 T4G1

35.00

(36.24)

28.33

(32.14

71.67

(57.91)

70.67

(57.26)

23.33

(28.67)

25.00

(29.93) 0.27 0.44 0.57 0.39 1.25 1.01 1.69 1.28 0.54 0.44

P3T4G2

43.33

(41.16)

36.67

(37.20)

74.67

(59.78)

73.00

(58.70)

40.00

(39.18)

38.33

(38.22) 0.30 0.53 0.66 0.42 1.55 1.31 2.08 1.61 0.67 0.56

P3T4G3

36.67

(37.26)

35.00

(36.24)

74.67

(59.78)

75.67

(60.45)

25.00

(29.80)

33.33

(35.25) 0.30 0.54 0.67 0.42 1.31 1.25 1.85 1.55 0.56 0.54

P4T1G1

35.00

(36.27)

33.33

(35.25)

81.67

(64.81)

78.33

(62.29)

26.67

(30.95)

26.67

(30.95) 0.30 0.47 0.60 0.42 1.25 1.19 1.72 1.49 0.54 0.51

P4T1G2

36.67

(37.26)

40.00

(39.15)

71.33

(57.63)

74.33

(59.56)

20.00

(25.38)

21.67

(27.71) 0.27 0.46 0.59 0.39 1.31 1.43 1.77 1.70 0.56 0.62

P4T1G3

55.00

(47.88)

63.33

(52.78)

75.00

(60.00)

74.33

(59.56)

36.67

(37.26)

36.67

(37.26) 0.20 0.54 0.67 0.32 1.96 2.26 2.50 2.46 0.85 0.97

P4T2G1

60.00

(50.79)

56.67

(48.93)

76.00

(60.68)

75.67

(60.45)

30.00

(33.16)

30.00

(33.16) 0.42 0.64 0.77 0.54 2.14 2.02 2.78 2.44 0.92 0.87

P4T2G2

78.33

(62.29)

78.33

(62.29)

76.67

(61.12)

76.67

(61.12)

51.67

(45.96)

51.67

(45.96) 0.47 0.72 0.85 0.59 2.80 2.80 3.52 3.26 1.21 1.21

P4T2G3

93.33

(75.24)

100.00

(90.00)

98.33

(85.69)

100.00

(90.00)

78.33

(62.29)

75.00

(60.00) 1.27 1.27 1.40 1.39 3.33 3.57 4.61 4.84 1.44 1.54

P4T3G1

35.00

(36.24)

33.33

(35.25)

76.67

(61.12)

76.33

(60.89)

31.67

(33.67)

21.67

(27.71) 0.27 0.33 0.46 0.39 1.25 1.19 1.58 1.46 0.54 0.51

P4T3G2

43.33

(41.16)

48.33

(44.04)

78.00

(62.03)

79.00

(62.73)

48.33

(43.95)

48.33

(44.03) 0.36 0.43 0.56 0.48 1.55 1.73 1.98 2.08 0.67 0.74

P4T3G3

56.67

(48.84)

70.00

(56.84)

80.33

(63.68)

80.67

(63.93)

51.67

(45.96)

53.33

(46.91) 0.42 0.57 0.70 0.54 2.02 2.50 2.60 2.92 0.87 1.08

viii

P4 T4G1

28.33

(32.14)

26.67

(30.95)

73.00

(58.70)

73.00

(58.73)

20.00

(26.45)

20.00

(26.45) 0.29 0.29 0.42 0.41 1.01 0.95 1.30 1.24 0.44 0.41

P4 T4G2

31.67

(34.23)

30.00

(33.21)

74.67

(59.79)

75.67

(60.45)

28.33

(31.74)

30.00

(33.16) 0.34 0.38 0.51 0.46 1.13 1.07 1.52 1.42 0.49 0.46

P4 T4G3

36.67

(37.26)

41.67

(40.20)

77.33

(61.57)

79.67

(63.20)

28.33

(32.02)

33.33

(35.25) 0.47 0.50 0.63 0.59 1.31 1.49 1.81 1.95 0.56 0.64

P5T1G1

18.33

(25.31)

23.33

(28.54)

76.33

(60.91)

76.00

(60.67)

21.67

(27.52)

21.67

(27.52) 0.29 0.29 0.42 0.41 0.65 0.83 0.95 1.12 0.28 0.36

P5T1G2

28.33

(32.14)

28.33

(32.14)

79.33

(62.96)

78.00

(62.04)

25.00

(29.74)

23.33

(28.78) 0.33 0.27 0.40 0.45 1.01 1.01 1.28 1.35 0.44 0.44

P5T1G3

43.33

(41.16)

51.67

(45.96)

79.33

(62.96)

78.33

(62.27)

38.33

(38.22)

38.33

(38.22) 0.48 0.55 0.68 0.60 1.55 1.85 2.09 2.33 0.67 0.79

P5T2G1

48.33

(44.04)

48.33

(44.04)

76.67

(61.12)

76.67

(61.12)

36.67

(37.12)

43.33

(41.16) 0.33 0.33 0.46 0.45 1.73 1.73 2.06 2.06 0.74 0.74

P5T2G2

63.33

(52.74)

68.33

(55.98)

78.33

(62.28)

76.67

(61.12)

45.00

(42.11)

45.00

(42.13) 0.47 0.31 0.44 0.59 2.26 2.44 2.57 2.91 0.97 1.05

P5T2G3

76.67

(61.14)

73.33

(58.93)

79.67

(63.20)

79.00

(62.73)

48.33

(44.04)

51.67

(45.96) 0.47 0.43 0.56 0.59 2.74 2.62 3.17 3.09 1.18 1.13

P5T3G1

33.33

(35.22)

26.67

(30.67)

78.33

(62.26)

78.33

(62.28)

28.33

(31.74)

30.00

(33.16) 0.28 0.20 0.33 0.40 1.19 0.95 1.39 1.23 0.51 0.41

P5T3G2

41.67

(40.20)

38.33

(38.24)

79.33

(62.96)

79.67

(63.20)

31.67

(34.18)

36.67

(37.26) 0.36 0.42 0.55 0.48 1.49 1.37 1.91 1.73 0.64 0.59

P5T3G3

43.33

(41.16)

48.33

(44.04)

80.00

(63.44)

80.67

(63.92)

33.33

(35.11)

41.67

(40.20) 0.58 0.45 0.58 0.70 1.55 1.73 2.00 2.30 0.67 0.74

P5T4G1

26.67

(31.07)

33.33

(35.17)

63.33

(52.74)

65.67

(54.14)

20.00

(26.57)

20.00

(26.57) 0.36 0.21 0.34 0.48 0.95 1.19 1.17 1.55 0.41 0.51

P5T4G2

21.67

(27.71)

33.33

(35.11)

68.67

(55.96)

74.00

(59.35)

28.33

(30.08)

20.00

(26.45) 0.41 0.27 0.40 0.53 0.77 1.19 1.04 1.60 0.33 0.51

P5T4G3

26.67

(31.07)

35.00

(36.18)

75.00

(60.07)

75.67

(60.45)

20.00

(26.26)

33.33

(35.25) 0.39 0.38 0.63 0.51 0.95 1.25 1.34 1.64 0.41 0.54

SE+ 2.53 4.05 1.23 0.77 5.10 2.83 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.18 0.12 0.19 0.04 0.08

CD0.05 5.01 8.03 2.43 1.53 10.10 5.59 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.17 0.35 0.23 0.38 0.07 0.15


ix

Appendix-VII

Effect of stratification medium (M), temperature(C) and gibberellic acid (G) treatments on germination and seedling growth of Coryluscolurna

Treatments Germination (%)

Seedlings

height (cm)

Collar diameter

(mm) Root length (cm)

Dry shoot

weight (g)

Dry root

weight (g)

Total dry

weight (g)

Root: shoot

ratio Stock quality index

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013


Naked (Control) (M1) 9.58 (16.41)

8.61

(14.73) 4.34 3.58 2.37 1.98 8.19 7.01 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.22 0.57 0.54 0.60 0.52 0.31 0.31

Sand (M2) 36.94 (36.64)

33.61

(34.70) 9.17 7.71 3.76 3.48 15.88 14.43 0.56 0.59 0.56 0.52 1.09 1.12 0.90 0.85 0.43 0.49

Cow-dung (M3) 4.44(9.40)

2.64

(6.00) 2.59 1.60 1.53 1.02 4.78 3.33 0.18 0.31 0.29 0.21 0.40 0.52 0.39 0.26 0.24 0.37

SE+ 1.00 0.86 0.37 0.28 0.20 0.16 0.63 0.53 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.25 0.05 0.04 0.04 -

CD0.05 2.00 1.71 0.75 0.55 0.39 0.32 1.25 1.05 0.06 NS 0.12 0.20 0.14 0.50 0.09 0.08 0.08 NS


(Control) C1 9.44 (15.86)

11.39

(16.71) 3.69 2.98 2.02 1.77 7.72 6.79 0.38 0.36 0.49 0.21 0.72 0.57 0.49 0.43 0.38 0.34

2 week warm (250-

28oC)+2 week cold

(3oC) (C2) 25.00 (28.07)

23.33

(26.92) 7.85 6.47 2.90 2.80 11.57 11.18 0.59 0.62 0.59 0.47 1.07 1.09 0.75 0.71 0.41 0.48

3 week warm (250-

280C) + 3 week cold

(30C) (C3) 30.28 (30.18)

27.50

(27.28) 8.07 6.79 3.26 2.77 14.75 12.66 0.48 0.83 0.59 0.76 1.12 1.59 0.95 0.83 0.49 0.88

4 week warm (250-

280C) + 4 week cold

(30C) (C4) 21.39 (23.44)

14.17

(18.66) 6.36 5.24 2.69 2.38 10.14 8.75 0.40 0.45 0.40 0.33 0.72 0.78 0.61 0.57 0.32 0.37

5 week warm (250-

28oC), + 5 week cold

(30C) (C5) 8.89 (14.77)

8.89

(13.70) 3.59 2.58 2.55 2.07 7.65 6.34 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.10 0.28 0.23 0.54 0.46 0.19 0.19

6 week warm (250-

280C) + 6 week cold

(30C) (C6) 6.94 (12.56)

4.44

(7.59) 2.63 1.69 1.91 1.17 5.86 3.81 0.14 0.07 0.14 0.05 0.23 0.12 0.45 0.26 0.17 0.08

SE+ 1.42 1.21 0.53 0.39 0.28 0.23 0.89 0.75 0.04 0.21 0.09 0.15 0.10 0.36 0.07 0.05 0.06

CD0.05 2.83 2.42 1.06 0.78 0.55 0.46 1.77 1.49 0.09 0.42 0.18 0.39 0.20 0.71 0.13 0.11 0.12 NS


Control (G1) 14.17 (18.54)

12.22

(16.00) 5.33 4.04 2.48 2.01 9.33 7.85 0.35 0.33 0.42 0.25 0.70 0.58 0.61 0.50 0.33 0.29

150 ppm (G2) 19.81 (23.09)

17.69

(20.96) 5.40 4.55 2.63 2.31 9.89 8.66 0.37 0.50 0.37 0.38 0.67 0.88 0.65 0.58 0.32 0.49

SE+ 0.82 0.70 0.23 0.13 - - - - - - - - - 0.03 - -

CD0.05 1.64 1.40 NS 0.45 NS 0.26 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.6 NS NS


x

Appendix-VIII

Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) on germination and seedling growth of Coryluscolurna

Treatments

(MxC)

Germination

(%)

Seedlings height

(cm)

Collar diameter


Dry shoot

weight (g)

Dry root weight

(g)

Total dry

weight (g)

Root: shoot


2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

M1C1

4.17

(9.53)

5.00

(9.22) 2.08 1.17 1.68 1.07 4.34 2.65 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.07 0.28 0.22 0.36 0.22 0.23 0.21

M1C2

17.50

(24.52)

24.17

(29.23) 5.22 4.43 2.55 2.47 12.83 10.48 0.73 0.70 0.73 0.42 1.16 1.12 0.60 0.60 0.56 0.63

M1C3

6.67

(13.52)

5.00

(11.69) 3.78 3.35 1.84 1.78 6.00 7.25 0.23 0.23 0.56 0.13 0.70 0.35 0.50 0.47 0.35 0.19

M1C4

9.17

(17.13)

11.67

(19.60) 4.82 4.37 2.36 2.25 9.40 8.53 0.36 0.39 0.36 0.25 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.65 0.30 0.33

M1C5

6.67

(13.52)

50.83

(45.48) 14.60 11.73 3.85 3.74 16.97 17.30 1.02 1.06 1.02 0.88 1.95 1.94 0.91 0.85 0.51 0.63

M1C6

10.83

(19.16)

7.50

(15.68) 4.13 3.32 2.50 2.41 8.33 7.70 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.27 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.64 0.40 0.49

M2C1

20.00

(26.45)

18.33

(25.15) 5.47 4.60 2.97 2.75 11.08 11.23 0.65 0.69 0.65 0.48 1.12 1.17 0.72 0.70 0.60 0.70

M2C2

55.00

(47.93)

62.50

(52.39) 15.31 14.20 4.88 4.48 27.75 24.57 0.65 0.68 0.65 1.03 1.68 1.72 1.65 1.55 0.53 0.54

M2C3

67.50

(55.47)

1.67

(4.31) 3.43 1.58 1.94 1.07 5.42 2.17 0.13 1.11 0.47 0.77 0.56 1.88 0.48 0.23 0.35 1.38

M2C4

14.17

(21.97)

9.17

(17.52) 7.37 6.60 3.07 2.90 11.17 9.90 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.35 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.78 0.34 0.37

M2C5

48.33

(44.04)

31.67

(34.16) 10.13 7.80 4.08 3.41 15.75 13.52 0.63 0.75 0.63 0.54 1.15 1.29 0.81 0.73 0.50 0.60

M2C6

1.67

(4.31)

1.67

(4.31) 1.58 1.33 0.90 0.84 3.50 2.83 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.09 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.12 0.14

M3C1

6.67

(14.76)

6.67

(14.76) 4.38 4.18 2.52 2.52 8.83 8.42 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.15 0.40 0.37 0.66 0.67 0.22 0.22

M3C2

18.33

(25.25)

20.00

(26.36) 4.89 3.57 4.08 3.70 11.12 10.60 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.14 0.33 0.33 0.73 0.72 0.27 0.35

M3C3

1.67

(4.31)

0.00

(0.00) 1.50 0.00 1.04 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.06 0.00

M3C4

3.33

(8.61)

0.83

(2.15) 1.93 0.55 1.63 0.41 4.33 1.33 0.14 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.22 0.05 0.39 0.11 0.18 0.04

M3C5

15.00

(22.60)

12.50

(20.61) 4.85 4.53 3.13 3.10 10.83 10.08 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.29 0.30 0.71 0.68 0.19 0.21

M3C6

2.50

(6.46)

0.00

(0.00) 1.10 0.00 0.97 0.00 2.40 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.14 0.00

SE+ 2.46 2.10 0.92 0.68 0.48 0.40 1.54 1.30 0.08 0.15 0.17 - 0.11 0.09 - -

CD0.05 4.91 4.19 1.83 1.35 0.95 0.79 3.07 2.58 0.15 NS 0.31 NS 0.35 NS 0.23 0.18 NS NS


xi

Appendix-IX

Interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberellic acid (MxG) on germination and seedling parameters of Coryluscolurna

Treatments

(MxG)

Germination

(%)

Seedlings height

(cm)

Collar diameter


Dry shoot

weight (g)

Dry root weight

(g)

Total dry

weight (g)

Root: shoot

ratio

Stock quality

index

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

M1G1

7.22

(13.78)

6.11

(11.45) 4.14 3.23 2.14 1.73 7.68 6.67 0.33 0.27 0.33 0.19 0.56 0.47 0.56 0.46 0.30 0.26

M1G2

11.94

(19.03)

11.11

(18.01) 4.54 3.93 2.60 2.24 8.71 7.35 0.35 0.37 0.35 0.25 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.59 0.33 0.36

M2G1

31.39

(33.01)

28.61

(31.53) 9.24 7.49 3.68 3.37 15.49 13.84 0.56 0.58 0.56 0.50 1.06 1.08 0.86 0.82 0.40 0.47

M2G2

42.50

(40.26)

38.61

(37.88) 9.09 7.93 3.84 3.60 16.26 15.01 0.57 0.61 0.57 0.55 1.12 1.16 0.94 0.88 0.46 0.52

M3G1

3.89

(8.82)

1.94

(5.02) 2.61 1.40 1.62 0.95 4.83 3.04 0.16 0.12 0.38 0.07 0.48 0.20 0.40 0.24 0.29 0.14

M3G2

5.00

(9.98)

3.33

(6.97) 2.57 1.79 1.45 1.09 4.72 3.61 0.20 0.51 0.20 0.34 0.32 0.85 0.38 0.28 0.18 0.60

SE+ 1.42 1.21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CD0.05 2.83 2.42 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS


xii

Appendix-X

Interaction effect of stratification temperature(C) and gibberellic acid (G) on germination and seedling growth parameters of Coryluscolurna

Treatments

(CxG)

Germination

(%)

Seedlings height

(cm)

Collar diameter


Dry shoot

weight (g)

Dry root

weight (g)

Total dry

weight (g)

Root: shoot


2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

C1G1

6.11

(11.42)

7.22

(11.31) 3.00 2.24 1.61 1.29 6.62 5.43 0.31 0.26 0.53 0.16 0.72 0.42 0.40 0.33 0.38 0.25

C1G2

12.78

(20.30)

15.56

(22.12) 4.39 3.72 2.43 2.25 8.82 8.16 0.45 0.46 0.45 0.25 0.71 0.71 0.57 0.53 0.38 0.44

C2G1

20.56

(24.81)

19.44

(23.88) 7.63 5.91 2.89 2.78 10.69 10.43 0.55 0.58 0.55 0.41 0.98 0.99 0.73 0.66 0.37 0.47

C2G2

29.44

(31.33)

27.22

(29.96) 8.07 7.03 2.92 2.83 12.44 11.92 0.64 0.65 0.64 0.53 1.17 1.18 0.77 0.76 0.44 0.50

C3G1

26.67

(28.92)

23.33

(24.61) 8.56 6.56 3.52 2.66 14.50 12.26 0.49 0.47 0.71 0.50 1.23 0.97 0.96 0.76 0.57 0.43

C3G2

33.89

(31.44)

31.67

(29.96) 7.58 7.03 3.00 2.88 15.00 13.06 0.47 1.18 0.47 1.03 1.01 2.21 0.94 0.89 0.42 1.32

C4G1

18.89

(21.79)

12.22

(17.32) 6.80 5.58 2.69 2.36 11.06 9.19 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.33 0.78 0.76 0.61 0.58 0.31 0.32

C4G2

23.89

(25.09)

16.11

(20.00) 5.92 4.91 2.68 2.41 9.22 8.31 0.37 0.46 0.37 0.32 0.66 0.79 0.62 0.56 0.33 0.42

C5G1

7.22

(13.34)

7.22

(12.26) 3.54 2.46 2.42 1.98 7.91 6.52 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.10 0.30 0.24 0.54 0.46 0.19 0.20

C5G2

10.56

(16.20)

10.56

(15.15) 3.64 2.71 2.68 2.17 7.39 6.16 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.09 0.26 0.22 0.55 0.47 0.19 0.18

C6G1

5.56

(10.94)

3.89

(6.63) 2.44 1.49 1.74 1.03 5.22 3.28 0.13 0.06 0.13 0.04 0.21 0.10 0.41 0.23 0.16 0.07

C6G2

8.33

(14.18)

5.00

(8.55) 2.81 1.90 2.07 1.31 6.49 4.33 0.15 0.08 0.15 0.06 0.25 0.14 0.48 0.29 0.18 0.10

SE+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CD0.05 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS


xiii

Appendix-XI

Interaction effect of different stratification medium (M), temperature(C) and gibberellic acid (G) on germination and seedling growth parameters of Coryluscolurna

Treatments

(MxCxG)

Germination

(%)

Seedlings height

(cm)

Collar diameter


Dry shoot

weight (g)

Dry root

weight (g)

Total dry

weight (g)

Root: shoot


2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

M1C1G1

1.67

(4.31)

0.00

(0.00) 0.77 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.10 0.00

M1C1G2

6.67

(14.76)

10.00

(18.43) 3.40 2.33 2.65 2.13 7.17 5.30 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.14 0.45 0.45 0.55 0.43 0.35 0.41

M2C1G1

13.33

(21.34)

18.33

(25.31) 5.33 4.27 2.72 2.43 13.20 10.47 0.67 0.59 0.67 0.37 1.09 0.96 0.63 0.62 0.55 0.57

M2C1G2

21.67

(27.71)

30.00

(33.16) 5.10 4.60 2.37 2.50 12.47 10.50 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.47 1.23 1.28 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.70

M3C1G1

3.33

(8.61)

3.33

(8.61) 2.90 2.47 1.42 1.44 5.17 5.83 0.18 0.19 0.85 0.11 0.96 0.30 0.41 0.38 0.48 0.18

M3C1G2

10.00

(18.43)

6.67

(14.76) 4.67 4.23 2.26 2.12 6.83 8.67 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.15 0.44 0.41 0.60 0.57 0.21 0.21

M1C2G1

5.00

(12.92)

8.33

(16.60) 4.63 3.90 2.22 2.15 8.57 8.07 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.16 0.46 0.41 0.65 0.63 0.23 0.23

M1C2G2

13.33

(21.34)

15.00

(22.60) 5.00 4.83 2.50 2.35 10.23 9.00 0.45 0.52 0.45 0.35 0.76 0.87 0.69 0.67 0.38 0.42

M2C2G1

46.67

(43.09)

45.00

(42.12) 14.27 10.73 3.96 3.78 15.50 15.83 1.01 1.12 1.01 0.83 1.89 1.95 0.88 0.75 0.53 0.71

M2C2G2

63.33

(52.78)

56.67

(48.84) 14.93 12.73 3.74 3.70 18.43 18.77 1.03 1.00 1.03 0.93 2.00 1.93 0.94 0.94 0.49 0.55

M3C2G1

10.00

(18.43)

5.00

(12.92) 4.00 3.10 2.48 2.39 8.00 7.40 0.36 0.38 0.36 0.23 0.59 0.61 0.65 0.60 0.36 0.47

M3C2G2

11.67

(19.89)

10.00

(18.43) 4.27 3.53 2.52 2.43 8.67 8.00 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.31 0.75 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.44 0.52

M1C3G1

16.67

(24.05)

15.00

(22.60) 5.33 4.07 2.97 2.77 9.67 10.97 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.41 1.03 1.01 0.76 0.68 0.57 0.70

M1C3G2

23.33

(28.86)

21.67

(27.71) 5.60 5.13 2.97 2.73 12.50 11.50 0.73 0.78 0.73 0.55 1.20 1.34 0.67 0.71 0.63 0.71

M2C3G1

58.33

(49.80)

53.33

(46.91) 15.20 13.93 4.50 4.17 26.00 23.63 0.73 0.78 0.73 1.04 1.71 1.82 1.40 1.37 0.51 0.55

M2C3G2

76.67

(61.14)

71.67

(57.86) 15.41 14.47 5.26 4.79 29.50 25.50 0.57 0.59 0.57 1.02 1.65 1.61 1.90 1.73 0.56 0.54

M3C3G1

5.00

(12.92)

1.67

(4.31) 5.13 1.67 3.10 1.04 7.83 2.17 0.16 0.05 0.83 0.03 0.94 0.08 0.73 0.23 0.62 0.05

M3C3G2

1.67

(4.31)

1.67

(4.31) 1.73 1.50 0.78 1.11 3.00 2.17 0.10 2.17 0.10 1.50 0.18 3.67 0.24 0.23 0.08 2.72

M1C4G1

11.67

(19.89)

8.33(16

.60) 7.97 7.30 3.41 3.18 13.33 11.83 0.59 0.54 0.59 0.43 1.08 0.97 0.81 0.79 0.46 0.42

M1C4G2

16.67

(24.05)

10.00

(18.43) 6.77 5.90 2.73 2.63 9.00 7.97 0.28 0.37 0.28 0.28 0.51 0.65 0.82 0.78 0.21 0.31

M2C4G1

43.33

(41.16)

26.67

(31.07) 10.93 8.27 3.70 3.08 16.50 12.90 0.58 0.64 0.58 0.49 1.07 1.13 0.82 0.76 0.33 0.39

xiv

M2C4G2

53.33

(46.91)

36.67

(37.26) 9.33 7.33 4.47 3.74 15.00 14.13 0.67 0.87 0.67 0.60 1.22 1.46 0.80 0.69 0.66 0.81

M3C4G1

1.67

(4.31)

1.67

(4.31) 1.50 1.17 0.96 0.82 3.33 2.83 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.07 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.12 0.14

M3C4G2

1.67

(4.31)

1.67

(4.31) 1.67 1.50 0.83 0.86 3.67 2.83 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.10 0.24 0.26 0.22 0.20 0.12 0.15

M1C5G1

5.00

(12.92)

5.00

(12.92) 4.60 4.10 2.15 2.26 9.67 9.17 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.16 0.46 0.41 0.64 0.64 0.21 0.23

M1C5G2

8.33

(16.60)

8.33

(16.60) 4.17 4.27 2.89 2.78 8.00 7.67 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.34 0.33 0.68 0.70 0.24 0.22

M2C5G1

15.00

(22.79)

16.67

(23.86) 4.70 3.27 4.07 3.67 11.07 10.40 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.14 0.32 0.32 0.73 0.73 0.28 0.37

M2C5G2

21.67

(27.71)

23.33

(28.86) 5.07 3.87 4.10 3.74 11.17 10.80 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.14 0.33 0.34 0.72 0.71 0.27 0.33

M3C5G1

1.67

(4.31)

0.00

(0.00) 1.33 0.00 1.04 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.06 0.00

M3C5G2

1.67

(4.31)

0.00

(0.00) 1.67 0.00 1.04 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.06 0.00

M1C6G1

3.33

(8.61)

0.00

(0.00) 1.53 0.00 1.40 0.00 3.33 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.20 0.00

M1C6G2

3.33

(8.61)

1.67

(4.31) 2.33 1.10 1.86 0.81 5.33 2.67 0.13 0.06 0.13 0.04 0.22 0.11 0.45 0.22 0.16 0.08

M2C6G1

11.67

(19.89)

11.67

(19.89) 5.03 4.47 3.13 3.08 10.67 9.83 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.29 0.29 0.72 0.70 0.18 0.20

M2C6G2

18.33

(25.31)

13.33

(21.34) 4.67 4.60 3.13 3.12 11.00 10.33 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.12 0.30 0.31 0.69 0.66 0.20 0.21

M3C6G1

1.67

(4.31)

0.00

(0.00) 0.77 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.67 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.10 0.00

M3C6G2

3.33

(8.61)

0.00

(0.00) 1.43 0.00 1.23 0.00 3.13 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.19 0.00

SE+ 3.48 2.98 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.16 - 0.14 -

CD0.05 6.94 5.93 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.32 NS 0.29 NS


xv

Appendix-XII

Effect of stratification period and temperature on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds

Treatments Moisture content (%)

Reducing sugar

(mg/g)

Non-reducing sugar

(mg/g) Total sugar (mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein %

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

Stratification periods

Control (P1) 14.58 (3.81) 14.51 (3.80) 24.37 24.39 18.37 18.40 42.74 42.79 23.73 23.83 15.38 (3.92) 15.46 (3.93)

20 days (P2) 15.04 (3.87) 14.97 (3.86) 25.59 25.50 19.28 19.22 44.87 44.72 21.44 21.55 16.33 (3.94) 16.41 (3.95)

40 days (P3) 17.26 (4.14) 17.19 (4.13) 25.59 25.50 19.28 19.22 44.87 44.72 21.44 21.55 16.33 (4.04) 16.41 (4.05)

60 days (P4) 17.97 (4.21) 17.90 (4.20) 32.99 34.95 21.98 26.34 54.97 61.29 19.81 19.92 17.41 (4.17) 17.49 (4.18)

80 days (P5) 17.65 (4.18) 17.58 (4.17) 30.49 34.02 22.98 25.66 53.47 59.68 19.82 19.93 16.75 (4.09) 16.83 (4.10)

SE+ 0.04 0.72 0.51 0.55 0.51 0.63 0.14 0.19 - - 0.01 0.02

CD0.05 0.08 1.45 1.03 1.10 1.03 1.27 0.27 0.39 NS NS 0.01 0.03

Stratification temperature

Control (T1) 13.34 (3.65) 13.27 (3.64) 24.29 24.33 18.31 18.35 42.59 42.68 21.98 22.08 15.48 (3.93) 15.56 (3.94)

Out-door pit (T2) 18.94 (4.32) 18.87 (4.31) 30.85 33.21 22.52 25.04 53.37 58.24 21.23 21.34 17.06 (4.13) 17.14 (4.14)

4±1 oC (T3) 15.92 (3.99) 15.85 (3.98) 30.24 32.25 21.22 24.32 51.46 56.57 21.65 21.76 16.40 (4.05) 16.48 (4.06)

0±1 oC (T4) 17.80 (4.21) 17.73 (4.21) 25.40 25.34 19.14 19.10 44.55 44.44 21.71 21.82 16.19 (4.02) 16.27 (4.03)

SE+ 0.04 0.32 0.45 0.49 0.46 0.56 0.12 0.17 - - 0.00 0.01

CD0.05 0.07 0.65 0.92 0.99 0.92 1.14 0.24 0.35 NS NS 0.01 0.03


xvi

Appendix-XIII

Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds

Treatments (PxT) Moisture content (%)

Reducing sugar

(mg/g)

Non-reducing sugar

(mg/g) Total sugar (m/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

P1T1 12.86 (3.59) 12.79 (3.58) 22.69 22.83 17.10 17.22 39.80 40.06 23.75 23.85 15.02 (3.88) 15.10 (3.89)

P1T2 13.50 (3.67) 13.43 (3.66) 25.24 25.24 19.02 19.04 44.26 44.28 23.70 23.80 15.49 (3.94) 15.57 (3.95)

P1T3 15.92 (3.99) 15.85 (3.98) 24.87 24.79 18.75 18.70 43.61 43.49 23.74 23.84 15.49 (3.94) 15.57 (3.95)

P1T4 16.03 (4.00) 15.96 (4.00) 24.69 24.71 18.61 18.63 43.30 43.34 23.73 23.83 15.51 (3.94) 15.59 (3.95)

P2T1 13.28 (3.64) 13.21 (3.63) 23.39 23.52 17.64 17.75 41.03 41.27 23.39 23.49 15.50 (3.94) 15.58 (3.95)

P2T2 13.48 (3.67) 13.41 (3.66) 26.65 26.67 20.09 20.11 46.74 46.78 23.22 23.32 15.66 (3.96) 15.74 (3.97)

P2T3 15.55 (3.94) 15.48 (3.93) 24.96 25.00 18.81 18.85 43.77 43.85 23.44 23.55 15.59 (3.95) 15.67 (3.96)

P2T4 17.84 (4.22) 17.77 (4.22) 25.12 25.01 18.92 18.85 44.03 43.86 23.64 23.74 15.43 (3.93) 15.51 (3.94)

P3T1 12.70 (3.56) 12.63 (3.55) 23.93 23.81 18.03 17.94 41.96 41.75 22.11 22.21 15.47 (3.93) 15.55 (3.94)

P3T2 20.24 (4.50) 20.17 (4.49) 27.36 27.17 20.62 20.49 47.99 47.66 20.55 20.65 17.18 (4.14) 17.26 (4.15)

P3T3 16.21 (4.03) 16.14 (4.02) 25.47 25.53 19.20 19.25 44.66 44.78 21.55 21.65 16.53 (4.07) 16.61 (4.08)

P3T4 19.90 (4.46) 19.83 (4.45) 25.60 25.47 19.28 19.20 44.88 44.67 21.57 21.67 16.15 (4.02) 16.23 (4.03)

P4T1 14.18 (3.77) 14.11 (3.76) 25.31 25.36 19.09 19.13 44.40 44.49 20.55 20.65 15.81 (3.98) 15.89 (3.99)

P4T2 24.58 (4.96) 24.51 (4.95) 39.62 44.59 26.21 33.59 65.83 78.18 19.16 19.26 19.51 (4.42) 19.59 (4.43)

P4T3 16.37 (4.05) 16.30 (4.04) 41.09 43.92 23.05 33.09 64.14 77.01 19.75 19.85 17.23 (4.15) 17.31 (4.16)

P4T4 16.76 (4.08) 16.69 (4.07) 25.95 25.93 19.57 19.56 45.52 45.49 19.80 19.90 17.11 (4.14) 17.19 (4.15)

P5T1 13.66 (3.70) 13.59 (3.69) 26.10 26.14 19.67 19.71 45.77 45.86 20.10 20.20 15.59 (3.95) 15.67 (3.96)

P5T2 22.92 (4.79) 22.85 (4.78) 35.37 42.35 26.66 31.95 62.03 74.30 19.55 19.65 17.47 (4.18) 17.55 (4.19)

P5T3 15.55 (3.94) 15.48 (3.93) 34.83 42.02 26.27 31.69 61.10 73.71 19.80 19.90 17.15 (4.14) 17.23 (4.15)

P5T4 18.46 (4.30) 18.39 (4.29) 25.66 25.58 19.33 19.28 44.99 44.85 19.85 19.95 16.77 (4.09) 16.85 (4.10)

SE+ 0.08 0.72 1.02 1.09 1.02 1.26 0.27 0.38 - - 0.01 0.03

CD 0.05 0.16 1.45 2.05 2.20 2.06 2.55 0.55 0.77 NS NS 0.02 0.06


xvii

Appendix-XIV

Effect of stratification medium and temperature on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds

Treatments Moisture content (%)

Reducing sugar

(mg/g)

Non-reducing sugar

(mg/g) Total sugar (mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013


Naked (Control) (M1) 12.55 (3.54) 12.42 (3.52) 22.60 21.81 19.05 17.82 41.65 39.63 22.13 21.85 15.09 (3.88) 15.27 (3.91)

Sand (M2) 16.08 (4.01) 15.85 (3.98) 29.48 29.49 24.84 24.09 54.32 53.57 19.72 19.51 16.26 (4.03) 16.56 (4.07)

Cow-dung (M3) 13.03 (3.61) 12.97 (3.60) 20.81 19.96 17.54 16.31 38.35 36.27 23.07 22.84 14.68 (3.83) 14.95 (3.87)

SE+ 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.00

CD0.05 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.13 0.08 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.00


(Control) C1 13.86 (3.72) 13.72 (3.70) 22.22 21.31 18.73 17.41 40.95 38.72 22.49 22.26 15.17 (3.89) 15.38 (3.92)

2 week warm (250-280C)+2

week cold (30C) (C2) 14.40 (3.79) 14.47 (3.80) 26.71 26.04 22.51 21.27 49.21 47.31 20.96 20.75 15.84 (3.98) 16.03 (4.00)

3 week warm (250-280C) + 3

week cold (30C) (C3) 14.50 (3.80) 14.66 (3.82) 26.84 26.44 22.62 21.60 49.46 48.05 20.74 20.52 15.95 (3.99) 16.23 (4.03)

4 week warm (250-280C) + 4

week cold (30C) (C4) 14.08 (3.75) 13.92 (3.72) 26.61 26.30 22.42 21.48 49.03 47.78 20.75 20.55 15.40 (3.92) 15.65 (3.95)

5 week warm (250-280C), + 5

week cold (30C) (C5) 13.41 (3.66) 13.13 (3.62) 21.94 21.49 18.49 17.55 40.42 39.04 22.14 21.77 14.97 (3.87) 15.26 (3.91)

6 week warm (250-280C) + 6

week cold (30C) (C6) 13.08 (3.61) 12.57 (3.54) 21.48 20.94 18.10 17.10 39.58 38.04 22.76 22.55 14.73 (3.84) 15.01 (3.87)

SE+ 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.00

CD0.05 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.19 0.12 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.10 0.01 0.00


xviii

Appendix-XV

Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxT) on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds

Treatments

(MxC)

Moisture content (%) Reducing sugar

(mg/g)

Non-reducing sugar

(mg/g) Total sugar (mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

M1C1 12.20 (3.49) 12.25 (3.50) 21.42 20.83 18.05 17.02 39.47 37.85 23.37 23.16 14.81 (3.85) 14.99 (3.87)

M1C2 12.52 (3.54) 12.52 (3.54) 23.16 22.15 19.52 18.10 42.68 40.25 22.04 21.85 15.44 (3.93) 15.63 (3.95)

M1C3 13.24 (3.64) 13.30 (3.65) 23.69 22.70 19.96 18.54 43.65 41.24 21.48 21.26 15.57 (3.95) 15.73(3.97)

M1C4 12.60 (3.55) 12.21 (3.49) 23.57 22.56 19.87 18.43 43.44 40.99 20.96 20.76 15.07 (3.88) 15.24 (3.90)

M1C5 12.48 (3.53) 12.20 (3.49) 22.37 21.59 18.86 17.64 41.23 39.23 22.15 21.48 15.03 (3.88) 15.21 (3.90)

M1C6 12.25 (3.50) 12.02 (3.47) 21.41 21.03 18.04 17.18 39.45 38.21 22.78 22.60 14.64 (3.83) 14.85 (3.85)

M2C1 15.18 (3.90) 14.80 (3.85) 23.36 22.22 19.69 18.15 43.05 40.37 20.76 20.57 15.62 (3.95) 15.83 (3.98)

M2C2 16.91 (4.11) 16.81 (4.10) 35.19 35.20 29.66 28.75 64.85 63.95 18.18 17.98 17.04 (4.13) 17.23 (4.15)

M2C3 17.35 (4.16) 17.53 (4.19) 35.46 36.08 29.89 29.47 65.35 65.55 18.04 17.86 17.53 (4.19) 17.86 (4.23)

M2C4 16.47 (4.06) 16.32 (4.04) 34.85 35.56 29.37 29.05 64.22 64.61 18.49 18.29 16.48 (4.06) 16.73 (4.09)

M2C5 15.47 (3.93) 15.07 (3.88) 24.27 24.59 20.46 20.08 44.73 44.67 20.78 20.58 15.61 (3.95) 16.09 (4.01)

M2C6 15.13 (3.89) 14.54 (3.81) 23.73 23.27 20.00 19.01 43.73 42.28 22.03 21.79 15.24 (3.90) 15.65 (3.96)

M3C1 14.19 (3.77) 14.11 (3.76) 21.89 20.88 18.44 17.06 40.33 37.94 23.33 23.04 15.08 (3.88) 15.33 (3.91)

M3C2 13.78 (3.71) 14.07 (3.75) 21.77 20.77 18.34 16.97 40.11 37.74 22.66 22.43 15.04 (3.88) 15.25 3.90)

M3C3 12.91(3.59) 13.15 (3.63) 21.37 20.56 18.00 16.79 39.37 37.35 22.69 22.46 14.75 (3.84) 15.10 (3.89)

M3C4 13.17 (3.63) 13.21 (3.64) 21.40 20.77 18.04 16.97 39.44 37.74 22.80 22.59 14.64 (3.83) 14.99 (3.87)

M3C5 12.27 (3.50) 12.12 (3.48) 19.16 18.28 16.15 14.93 35.31 33.21 23.48 23.26 14.25 (3.78) 14.48 (3.80)

M3C6 11.86 (3.44) 11.14 (3.34) 19.29 18.52 16.26 15.12 35.55 33.64 23.47 23.25 14.30 (3.78) 14.54 (3.81)

SE+ 0.04 0.01 0.10 0.16 0.10 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.08 0.01 0.00

CD0.05 0.08 0.02 0.20 0.33 0.20 0.33 0.01 0.00 0.23 0.17 0.02 0.00


xix

Appendix-XVI

Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)

Treatments Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length (cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight (mg)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

IBA formulation

R1 20.00 (26.19)

14.17

(21.82)

10.00

(16.72)

7.50

(13.83) 5.83 (10.75) 5.00 (9.22) 2.02 1.99 2.50 2.17 67.83 47.08

R2 28.33 (31.95)

31.67

(33.93)

25.00

(29.54)

22.50

(27.80) 11.67 (18.93) 10.00 (17.58) 3.24 2.99 3.25 3.67 84.08 81.00

R3 54.17 (47.42)

52.50

(46.59)

35.83

(36.53)

36.67

(36.89) 21.67 (26.82) 24.17 (28.81) 4.78 4.74 5.00 5.00 209.08 206.67

R4 46.67 (43.06)

45.00

(42.07)

27.50

(31.45)

25.83

(30.09) 15.83 (22.81) 17.50 (23.99) 4.63 4.62 4.83 4.67 219.58 218.83

R5 45.00 (42.07)

44.17

(41.57)

23.33

(28.60)

25.83

(30.21) 14.17 (20.72) 18.33 (24.84) 4.08 4.44 3.83 4.25 212.67 180.17

R6 39.17 (38.67)

39.17

(38.57)

22.50

(27.93)

17.50

(24.29) 11.67 (18.93) 11.67 (17.95) 3.83 3.79 3.67 3.75 138.00 163.58

SE+ 1.36 1.37 2.20 1.94 2.44 1.67

CD0.05 2.74 2.76 4.42 3.90 4.91 NS NS NS NS NS NS 3.37

Girdling

G1 39.44 (38.58)

38.89

(38.08)

25.56

(29.26)

26.39

(29.71) 16.67 (22.43) 18.06 (22.82) 4.18 4.01 4.28 4.17 180.06 176.72

G2 38.33 (37.87)

36.67

(36.77)

22.50

(27.66)

18.89

(24.66) 10.28 (17.23) 10.83 (17.97) 3.35 3.52 3.42 3.67 130.36 122.39

SE+ 1.12 1.41 1.44 0.26 0.28 3.16 0.97

CD0.05 NS NS NS 2.25 2.84 2.90 0.52 NS 0.57 NS 6.36 1.94

Cutting portion

C1 31.11 (33.46)

28.61

(31.83)

19.44

(25.07)

16.39

(22.51) 8.61 (15.30) 10.56 (16.80) 2.94 3.04 3.08 3.31 120.08 104.11

C2 46.67 (42.99)

46.94

(43.02)

28.61

(31.85)

28.89

(31.86) 18.33 (24.35) 18.33 (23.99) 4.59 4.48 4.61 4.53 190.33 195.00

SE+ 0.79 0.79 1.27 1.12 1.41 1.44 0.26 0.28 0.23 3.16 0.97

CD0.05 1.58 1.60 2.55 2.25 2.84 2.90 0.52 NS 0.57 0.47 6.36 1.94


xx

Appendix-XVII

Effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)

Treatments

(RxG)

Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length

(cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight (mg)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

R1G1 21.67 (27.43) 13.33 (21.14) 8.33(15.36) 8.33 (15.36) 5.00 (9.22) 3.33 (6.14) 1.78 1.10 2.00 1.00 65.17 31.67

R1G2 18.33 (24.96) 15.00 (22.50) 11.67 (18.07) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.25 2.88 3.00 3.33 70.50 62.50

R2G1 28.33 (31.89) 33.33 (34.97) 23.33 (28.18) 25.00 (29.54) 13.33 (21.14) 11.67 (19.79) 3.55 3.37 3.50 3.83 77.67 88.83

R2G2 28.33 (32.00) 30.00 (32.90) 26.67 (30.89) 20.00 (26.07) 10.00 (16.72) 8.33 (15.36) 2.93 2.62 3.00 3.50 90.50 73.17

R3G1 50.00 (45.00) 53.33 (47.22) 43.33 (41.07) 45.00 (41.78) 28.33 (31.15) 33.33 (35.11) 5.45 5.38 6.17 6.00 283.83 259.33

R3G2 58.33 (49.85) 51.67 (45.96) 28.33 (32.00) 28.33 (32.00) 15.00 (22.50) 15.00 (22.50) 4.12 4.10 3.83 4.00 134.33 154.00

R4G1 51.67 (45.96) 48.33 (44.00) 30.00 (33.00) 31.67 (33.86) 20.00 (25.82) 23.33 (28.18) 4.82 4.80 5.50 5.50 272.17 256.67

R4G2 41.67 (40.15) 41.67 (40.15) 25.00 (29.89) 20.00 (26.32) 11.67 (19.79) 11.67 (19.79) 4.43 4.43 4.17 3.83 167.00 181.00

R5G1 43.33 (41.07) 43.33 (41.07) 26.67 (30.89) 31.67 (34.11) 18.33 (24.72) 21.67 (27.18) 5.00 4.98 4.50 4.33 230.50 221.67

R5G2 46.67 (43.08) 45.00 (42.07) 20.00 (26.32) 20.00 (26.32) 10.00 (16.72) 15.00 (22.50) 3.17 3.90 3.17 4.17 194.83 138.67

R6G1 41.67 (40.15) 41.67 (40.11) 21.67 (27.07) 16.67 (23.61) 15.00 (22.50) 15.00 (20.54) 4.45 4.40 4.00 4.33 151.00 202.17

R6G2 36.67 (37.18) 36.67 (37.04) 23.33 (28.78) 18.33 (24.96) 8.33 (15.36) 8.33 (15.36) 3.22 3.18 3.33 3.17 125.00 125.00

SE+ 1.93 3.11 2.74 3.12 2.37

CD0.05 3.88 NS 6.24 5.52 NS 6.15 NS NS NS NS NS 4.76


xxi

Appendix-XVIII

Effect of IBA and cutting portion interaction (RxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)

Treatments

(RxC)


(cm) Mean no. of roots

Mean root dry weight

(mg)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

R1C1 15.00 (22.50) 11.67 (19.79) 6.67 (12.29) 5.00 (9.22) 3.33 (6.14) 3.33 (6.14) 1.25 1.20 1.17 1.33 61.50 30.50

R1C2 25.00 (29.89) 16.67 (23.86) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 8.33 (15.36) 6.67 (12.29) 2.78 2.78 3.83 3.00 74.17 63.67

R2C1 21.67 (27.67) 21.67 (27.67) 18.33 (24.96) 15.00 (22.50) 8.33 (15.36) 8.33 (15.36) 2.70 2.83 2.83 3.17 80.00 77.50

R2C2 35.00 (36.22) 41.67 (40.19) 31.67 (34.11) 30.00 (33.11) 15.00 (22.50) 11.67 (19.79) 3.78 3.15 3.67 4.17 88.17 84.50

R3C1 40.00 (38.96) 36.67 (37.04) 28.33 (32.00) 26.67 (30.89) 13.33 (21.14) 20.00 (26.07) 3.58 3.47 4.00 4.00 121.33 113.17

R3C2 68.33 (55.89) 68.33 (56.14) 43.33 (41.07) 46.67 (42.89) 30.00 (32.50) 28.33 (31.54) 5.98 6.02 6.00 6.00 296.83 300.17

R4C1 40.00 (39.19) 35.00 (36.22) 23.33 (28.78) 18.33 (25.21) 10.00 (18.43) 11.67 (19.79) 3.77 3.67 4.67 4.50 172.50 156.83

R4C2 53.33 (46.92) 55.00 (47.93) 31.67 (34.11) 33.33 (34.97) 21.67 (27.18) 23.33 (28.18) 5.48 5.57 5.00 4.83 266.67 280.83

R5C1 36.67 (37.22) 36.67 (37.18) 21.67 (27.43) 21.67 (27.43) 8.33 (15.36) 13.33 (21.14) 3.25 4.05 2.83 3.67 160.33 125.67

R5C2 53.33 (46.92) 51.67 (45.96) 25.00(29.78) 30.00 (33.00) 20.00 (26.07) 23.33 (28.53) 4.92 4.83 4.83 4.83 265.00 234.67

R6C1 33.33 (35.22) 30.00 (33.11) 18.33 (24.96) 11.67 (19.79) 8.33 (15.36) 6.67 (12.29) 3.10 3.05 3.00 3.17 124.83 121.00

R6C2 45.00 (42.12) 48.33 (44.04) 26.67 (30.89) 23.33 (28.78) 15.00 (22.50) 16.67 (23.61) 4.57 4.53 4.33 4.33 151.17 206.17

SE+ 1.93 1.94 3.11 2.74 7.75 2.37

CD0.05 3.88 3.91 6.24 5.52 NS NS NS NS NS NS 15.58 4.76


xxii

Appendix-XIX

Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)

Treatments(

GxC)

Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root

length(cm) Mean no. of roots


(mg)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

G1 C1 29.44 (32.50) 26.67 (30.64) 19.44 (24.93) 17.22 (23.49) 9.44 (16.84) 11.67 (17.34) 3.09 2.87 3.39 3.39 114.72 97.39

G1C2 49.44 (44.67) 51.11 (45.52) 31.67 (33.60) 35.56 (35.93) 23.89 (28.01) 24.44 (28.31) 5.26 5.14 5.17 4.94 245.39 256.06

G2 C1 32.78 (34.42) 30.56 (33.03) 19.44 (25.21) 15.56 (21.52) 7.78 (13.77) 9.44 (16.27) 2.79 3.22 2.78 3.22 125.44 110.83

G2C2 43.89 (41.32) 42.78(40.51) 25.56 (30.11) 22.22 (27.79) 12.78 (20.69) 12.22 (19.67) 3.91 3.82 4.06 4.11 135.28 133.94

SE+ 1.11 1.12 1.58 2.04 0.37 0.31 0.40 4.47 1.37

CD0.05 2.24 2.26 NS 3.18 NS 4.10 0.74 0.62 0.80 NS 8.99 2.75


xxiii

Appendix-XX

Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion (RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior during spring season (February-April)

Treatments

(RxGxC)

Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length (cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight

(mg)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

R1G1C1 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.33 (6.14) 3.33 (6.14) 0.00 (0.00) 1.23 0.00 1.00 0.00 60.00 0.00

R1G1C2 26.67 (31.00) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.33 2.20 3.00 2.00 70.33 63.33

R1G2C1 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 3.33 (6.14) 6.67 (12.29) 1.27 2.40 1.33 2.67 63.00 61.00

R1G2C2 23.33 (28.78) 16.67(23.86) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.23 3.37 4.67 4.00 78.00 64.00

R2G1C1 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 3.13 3.27 3.33 3.67 78.67 86.00

R2G1C2 36.67 (37.22) 43.33 (41.15) 33.33 (35.22) 33.33 (35.22) 16.67 (23.86) 13.33 (21.14) 3.97 3.47 3.67 4.00 76.67 91.67

R2G2C1 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.27 2.40 2.33 2.67 81.33 69.00

R2G2C2 33.33 (35.22) 40.00 (39.23) 30.00 (33.00) 26.67 (31.00) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.60 2.83 3.67 4.33 99.67 77.33

R3G1C1 26.67 (31.00) 26.67 (31.00) 33.33 (35.22) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 26.67 (31.00) 3.10 3.03 4.33 4.67 127.00 99.00

R3G1C2 73.33 (59.00) 80.00 (63.43) 53.33 (46.92) 66.67 (54.78) 43.33 (41.15) 40.00 (39.23) 7.80 7.73 8.00 7.33 440.67 419.67

R3G2C1 53.33 (46.92) 46.67 (43.08) 23.33 (28.78) 30.00 (33.00) 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 4.07 3.90 3.67 3.33 115.67 127.33

R3G2C2 63.33 (52.78) 56.67 (48.85) 33.33 (35.22) 26.67(31.00) 16.67 (23.86) 16.67 (23.86) 4.17 4.30 4.00 4.67 153.00 180.67

R4G1C1 43.33 (41.15) 33.33 (35.22) 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 10.00 (18.43) 13.33 (21.14) 3.37 3.17 4.67 4.67 157.33 140.67

R4G1C2 60.00 (50.77) 63.33 (52.78) 36.67 (37.22) 43.33 (41.15) 30.00 (33.21) 33.33 (35.22) 6.27 6.43 6.33 6.33 387.00 372.67

R4G2C1 36.67 (37.22) 36.67 (37.22) 23.33 (28.78) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 4.17 4.17 4.67 4.33 187.67 173.00

R4G2C2 46.67 (43.08) 46.67 (43.08) 26.67 (31.00) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 4.70 4.70 3.67 3.33 146.33 189.00

R5G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 33.33 (35.22) 23.33 (28.78) 26.67 (31.00) 10.00 (18.43) 13.33 (21.14) 4.00 4.00 3.33 3.33 133.00 134.00

R5G1C2 53.33 (46.92) 53.33 (46.92) 30.00 (33.00) 36.67 (37.22) 26.67 (31.00) 30.00 (33.21) 6.00 5.97 5.67 5.33 328.00 309.33

R5G2C1 40.00(39.23) 40.00 (39.15) 20.00 (26.07) 16.67 (23.86) 6.67 (12.29) 13.33 (21.14) 2.50 4.10 2.33 4.00 187.67 117.33

R5G2C2 53.33 (46.92) 50.00 (45.00) 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 16.67 (23.86) 3.83 3.70 4.00 4.33 202.00 160.00

R6G1C1 36.67 (37.22) 33.33 (35.22) 16.67 (23.36) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.70 3.73 3.67 4.00 132.33 124.67

R6G1C2 46.67 (43.08) 50.00 (45.00) 26.67 (30.79) 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 5.20 5.07 4.33 4.67 169.67 279.67

R6G2C1 30.00 (33.21) 26.67 (31.00) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.50 2.37 2.33 2.33 117.33 117.33

R6G2C2 43.33 (41.15) 46.67(43.08) 26.67 (31.00) 23.33(28.78) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 3.93 4.00 4.33 4.00 132.67 132.67

SE+ 2.73 2.75 3.88 10.96 3.35

CD0.05 5.48 5.53 NS 7.80 NS NS NS NS NS NS 22.03 6.73


xxiv

Appendix-XXI

Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season

Treatments Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%)

Mean root length



(mg)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

IBA formulation

R1

11.67

(19.79)

13.33

(21.14) 10.00 (16.72) 10.83 (17.39) 1.67 (3.07) 4.17 (7.68) 0.58 1.46 0.67 1.83 13.42 35.83

R2

28.33

(31.89)

28.33

(31.89) 24.17 (28.98) 20.00 (25.84) 8.33 (14.50) 5.83 (10.75) 2.69 2.06 3.00 2.50 60.50 46.83

R3

49.17

(44.35)

45.00

(41.98) 34.17 (35.53) 32.50 (34.35) 21.67 (26.82) 15.00 (21.27) 4.96 4.58 5.25 4.92 228.58 230.25

R4

40.00

(39.15)

35.00

(36.15) 28.33 (31.95) 29.17 (32.16) 15.83 (22.81) 15.00 (22.38) 4.58 4.95 4.83 4.75 220.00 215.25

R5

40.00

(39.13)

37.50

(37.52) 24.17 (29.16) 26.67 (30.64) 14.17 (20.72) 10.83 (17.39) 4.12 3.98 4.00 3.50 195.58 171.83

R6

39.17

(38.59)

34.17

(35.50) 22.50 (27.93) 19.17 (25.34) 11.67 (18.93) 7.50 (12.97) 3.81 2.93 3.58 2.75 158.75 130.42

SE+ 1.18 1.10 2.07 1.88 2.24 3.31 0.39 0.65 0.47 0.76 9.01 -

CD0.05 2.38 2.21 4.16 3.78 4.51 6.65 0.79 1.31 0.95 1.52 18.11 NS

Girdling

G1

35.56

(35.96)

32.22

(33.99) 25.83 (29.45) 27.78 (22.26) 15.00 (19.64) 11.67 (11.49) 3.85 2.35 3.72 3.72 169.75 166.64

G2

33.89

(35.01)

32.22

(34.07) 21.94 (27.31) 18.33 (32.99) 9.44 (15.98) 7.78 (19.32) 3.07 4.29 3.39 3.03 122.53 110.17

SE+ - - - 1.08 1.29 - 0.23 0.38 5.20 10.70

CD0.05 NS NS NS 2.18 2.60 NS 0.46 0.76 NS NS 10.46 21.52

Cutting portion

C1

27.22

(30.91)

24.44

(29.18) 18.89 (24.72) 15.56 (30.57) 7.50 (13.25) 6.39 (17.05) 2.63 3.71 2.86 2.56 84.39 75.50

C2

42.22

(40.06)

40.00

(38.88) 28.89 (32.04) 30.56 (24.68) 16.94 (22.36) 13.06 (13.77) 4.28 2.93 4.25 4.19 207.89 201.31

SE+ 0.68 0.64 - 1.08 1.29 1.91 0.23 0.38 0.27 0.44 5.20 10.70

CD0.05 1.37 1.28 NS 2.18 2.60 3.84 0.46 0.76 0.55 0.88 10.46 21.52


xxv

Appendix-XXII

Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season values

Treatments

(RxG)



2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

R1G1 11.67 (19.79) 11.67 (18.43) 8.33 (12.29) 10.00 (16.72) 0.00 (0.00) 5.00 (6.14) 0.00 1.73 0.00 2.17 0.00 42.67

R1G2 11.67 (19.79) 15.00 (23.86) 11.67 (21.14) 11.67 (18.07) 3.33 (6.14) 3.33 (9.22) 1.17 1.18 1.33 1.50 26.83 29.00

R2G1 30.00 (32.90) 28.33 (26.57) 23.33 (23.86) 23.33 (27.83) 8.33 (9.22) 6.67 (6.14) 2.42 2.38 2.83 2.83 55.17 55.17

R2G2 26.67 (30.89) 28.33 (37.22) 25.00 (34.11) 16.67 (23.86) 8.33 (19.79) 5.00 (15.36) 2.97 1.73 3.17 2.17 65.83 38.50

R3G1 45.00 (41.78) 43.33 (36.07) 41.67 (31.00) 41.67 (39.92) 28.33 (21.14) 18.33 (15.36) 5.87 4.93 5.67 5.17 243.33 251.00

R3G2 53.33 (46.92) 46.67 (47.88) 26.67 (40.07) 23.33 (28.78) 15.00 (32.50) 11.67 (27.18) 4.05 4.22 4.83 4.67 213.83 209.50

R4G1 41.67 (40.11) 38.33 (33.11) 31.67 (28.78) 35.00 (35.78) 20.00 (18.43) 18.33 (19.79) 5.27 5.35 5.33 5.33 270.00 263.50

R4G2 38.33 (38.19) 31.67 (39.19) 25.00 (35.11) 23.33 (28.53) 11.67 (27.18) 11.67 (24.96) 3.90 4.55 4.33 4.17 170.00 167.00

R5G1 41.67 (40.07) 38.33 (31.00) 28.33 (27.43) 33.33 (34.97) 18.33 (15.36) 13.33 (12.29) 5.05 4.48 4.50 3.83 237.17 211.67

R5G2 38.33 (38.19) 36.67 (44.04) 20.00 (30.89) 20.00 (26.32) 10.00 (26.07) 8.33 (22.50) 3.18 3.47 3.50 3.17 154.00 132.00

R6G1 43.33 (41.11) 33.33 (29.89) 21.67 (24.96) 23.33 (28.18) 15.00 (15.36) 8.33 (9.22) 4.48 3.40 4.00 3.00 212.83 175.83

R6G2 35.00 (36.07) 35.00 (41.11) 23.33 (30.89) 15.00 (22.50) 8.33 (22.50) 6.67 (16.72) 3.13 2.45 3.17 2.50 104.67 85.00

SE+ 1.67 - 2.92 2.66 3.17 - 0.56 - - - 12.74 26.22

CD0.05 3.36 NS 5.88 5.34 6.38 NS 1.12 NS NS NS 25.61 52.71

Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed

xxvi

Appendix-XXIII

Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cutting portion (RxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season

Treatments

(RxC)




(mg)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

R1C1 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (19.79) 6.67 (15.36) 6.67 (12.29) 0.00 (0.00) 3.33 (9.22) 0.00 1.15 0.00 1.50 0.00 28.50

R1C2 13.33 (21.14) 16.67 (22.50) 13.33 (18.07) 15.00 (22.50) 3.33 (6.14) 5.00 (6.14) 1.17 1.77 1.33 2.17 26.83 43.17

R2C1 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (31.89) 16.67 (28.18) 11.67 (19.79) 5.00 (13.64) 3.33 (12.29) 1.78 1.18 2.17 1.67 41.50 28.50

R2C2 36.67 (37.22) 36.67 (31.89) 31.67 (29.78) 28.33 (31.89) 11.67 (15.36) 8.33 (9.22) 3.60 2.93 3.83 3.33 79.50 65.17

R3C1 36.67 (36.89) 35.00 (40.88) 26.67 (40.07) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (31.15) 8.33 (22.75) 4.20 3.22 4.50 3.67 111.17 120.33

R3C2 61.67 (51.81) 55.00 (43.08) 41.67 (31.00) 41.67 (39.92) 30.00 (22.50) 21.67 (19.79) 5.72 5.93 6.00 6.17 346.00 340.17

R4C1 33.33 (35.22) 30.00 (38.19) 23.33 (34.01) 18.33 (25.21) 10.00 (25.82) 11.67 (24.96) 3.57 3.97 4.50 4.17 136.83 132.17

R4C2 46.67 (43.08) 40.00 (34.11) 33.33 (29.89) 40.00 (39.11) 21.67 (19.79) 18.33 (19.79) 5.60 5.93 5.17 5.33 303.17 298.33

R5C1 31.67 (34.21) 26.67 (38.00) 21.67 (32.00) 20.00 (26.32) 8.33 (24.72) 6.67 (19.43) 3.20 2.58 3.17 2.33 123.33 81.83

R5C2 48.33 (44.04) 48.33 (37.04) 26.67 (26.32) 33.33 (34.97) 20.00 (16.72) 15.00 (15.36) 5.03 5.37 4.83 4.67 267.83 261.83

R6C1 31.67 (34.11) 25.00 (35.22) 18.33 (27.07) 13.33 (21.14) 8.33 (22.50) 5.00 (13.64) 3.03 2.02 2.83 2.00 93.50 61.67

R6C2 46.67 (43.08) 43.33 (35.78) 26.67 (28.78) 25.00 (29.54) 15.00 (15.36) 10.00 (12.29) 4.58 3.83 4.33 3.50 224.00 199.17

SE+ 1.67 1.56 - - - - - - - - 12.74 26.22

CD0.05 3.36 3.13 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 25.61 52.71


xxvii

Appendix-XXIV

Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season

Treatments(Gx

C)

Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root

length(cm) Mean no. of roots


(mg)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

G1 C1 25.56 (29.91) 24.44 (29.24) 18.89 (24.59) 16.67 (23.04) 7.78 (13.77) 6.11 (10.69) 2.83 2.18 2.94 2.39 81.00 68.22

G1C2 45.56 (42.01) 40.00 (38.75) 32.78 (34.30) 38.89 (38.10) 22.22 (25.51) 17.22 (23.40) 4.87 5.25 4.50 5.06 258.50 265.06

G2 C1 28.89 (31.91) 24.44 (29.12) 18.89 (24.84) 14.44 (21.48) 7.22 (12.74) 6.67 (12.29) 2.43 2.53 2.78 2.72 87.78 82.78

G2C2 38.89 (38.11) 40.00 (39.02) 25.00 (29.77) 22.22 (27.88) 11.67 (19.22) 8.89 (15.24) 3.70 3.34 4.00 3.33 157.28 137.56

SE+ 0.97 - - 1.53 1.83 2.70 - 0.53 - 0.62 7.35 15.14

CD0.05 1.94 NS NS 3.08 3.68 5.43 NS 1.07 NS 1.24 14.79 30.43


xxviii

Appendix-XXV

Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion (RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season

Treatments

(RxGxC)

Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length (cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight

(mg)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

R1G1C1 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 0.00 (0.00) 3.33 (6.14) 0.00 1.17 0.00 1.67 0.00 28.00

R1G1C2 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 13.33 (21.14) 0.00 (0.00) 6.67 (12.29) 0.00 2.30 0.00 2.67 0.00 57.33

R1G2C1 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 0.00 (0.00) 3.33 (6.14) 0.00 1.13 0.00 1.33 0.00 29.00

R1G2C2 13.33 (21.14) 20.00 (26.57) 16.67 (23.86) 16.67 (23.86) 6.67 (12.29) 3.33 (6.14) 2.33 1.23 2.67 1.67 53.67 29.00

R2G1C1 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.33 (6.14) 3.33 (6.14) 1.20 1.20 1.67 1.67 28.00 28.00

R2G1C2 40.00 (39.23) 36.67 (37.22) 33.33 (35.22) 36.67 (37.22) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.63 3.57 4.00 4.00 82.33 82.33

R2G2C1 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 3.33 (6.14) 2.37 1.17 2.67 1.67 55.00 29.00

R2G2C2 33.33 (35.22) 36.67 (37.22) 30.00 (33.00) 20.00 (26.57) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.57 2.30 3.67 2.67 76.67 48.00

R3G1C1 23.33 (28.78) 26.67 (31.00) 30.00 (33.21) 26.67 (31.00) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 4.37 2.37 4.33 3.00 75.00 95.00

R3G1C2 66.67 (54.78) 60.00 (50.77) 53.33 (46.92) 56.67 (48.85) 43.33 (41.15) 30.00 (33.21) 7.37 7.50 7.00 7.33 411.67 407.00

R3G2C1 50.00 (45.00) 43.33 (41.15) 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 4.03 4.07 4.67 4.33 147.33 145.67

R3G2C2 56.67 (48.85) 50.00 (45.00) 30.00 (33.21) 26.67 (31.00) 16.67 (23.86) 13.33 (21.14) 4.07 4.37 5.00 5.00 280.33 273.33

R4G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 33.33 (35.22) 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 10.00 (18.43) 13.33 (21.14) 3.70 3.93 4.67 4.33 143.33 136.00

R4G1C2 50.00 (45.00) 43.33 (41.15) 40.00 (39.23) 50.00 (45.00) 30.00 (33.21) 23.33 (28.78) 6.83 6.77 6.00 6.33 396.67 391.00

R4G2C1 33.33 (35.22) 26.67 (31.00) 23.33 (28.78) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 3.43 4.00 4.33 4.00 130.33 128.33

R4G2C2 43.33 (41.15) 36.67 (37.22) 26.67 (31.00) 30.00 (33.21) 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 4.37 5.10 4.33 4.33 209.67 205.67

R5G1C1 30.00 (33.21) 26.67 (31.00) 23.33 (28.78) 23.33 (28.78) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 4.00 2.77 3.67 2.33 129.33 80.67

R5G1C2 53.33 (46.92) 50.00 (45.00) 33.33 (35.22) 43.33 (41.15) 26.67 (31.00) 20.00 (26.57) 6.10 6.20 5.33 5.33 345.00 342.67

R5G2C1 33.33 (35.22) 26.67 (31.00) 20.00 (26.07) 16.67 (23.86) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.40 2.40 2.67 2.33 117.33 83.00

R5G2C2 43.33 (41.15) 46.67 (43.08) 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.97 4.53 4.33 4.00 190.67 181.00

R6G1C1 36.67 (37.22) 30.00 (33.21) 16.67 (23.36) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.33 (6.14) 3.70 1.63 3.33 1.33 110.33 41.67

R6G1C2 50.00 (45.00) 36.67 (37.22) 26.67 (30.79) 33.33 (35.22) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 5.27 5.17 4.67 4.67 315.33 310.00

R6G2C1 26.67 (31.00) 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.37 2.40 2.33 2.67 76.67 81.67

R6G2C2 43.33 (41.15) 50.00 (45.00) 26.67 (31.00) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.90 2.50 4.00 2.33 132.67 88.33

SE+ 2.37 2.20 - - 4.49 - 0.79 - - - 18.02 37.08

CD0.05 4.76 4.43 NS NS 9.02 NS 1.59 NS NS NS 36.22 74.55


xxix

Appendix- XXVI

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Tables for Pooled data of different germinablity as influenced by the stratification treatments

Source of variation

Mean Sum of Squares (MSS)

Degree of

freedom

Germination

(%)

Germination

capacity(%)

Germination

energy (%)

Germination

speed

Peak

value

Mean daily

germination

Germination

value

Germination

index

Stratification period (P) 4 7589.69 502.00 4789.27 3.21 0.75 16.79 24.44 3.12

Stratification temperature (T) 3 2527.29 107.19 1245.49 0.61 0.24 7.04 9.78 1.31

Gibberellic acid (G) 2 2042.88 129.41 1241.70 0.49 0.31 5.08 7.87 0.94

PxT 12 199.89 43.72 106.66 0.10 0.07 0.68 0.98 0.13

PxG 8 38.97 35.04 34.20 0.06 0.03 0.24 0.42 0.05

TxG 6 116.86 35.80 86.55 0.13 0.02 0.40 0.51 0.07

PxTxG 24 38.34 34.05 54.61 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.02

Error 11.79 1.10 19.35 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00

Total 59

xxx

Appendix- XXVII

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Tables for Pooled data of different germinablity as influenced by the stratification treatments

Source of variation


Degree of

freedom

Germination

(%)

Seedlings

height (cm)

Collar

diameter

(mm)

Root

length

(cm)

Root

number

Dry shoot

weight (g)

Total dry

weight (g)

Total dry

weight (g)

Root:

shoot

ratio

Dickson

Quality

Index

Stratification medium (M) 3 42.49 1.98 1.18 3.50 8.69 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.06 0.20

Stratification temperature

(C) 6 7042.38 384.35 52.24 1150.58 1156.81 1.10 4.40 4.40 2.87 0.29

Gibberellic acid (G) 2 962.60 93.81 5.80 193.52 188.47 0.94 3.86 3.86 0.73 0.73

MxC 18 597.00 1.82 1.70 17.44 12.58 0.25 0.49 0.49 0.11 0.27

MxG 6 264.36 38.43 2.83 83.80 73.53 0.17 0.51 0.51 0.38 0.13

CxG 12 64.13 0.26 0.41 0.89 1.43 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.01 0.05

MxCxG 36 27.80 2.68 0.62 7.57 8.73 0.09 0.19 0.19 0.02 0.09

Error 15.82 1.32 0.73 5.69 7.21 0.12 0.25 0.25 0.05 0.14

Total 83

xxxi

Appendix- XXVIII

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables for pooled data of different bio-chemical changes in hazelnut as influenced by the stratification treatments

Source of variation


Degree of

freedom

Moisture content

(%)

Reducing sugar

(mg/g)

Non-reducing

sugar (mg/g)

Total sugar

(mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)

Stratification periods (P) 4 0.42 244.15 107.79 668.69 45.66 0.13

Stratification temperature (T) 3 1.31 235.27 100.16 659.96 1.15 0.09

PxT 12 0.28 55.17 19.86 145.55 0.20 0.02

Error 40 0.01 1.57 1.87 0.10 0.05 0.00

Total 59

Appendix- XXIX

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables for pooled data of different bio-chemical changes in hazelnut as influenced by the stratification treatments

Source of variation


Degree of freedom Moisture content (%)

Reducing sugar

(mg/g)

Non-reducing

sugar (mg/g)

Total sugar

(mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)

Replication 2

Stratification periods (P) 2 1.11 416.80 286.60 1394.66 53.25 12.58

Stratification temperature (T) 5 0.07 65.97 45.41 220.83 7.54 2.04

PxT 10 0.03 33.82 23.26 113.17 1.84 0.53

Error 34 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 53

xxxii

Appendix- XXX

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables for pooled data of sprouting and rooting behavior of hazel cuttings as influenced by different treatments during

spring season (February-April)

Source of variation


Degree of

freedom Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%)

Mean root length


IBA formulation (R) 5 745.45 149.09 383.19 11.13 11.13 56099.97

Girdling (G) 1 45.90 45.90 477.89 8.34 8.34 48698.00

Cutting portion (C) 1 1782.73 1782.73 1154.84 34.03 34.03 116845.84

RxG 5 9.37 1.87 73.61 5.11 5.11 8812.69

RxC 5 27.14 5.43 3.32 1.42 1.42 12543.74

GxC 1 247.98 247.98 162.26 1.53 1.53 73952.17

RxGxC 5 101.97 20.39 22.67 2.21 2.21 9985.22

Error 48 6.63 0.14 23.07 0.82 0.82 55.85

Total 71

xxxiii

Appendix- XXXI

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables for pooled data of sprouting and rooting behavior of hazel cuttings as influenced by different treatments during

spring monsoon season (July-August)

Source of variation


Degree of

freedom Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%)

Mean root length


IBA formulation (R) 5 740.37 424.30 499.15 26.07 23.92 88047.12

Girdling (G) 1 3.12 254.72 221.23 10.97 4.75 48386.42

Cutting portion (C) 1 1600.56 1402.18 1179.31 58.14 41.25 279689.67

RxG 5 18.82 68.76 35.26 1.57 0.79 6819.46

RxC 5 32.96 11.10 18.56 0.74 0.67 19317.01

GxC 1 33.56 230.83 229.46 10.35 6.42 70343.75

RxGxC 5 63.63 15.87 26.47 1.66 1.30 6253.13

Error 48 4.60 14.27 30.27 1.11 1.58 704.71

Total 71

Bio-data

Name Dinesh GuptaFather’s name Sh. M L GuptaMother’s Name Smt. Chandni GuptaDate of birth 29/10/1979Permanent Address V.P.O Haripur, Teh. Manali, Distt. Kullu (H.P). Pin 175136

Academic qualification

Certificate/Degree Year School Board/University Marks(%)

Division

10th Class 1997TrinitySchool,Kullu

I.C.S.E. Board70.00% First

12th Class 1999GSSS(Boys),Kullu

H.P. Board ofSchool Education 60.00% First

B.Sc. Forestry 2004

- Dr Y.S. ParmarUniversity ofHorticulture andForestry, Solan(H.P.) 173 230

66.90% First

M.Sc. Forestry2007

- Dr Y.S. ParmarUniversity ofHorticulture andForestry, Solan(H.P.) 173 230

76.80% First

Title of the Thesis in M.Sc. : Regeneration status and growth distribution of silver fir andspruce forests.

Fellowship/Scholarship/GoldMedals/Awards/Any otherDistinction

: Ph.D – Merit Scholarship

Publications : 2Research papers (inpeeredjournals)

: NA

Scientific Popular Articles : NAOthers : NAVisited abroad alongwith durationand purpose of visit

: NA

(Dinesh Gupta)

doctor of philosophy [forestry] silviculture...hazelnut bearing stand at different ranges/forest...

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