UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA

ODDELEK ZA ANGLISTIKO IN AMERIKANISTIKO

EDITA FIDLER

Animal Welfare and Protection English-Slovene Glossary

Dobrobit in zaščita živali Angleško-slovenski glosar

Diplomsko delo

Mentor: prof. dr. Rastislav Šuštaršič Somentor: prof. dr. Dušan Gabrovšek

Študijski program: Angleški jezik in književnost Španski jezik in književnost

Ljubljana, 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstracts.............................................................................................................4

Povzetek .............................................................................................................5

Introduction .........................................................................................................6 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

SECTION I Theory

1. Terminology and Terminography ....................................................................7

2. Lexicology, Lexicography and Specialized Lexicography ...............................8 2.1. Basic Concepts in Lexicography ............................................................10 2.2. LGP and LSP .........................................................................................11

3. Terminography versus Specialized Lexicography.........................................11

4. Compiling a Glossary....................................................................................12 4.1. User Profile.............................................................................................12 4.2. Dictionary's Functions ............................................................................13

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

SECTION II Glossary

Glossary of Animal Welfare and Protection – Theoretical Considerations ........15

1. Theoretical considerations ............................................................................15 1.1. User Profile.............................................................................................16 1.2. Animal Welfare and Protection ...............................................................17 1.3. Speciesism in Language ........................................................................21 1.4. Common Misuse of Certain Animal-protection Terms ............................23

2. Planning a Glossary......................................................................................25 2.1. Systematic Classification of Lemmata....................................................25 2.2. Material for the Glossary ........................................................................25 2.3. Lemma Selection....................................................................................26 2.4. Equivalent Selection...............................................................................27 2.5. Linguistic and Encyclopedic Information.................................................27 2.6. Sample Glossary Entry...........................................................................29

3. English-Slovene Glossary.............................................................................30

4. Slovene-English Word List ............................................................................57

5. Analysis ........................................................................................................64

Conclusions ......................................................................................................66

Bibliography ......................................................................................................67

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Zahvala

Spomladi leta 2012 končno zaključujem svojo drugo študijsko smer in s tem še drugo diplomsko delo. Ob tem čutim zadovoljstvo, ponos, malo negotovosti, predvsem pa veliko mero hvaležnosti do vseh, ki so mi v letih študija tako ali drugače stali ob strani.

Iskrena zahvala gre mojima mentorjema, ki sta bila zelo velikodušna s svojim znanjem in izkušnjami, predvsem pa potrpežljiva, kar res cenim.

Iz srca se zahvaljujem svoji družini, ker kljub mojim nešteto dejavnostim ni obupala nad mojo drugo diplomo, je bo pa zato toliko bolj vesela!

Hvala vsem prijateljicam in prijateljem, brez katerih morda ne bi prišla tako daleč, če pa bi, pa pot gotovo ne bi bila tako prijetna in poučna.

Ne smem pozabiti na izjemno prijaznost članov skupine Veganska iniciativa, ki so dokazali, da jim boj za boljšo prihodnost nečloveških živali res pomeni vse in so mi zato tudi takoj priskočili na pomoč pri ustvarjanju tega glosarja.

We are all Earthlings. Make the connection.

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ANIMAL WELFARE AND PROTECTION: English-Slovene Glossary

Abstracts

The thesis focuses on compiling an English-Slovene glossary of animal welfare

and protection-related expressions. The glossary provides Slovene equivalents

to English terms plus their definitions in English. It is bidirectional, thus the

English-Slovene word list is followed by a reverse word list, which makes the

glossary multifunctional. An emphasis is given to the problems of speciesism in

language and to their possible solutions. The glossary also features a brief

review of the history and development of the concept of animal rights as well.

The central section of the thesis is the glossary. However, it is preceded by a

theoretical section, in which the basics of lexicology, lexicography,

terminography and specialized lexicography are explained. These theoretical

observations facilitate the understanding of the glossary and the process of its

compilation.

KEY WORDS:

English-Slovene glossary, animal welfare, animal protection, speciesism in

language, specialized lexicography

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Povzetek

Osrednji del diplomskega dela predstavlja angleško-slovenski glosar, ki

vključuje izraze s področja dobrobiti in zaščite živali. Glosar vsebuje slovenske

ustreznice angleških izrazov, poleg tega pa tudi razlago vseh izrazov v

angleščini. Glosar je dvosmerni, saj je angleško-slovenski seznam besed

dopolnjen še z obratnim, slovensko-angleškim seznamom, kar glosarju zviša

uporabno vrednost. Poseben poudarek je namenjen problematiki

takoimenovanega 'speciesizma' v jeziku in tudi možnosti odprave s tem

povezanih problemov. V okviru glosarja sta na kratko predstavljena tudi

zgodovina in razvoj pojmovanja pravic živali.

Čeprav glavni del diplomskega dela predstavlja glosar, je le-temu v začetnem,

teoretičnem delu dodana razlaga osnovnih pojmov s področja leksikologije,

leksikografije, terminografije in strokovne leksikografije. Te teoretične osnove

olajšajo razumevanje glosarja in proces njegovega nastajanja.

KLJUČNE BESEDE:

angleško-slovenski glosar, dobrobit živali, zaščita živali, speciesizem v jeziku,

strokovna leksikografija

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Introduction

Collins English Dictionary (2007) defines glossary as "an alphabetical list of

terms peculiar to a field of knowledge with definitions or explanations". This is

what I will strive to create in the present thesis. I will compose a glossary of

terms related to animal welfare and protection. However, it will not be a mere

list of terms and their corresponding definitions, which in my case will both be

provided in English, because the glossary will be bilingual. Thus original English

entry words will be given corresponding Slovene equivalents, because my

intention is to make this practical work useful to Slovene users, regardless of

whether they are only interested in this subject field and just want to solve any

vocabulary-related problems, or whether they are translators who seek for an

accurate Slovene term when translating animal protection texts from English.

For greater usefulness, a reverse Slovene-English word list will be added, as

well as a contemporary animalist and abolitionist view of the topic that the

glossary covers.

As to the structure of the thesis, the first section will present theoretical

concepts and definitions, necessary for understanding of the basics of the

lexicographical work I am undertaking. After the theoretical part the central,

practical part of the thesis will follow, that is the glossary and all its preliminary

commentaries that describe the user profile, purpose, and thematic field of the

glossary, as well as the process of compiling it.

My selection of the theme for the glossary was based on the fact that Slovene is

a minor language and that therefore it often lacks adequate expressions in

fields that are well developed abroad but still in their early stages in Slovenia.

The field of animal welfare and protection is also such, therefore I believe I can

make a noticeable contribution to the development of the animal rights

movement in Slovenia by collecting a considerable number of animal rights-

related terms in English and by finding their corresponding Slovene equivalents.

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SECTION I Theory

1. Terminology and Terminography

Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies says of terminology that it is

"concerned with the naming of concepts in specialized domains of knowledge"

(286), though it does not provide an answer to the question whether it is a

discipline in its own right or not. In fact this is not really vital regarding the

purpose of the present thesis, but the theorists agree that it deals with the

creation, collection, explanation and presentation of terms. Apart from being

one, terminology also has very close ties to other areas of applied linguistics,

such as specialized translation, especially because one of the most widely

practiced applications of terminology is in the domain of translation (ibid. 286).

To understand terminology it is important to understand three key notions

associated with it: these are concept, definition and term. These three elements

provide the foundation for a theory of terminology. Concepts are "units of

thought that are used to organize our knowledge of the world around us" (ibid.

287). We understand concepts in relation to other concepts, because they form

a structured system. Every concept needs a definition, and the definition is a

bridge between the concept and the term that designates it. Its terminological

definition has to be detailed enough so that it differentiates the concept and its

corresponding term from other concept-term units. And finally, terms are the

linguistic designations assigned to concepts. Terminology deals with different

specialized domains of knowledge, so terms are used to refer to concepts that

constitute knowledge in a particular domain. In an ideal system each term

should be designated to a clearly defined concept and the chosen term should

represent the concept effectively (ibid. 286).

There are various theoretical approaches to terminology, but for the sake of the

work I am planning to do it is more important to present the objectives of

terminology than its theoretical branches. The primary objective of terminology

is standardization, which usually involves selecting one term from many

competing terms and consists of two steps: first, the concept is fixed and then

its designation becomes standardized. The criteria for preferring one term to

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another are usually economy, transparency and appropriateness of a certain

term, and terminology itself also strives for precisely defined concept-term units,

devoid of ambiguity (ibid. 287).

In terminology, theory and application are strongly related; moreover,

terminology is important especially for its applications. Another name for applied

terminology is terminography, sometimes also referred to as terminology work,

and it is "a group of practices concerned with the collection, description,

processing and presentation of concepts and terms in a specialized field" (ibid.

288). Terminologists are usually those who do systematic research of a domain

in order to compile bi- or multilingual resources, such as glossaries. Sometimes

translators themselves undertake some terminographic activity, especially when

they encounter a particular terminological problem when translating (ibid. 288).

To create a glossary, terminographers must first create a specialized corpus,

that is a collection of texts that meet certain criteria, for example topic, period,

language, etc. Once a corpus is established, a list of candidate terms taken

from the texts in the corpus has to be made and arranged, usually

alphabetically. When this terminological research is completed, the information

has to be presented in a form that is accessible and handy for the users. Such

gathered information is nowadays often provided in electronic form (i.e. in term

banks), though it is still possible to prepare printed glossaries. Recently,

electronic term banks have become strongly preferred to printed glossaries,

because they are more dynamic and can be more frequently updated. However,

since specialized subject fields are constantly expanding and evolving, it is

practically impossible for any term bank to guarantee exhaustive up-to-date

coverage of the language used to describe these fields (ibid. 289).

2. Lexicology, Lexicography and Specialized Lexicography

When defining the terms lexicology and lexicography, it is enough to look them

up in various dictionaries and the difference between them is immediately

evident. Collins English Dictionary, for example, provides the following concise

definitions: lexicology is "the study of the overall structure and history of the

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vocabulary of a language" and lexicography is "the process or profession of

writing or compiling dictionaries". It is not very difficult to see that the

relationship between lexicology and lexicography is analogous to that between

terminology and terminography; thus, lexicography could also be called applied

lexicology. Bergenholtz and Tarp define lexicography simply as "the compilation

of dictionaries" (30) and they state that only in recent years scholarly

contributions in the field of lexicography have increased, but they remain

skeptical whether they are relevant to lexicographers and of any practical value,

because their level of abstraction is usually very high (ibid. 30).

In addition to the general lexicographical theory and practice there is also

specialized lexicography. Specialized lexicography describes existing terms,

suggests a preferences for specific terms, standardizes lexicographical

definitions and proposes new terms, all this according to the terminology of a

specific subject field. According to Bergenholtz and Kaufmann this description

could be easily given to terminography as well, so I will briefly return to the

question of synonymy between terminography and specialized lexicography in

Chapter 3 (91).

In the context of the thesis, lexicography, which in fact will be specialized

lexicography, will be my main occupation. Bergenholtz and Tarp believe that

excellent dictionaries, or in my case glossaries, can be compiled by amateur

lexicographers. They even provide an example of a dictionary that was created

by a bank employee who managed to determine the actual user needs by

drawing on his personal experience. However, Bergenholtz and Tarp admit that

this dictionary could have been improved if the bank employee in question had

had some prior knowledge of basic lexicographical principles. Since I was a

student with little prior knowledge of lexicography and no experience in

lexicographical work, I found it indispensable to become familiar with some of

the most central terms of lexicographical terminology, which are explained

below.

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2.1. Basic Concepts in Lexicography

Lemma, its plural is lemmata, is "the lexicographical term for what is popularly

referred to as entry word or headword" (Bergenholtz and Kaufmann 15). A

dictionary article is headed by the lemma, so it directs the user to the required

article. There is a tradition of lemmatizing nouns in the singular, verbs in the

infinitive and gradable adjectives in the neutral form (ibid. 15).

Equivalent is a term that refers to the translation of the entry word or other

source-language expression into the target language. Equivalents can therefore

only be found in bi- or multilingual dictionaries (ibid. 15).

Macrostructure of the dictionary refers to "the arrangement of the stock of

lemmata in the word list" (ibid. 15). It can be systematic, i.e. classified and

arranged according to a system, or it can be alphabetic. In the second case the

arrangement of entry words is strictly alphabetic. There is also the

microstructure of the dictionary and it refers to "the arrangement of the

information provided in the individual dictionary articles" (ibid. 15).

A dictionary doesn’t exist without the outside matter, which comprises all

dictionary components outside the word list, i.e. preface, user's guide,

encyclopedic section, etc. Regarding the structure, another very important

element of a dictionary is the cross-reference structure. It refers to the

arrangement of indicators that direct the user within the dictionary for additional

or supplementary information. These cross-references give the user a more

comprehensive view of the dictionary, because they can be article-internal

cross-references, cross-references to other articles, cross-references from the

word list to the outside matter and references to dictionary-external literature

(ibid. 16).

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2.2. LGP and LSP

Before proceeding to a more detailed overview of the characteristics of

specialized lexicography, it is important to explain what acronyms LGP and LSP

stand for. They stand for language for general purposes and language for

special purposes, and these are two categories between which most linguists

make a basic distinction. However, they are not uniform as to the type of

relationship between LSP and LGP. Some claim that both languages may be

seen as synonymous, because, to a greater or lesser extent, all LSP languages

use the general-language system. Others take the opposite view, claiming that

LGP is a subset of LSP, because all general-language expressions are also

found in special language. However, from a communicative point of view, LGP

and LSP are used in completely different situations, LSP being the language

used by experts communicating within their area of expertise. LGP and LSP are

therefore equal, yet distinct phenomena. The last possibility is to discard LGP

as a phenomenon in its own right, assuming that each usage belong to a

specific situation. This would mean that every language variety is an LSP

(Bergenholtz and Tarp 16-19).

3. Terminography versus Specialized Lexicography

Tarp states on many different occasions that there exists a strong "discussion

on the similarities and differences existing or not existing between specialized

lexicography and terminology" (Tarp 9). He believes that the differences

between the two concepts are

artificial contradictions between these two traditions which, after all, deal

with the same subject field, i.e. the so-called Language of Special

Purpose, or to be more accurate, the preparation and elaboration of

reference books or tools to facilitate the production, reception and

translation of LSP-texts or to provide knowledge of special subjects

(Tarp 10).

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To him LSP-lexicography and terminology are two interrelated and to a certain

point integrated traditions with the same subject field as mentioned above.

However, he is not the only linguist who questions the differences between

these two traditions. Bergenholtz and Kaufmann investigate profoundly the

arguments put forward by terminologists and terminographers in favour of a

clear distinction between terminography and LSP lexicography. Some of these

arguments are that terminology deals only with LSP language, only uses

experts as informants, prepares dictionaries for experts and not for laypeople, is

only synchronic, has no polysemy, prefers a systematic macrostructure to an

alphabetic macrostructure, etc. Bergenholtz and Kaufmann see these

arguments as "an effort to present terminography as something really unique,

although almost all of them can be also applied to LSP lexicography (91-95).

They conclude by stating:

Since both objects, methods, and aims are largely identical for terminography

and LSP lexicography, we believe that this is a typical example of two

disciplines competing for the same resources and the same impact

(Bergenholtz and Kaufmann 96).

4. Compiling a Glossary

Already at the stage of planning a glossary it is vital to consider which users and

functions the dictionary is intended to serve. Here are included also the text

types for which the dictionary is intended to be a help in connection with

reception, production and translation problems. Thus, the corpus should be

composed of texts that correspond with these texts (Bergenholtz and Tarp 19).

4.1. User Profile

Every dictionary or glossary is compiled with a determined type of user in mind.

The user profile has to be established before starting to compile a dictionary. It

is important to establish the target user native language, because it influences

many characteristics of a dictionary, for example the choice of explication

language (Bergenholtz and Tarp 20).

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Another very important factor is deciding on the intended users' level of

encyclopedic knowledge, because it differs greatly between an expert and a

layperson and consequently influences the amount of encyclopedic information

that should be included in the dictionary. Apart from this, in bilingual dictionaries

it is very important to take into account the intended users' foreign-language

competence. By combining these two factors four main user types can be

established, and they are represented in the following table (Bergenholtz and

Tarp 21):

The dictionary target group can consist of one or more of these user types. In

any case it is virtually impossible to get a homogeneous target group, although

it is important to try to approach this goal. Having established these premises, a

lexicographer proceeds to establishing dictionary's functions (Bergenholtz and

Tarp 22).

4.2. Dictionary's Functions

There are various communicative functions which a dictionary is intended to

fulfill, and all these functions must be adapted to the intended users'

competence level in each of the following categories: native-language

competence, foreign-language competence and encyclopedic competence.

Observations concerning the user needs condition the functions that dictionary

will have and therefore the information that will be included in it. Individual

dictionary functions are: native-language reception, native-language production,

foreign-language reception, foreign-language production, translation into foreign

language and translation from foreign language (Bergenholtz and Tarp 22-24).

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According to the functions that a certain dictionary has to fulfill, it has to contain

more linguistic and less encyclopedic information or vice versa. For example,

monolingual dictionaries obviously don’t need translation equivalents, but will

most likely have an encyclopedic note, note on orthography and usage

information; on the other hand, translational dictionaries will have a translation

equivalent, information about its word class, orthography, collocations, usage

information, irregularities, etc. When it comes to LSP dictionaries it is also

important to make a distinction between culture-dependent and culture-

independent subject areas that the dictionary might cover. Culture-dependent

subjects need a more detailed explanation, regardless of the target users, who

may be experts or laymen (ibid. 25-26).

The last important thing to mention in this place is that according to the amount

of encyclopedic and/or linguistic information that a dictionary provides,

dictionaries can be traditionally divided in three categories: language

dictionaries, encyclopedias and encyclopedic dictionaries. Bergenholtz and

Kaufmann explain the differences as following:

Language dictionaries provide information about the language and only

about the subject field in as far as this is necessary to the correct usage

or understanding of linguistic expressions. Encyclopedias, however,

provide information about things or about a subject and only about the

language in as far as this is necessary to the understanding of the

subject matter. Finally, there are encyclopedic dictionaries that aim at

being both language dictionaries and encyclopedias (96).

Specialized bilingual dictionaries, which are usually multifunctional, tend to be

closest to encyclopedic dictionaries.

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SECTION II Glossary

Glossary of Animal Welfare and Protection – Theoretical Considerations

In the second, practical part of my thesis I will first define and briefly present the

thematic field that my glossary deals with. Then I will also define the

circumstances that have led me to select the glossary entries, which texts I

have analyzed, the expected target user encyclopedic knowledge and their

knowledge of English and, last but not least, what the very purpose of compiling

the following glossary actually is.

1. Theoretical Considerations

The following glossary is bilingual with English entries and Slovene equivalents.

In some cases I haven't been able to find Slovene equivalents due to their non-

existence in our language, so I have striven to find their most concise

descriptive definitions in Slovene. I have also decided to add an explanation of

all terms in English, since this allows much clearer understanding of a term than

only its Slovene translation. The glossary's principal purpose is to provide help

in decoding of English texts.

In addition, the glossary is followed by a reverse Slovene-English word list of all

the terms, which have been compiled and arranged with a purpose of

enhancing the usefulness of the glossary, because it makes the glossary

bidirectional and does not only serve to decipher English texts but can also be

used as an aid when translating Slovene texts to English or, to some extent, in

text production, i.e. when writing an original text in English.

The problematic field of animal welfare and protection that the glossary intends

to cover is more or less a universal theme, especially in terms of the philosophy

behind it, but less universal in terms of certain practices of treatment of animals

that are more culture-dependent, such as bullfights, for example. The purpose

of this glossary is to contribute to the non-violent fight for better living conditions

of the non-human animals that share our world, although only linguistically. For

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this reason I have tried to take into account the widest selection of animal

protection-related terms and cover this really heterogeneous field that in the end

converges at the point where desired positive changes can be made, that is in

the field of animal rights. The glossary entries were gathered while reading

online articles and glossaries dealing with any of the various fields concerning

animal welfare and protection.

Since animal protection is not a proper scientific field, it is more than obvious

that the following glossary is basically an attempt to provide a useful translation

tool that will be of help when translating animal protection-related texts to

Slovene, but as I do not want it to be merely a translational dictionary, it shall

also serve to standardize expressions that sometimes have incorrect usage.

The Slovene terms that were eventually chosen had been selected after

consultation with a group of experts and semi-experts who deal on a daily basis

with texts similar to those that I used as the source of English terms.

1.1. User Profile

With such a diverse thematic field as animal protection it is really difficult to

establish a homogeneous target user group, let alone attempt to select the

glossary entries that would faithfully meet the established target user needs.

Since animal protection and welfare are both fields that are wide and hard to

delimit, my intention is to offer a selection of terms that would satisfy the needs

and curiosity of a user who is not very familiar with the semantic fields in

question and wants to understand diverse texts dealing with the subject and, at

the same time, to learn certain relevant English and Slovene terms.

The target users of this glossary are people whose mother tongue is Slovene.

The expected encyclopedic knowledge of the target users ranges from low to

high, since in the first place the intended users are interested lay people who

want to get a deeper insight into the field of animal protection, animal rights,

animal welfare, etc., and such users will turn to this glossary when they

encounter an unknown word or phrase. These are the people who are not

17

proficient enough in English to fully understand original English texts and at the

same time do not have sufficient encyclopedic knowledge of the field in Slovene

to overcome the lexical problems by relying just on this knowledge. They will

mostly satisfy their needs by finding the appropriate Slovene equivalent.

Those users with a slightly higher encyclopedic knowledge of the theme will turn

to the glossary when in doubt about the appropriate Slovene equivalent of a

term they might encounter in English texts, and they will also make use of the

English definition to learn some further details.

On the other hand, the intended users are also semi-experts, such as

translators, who in spite of their professionalism can face problems because

searching for a specific target language equivalent can be time-consuming if

they are not thoroughly familiar with the thematic field of the text. Translators

will probably also find it useful to refer to the reverse Slovene-English word list

when translating from Slovene to English. In case they need some additional

information about a certain term, they can look up its definition in the English-

Slovene part of the glossary.

The expected linguistic knowledge of English of the target users is intermediate

to high. Users with intermediate level of English will be able to get a complete

idea about a term when they combine the Slovene equivalent and the English

definition, whereas for the proficient users the definition alone should be

sufficient when they want to expand their general knowledge and are not only

searching for a Slovene equivalent.

1.2. Animal Welfare and Protection

The title of my thesis comprises many thematic subfields that concern the

welfare and protection of animals in general. Therefore it is quite a challenge to

present the theme briefly, but I am going to do it, basing the following quick

review of it on Steven M. Wise's Encyclopædia Britannica article "Animal rights".

18

Wise defines animal rights as

moral or legal entitlements attributed to nonhuman animals, usually

because of the complexity of their cognitive, emotional, and social lives

or their capacity to experience physical or emotional pain or pleasure

(Wise, par. 1).

This is, of course, a contemporary view of the topic, but the road to this

conclusion was long and winding, and in fact the application of this concept is

still far from being thoroughly brought to life.

The concept of animal rights has a historical, philosophical, legal, religious,

scientific, and ethical background. It is usually based on the relationship

between animals and human beings and the question of proper treatment of

animals is actually a very old dilemma.

Ancient Greeks and Romans dealt with this question within the debate on

human morality. The Pythagoreans and the Neoplatonists respected animals

because they supported the idea of transmigration of souls between human and

animal bodies, but Aristotle claimed that animals were created only to serve the

human race and his view prevailed and first survived in the Stoic perception of

the world and later within the idea of the Great Chain of Being. The Great Chain

of Being was a hierarchical system of beings, arranged from the barely living

and merely sentient to the rational and spiritual. The basic idea was that those

higher in the chain were superior to the lower beings, so among corporeal

beings the humans held the highest position. This powerful idea of non-equality

of beings dominated the scientific, religious and philosophical thinking until the

middle of the 19th century. This attitude remained so powerful because Christian

theology strongly embraced it and it also found its way into Roman law, and

eventually into common law. During all those centuries animal welfare was

practically not addressed in philosophical debates nor taken into account in

legal regulation, but the changes slowly started to show in the final decades of

the 20th century (Wise, pars. 2-4).

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To understand the animals' legal situation it is necessary to go back to the 3rd or

4th century, when Roman jurists declared nonhuman animals as lower animals

and therefore they were categorized as legal things, and legal things do not

have rights of their own. Legal things can become legal persons, as it happened

when the human slaves were freed. Similar moves towards the general welfare

of nonhuman animals were made in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when

reformers in Britain and the United States protested against child labour,

abusive punishment in schools and the cruel treatment of animals. However,

these measures were still far from protecting the general welfare of animals and

much further from giving them legal rights. Even nowadays animal-welfare laws,

such as the federal Animal Welfare Act from 1966, only regulate what humans

are allowed to do to animals in agriculture, biomedical research, entertainment,

etc. (Wise, pars. 5-9).

The modern animal-rights movements try to alter the traditional legal status of

animals as legal things and their fundamental principle is that "many non-human

animals have basic interests that deserve recognition, consideration, and

protection. /…/ These basic interests give the animals that have them both

moral and legal rights" (Wise, par. 10). The first social reform movement in this

field was initiated by philosophers, among them the most important were Peter

Singer (Animal Liberation, 1972) and Tom Regan, but they and many more

encountered resistance, especially among some religious authors, although

with basically unconvincing theological arguments.

As philosophers catalyzed the modern animal-rights movement, many

physicians, writers, scientists, academics, lawyers, theologians, psychologists,

nurses, veterinarians and other professionals joined them in the effort of

promoting animal rights. Consequently many organizations were established

with the intention to educate the general public about the exploitation of animals

(Wise, par. 13).

At the beginning of the 21st century the interest in changing the legal status of

animals keeps increasing, since legal arguments on the subject are getting

20

constantly revised and are also powerfully assisted by sophisticated scientific

investigations into the cognitive, emotional, and social capacities of animals.

Simultaneously, innumerable abuses of animals in modern society, resulting in

billions of victims of factory farms, laboratories, etc., have spawned numerous

animal-rights groups. Some groups are interested in local animal-protection

issues, while others are large organizations, sometimes with even international

influence, such as PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals). Members of

these organizations present demands for the regulation and reform of the

animals' legal status, since they still remain invisible to civil law, for any law

does not directly protect them as long as their personhood is not recognized.

The goal of animal rightists is to achieve exactly the personhood for nonhuman

animals too and considering the efforts that are currently being made in this

direction, the end of the legal thinghood of nonhuman animals may be just a few

years away (Wise, pars. 14-15).

In Slovenia, the number of animal-protection groups and organizations is slowly

increasing and certain individual groups are getting stronger and are developing

a much more organized strategy of improving the current status of all animals.

There are many groups dedicated to the welfare of only dogs or cats, some

groups that deal with only a specific field of animal protection (groups against

fur farms), and there are some animal shelters, although they are not all

humane shelters or so-called sanctuaries, which offer animals protection for the

rest of their lives.

One of the Slovenian groups that try to address the general problematic status

of animals in Slovenia is Veganska iniciativa (the Vegan Initiative). They see

themselves as an informal group of people who promote harmless lifestyle and

plant-based diet. I've decided to mention this very group in the first place

because they really keep the group's informative website up to date on a daily

basis and with their articles they tackle all the fields of animal rights-related

issues, and in the second place because its members revised the Slovene

equivalent selection of my glossary and advised me on which improvements to

make in the glossary in order to make it more accurate and user-friendly.

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1.3. Speciesism in Language

Fighting for animal rights is currently vital on many different levels, since there

are philosophical debates concerning this issue and consequently legal

questions are raised on this topic; civilians often show their discontent at public

gatherings, objecting to the status that animals are given by the law, etc. Such

rallies are normally propelled and supported by animal-rights organizations and

groups. These very same groups sometimes also try to make a more holistic

change in people's attitude towards non-human animals, and one of such

groups in Slovenia is the above-mentioned Veganska iniciativa group, whose

members willingly helped me with the revision of my glossary and who have

also broadened my horizons regarding the problem of speciesism in language.

They have acquainted me with the book Speciesism (2001), written by Joan

Dunayer, who really thoroughly approaches this type of discrimination, defined

by her as "a failure, in attitude or practice, to accord any nonhuman being equal

consideration and respect" (Dunayer 34). In this book she provides the

definition and description of the concept, classification of different types of

speciesists and, most importantly, she tackles the question of speciesism in our

everyday language. Dunayer developed the idea of this problematic field in her

other book Animal Equality: Language and Liberation (2002). This aspect

presents an especially intriguing question within the topic of my thesis and also

exactly at this point the interests of Veganska iniciativa and my linguistic

interests coincide, since we both focus on solutions to the speciesist prejudice,

which is apparently very common in our everyday use of language.

Members of Veganska iniciativa have shared with me their word list, entitled

"Avoiding Speciesist Terms", which was originally composed by Joan Dunayer

herself, but the Slovene animal rightists within this group decided to provide

acceptable non-speciesist equivalents also for the Slovene language. They find

it important to draw attention to the omnipresent speciesism also in terms of

everyday vocabulary that needs to be revised, because it is probably the least

obvious and the least conscious practice of this discrimination, but at the same

time this subconscious use of speciesist expressions may be the root of all the

injustices inflicted upon nonhuman animals.

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The original purpose of my glossary was not to point out any particular non-

speciesist variants of certain terms' equivalents in Slovene and my intention

was to keep the glossary uninfluenced by personal ethical choices, so I decided

to search for those Slovene equivalents that are standardized from a traditional,

speciesist point of view. However, it is legitimate, if not almost necessary, to

address the non-speciesist point of view that concerns the thematic field of the

glossary, although only briefly. To do so I will include in this place the word list

that was composed by the Veganska iniciativa members. It was reproduced and

adapted to Slovene with Joan Dunayer's permission.

The original word list consists of the speciesist terms and their non-speciesist

equivalents in English. In the following word list the same pairs of Slovene

terms are added.

Avoiding Speciesist Terms

Terms to avoid Alternatives Izrazi, ki se jim

je treba izogibati Alternativni izrazi

animal agriculture food-industry enslavement and slaughter

živinoreja, živinorejska industrija

prehrambena industrija, ki zasužnji živali in jih kolje

animal experimentation, animal research, biomedical research

vivisection poskusi na živalih, biomedicinski poskusi

vivisekcija

animals (excluding humans)

non-human animals, other animals, nonhumans

živali (ljudje niso vključeni)

nečloveške živali, druge živali

beef pork poultry veal

cow flesh pig flesh bird flesh calf flesh

govedina svinjina perutnina teletina

meso krav meso prašičev meso ptic meso telet

broiler chicken

chicken reared for slaughter

pitanec piščanec, rejen za zakol

beef producer cattle enslaver govedorejec zasužnjevalec krav circus animal circus captive cirkuška žival cirkuški ujetnik companion animal non-human companion hišni ljubljenček živalski

spremljevalec/prijatelj dairy/milk cow enslaved cow/cow

enslaved for her milk krava mlekarica krava, izkoriščana

za mleko euthanize (a healthy animal)

kill, murder evtanazirati (zdravo žival)

ubiti

even (as in "Even insects feel."

also, as well, including, too

celo (kot v primeru "Celo žuželke čutijo.")

tudi, vključno z

experimenter, researcher, scientist (who harms animals)

vivisector raziskovalec, znanstvenik (ki izvaja poskuse na živalih)

vivisektor

fur industry pelt industry krznarska industrija kožuharska industrija game animals hunted animals divjad lovne živali it (in reference to an animal)

he (male)/she (female)

V slovenščini s tem ni težav.

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lab animal vivisected animal laboratorijska žival žival, uporabljena v vivisekciji

laying hen enslaved hen/ hen enslaved for her eggs

kokoš nesnica kokoš, izkoriščana za jajca

leather cow skin usnje kravja koža overfishing fishing, decimating

a fish population prekomeren ribolov iztrebljanje

ribje populacije owner (in a legal context or in reference to someone who may not love or adequately care for a non-human they legally own)

guardian lastnik (uporablja se le, ko gre za pravno vprašanje lastništva živali)

skrbnik

poultry (in reference to living birds)

birds/chickens/ ducks/geese enslaved for food

perutnina kokoši/piščanci/ race/gosi, zasužnjeni za prehrano

purebred inbred čistokrven incesten, izrojen shelter (that kills healthy animals)

adoption-and-killing facility zavetišče (ki ubija zdrave živali)

nehumano zavetišče

wild animals free-living animals divje živali prostoživeče živali, živali v divjini

zoo animal zoo captive žival v živalskem vrtu ujetnik v živalskem vtu

1.4. Common Misuse of Certain Animal-protection Terms

When it comes to a certain expression that is problematic from the animal

rightists' point of view, as in the cases from the above table, users only have to

choose another, non-speciesist term and the problem is solved. However, there

are still some other expressions, usually widely known and used, but very

frequently misused or used in wrong contexts. To provide a clear understanding

of the vocabulary this glossary deals with and to make sure that the following

words are used properly, I further on draw attention to some particular and very

common mistakes and discuss them, as the Humane Myth group website1

proposes.

• Humane myth

Humane myth is a general idea propagated by the animal-using industry and

also by some animal-protection organizations, which state that it is possible to

use and kill animals humanely, although the manner that they refer to can

hardly be described as respectful, compassionate or humane. Abolitionists, who

call for the total elimination of all kinds of animal use, believe that many

expressions used in animal-advocacy campaigns in fact support this humane 1 All the explanations of the misuse of certain term in the chapter 1.4. are taken from respective articles that can be found on http://www.humanemyth.org/.

24

myth and are therefore misleading. Some of these expressions are animal

welfare, animal protection, cruelty-free, happy meat, humane slaughter and

suffering.

Regarding the terms animal protection, animal welfare and cruelty-free the

abolitionists warn that in public they are frequently abused in order to mislead.

Welfare itself is not an abolitionist concept, because it refers to the work carried

out with the intent of improving the health and well-being of animals, regardless

of what their final destiny is. The abolitionists try to end cruelty and exploitation,

while welfarists only try to provide better living conditions for the animals that

are used in any of the animal-using industries. In similar context the

expressions animal protection and cruelty-free are commonly misused, because

animal advocates often refer to their work as animal protection although the

animals for which they are striving to provide better living conditions are still

killed in the end. On the other hand there are animal-using industries that claim

their animal products are produced with methods causing less pain to the

animals and therefore call them cruelty-free products. This is clearly a misuse of

the term, since cruelty is nevertheless present, only reduced. In the same way

the concept of reducing suffering is misused, because suffering is a mental

experience of physical and emotional pain and therefore cannot be objectively

measured. The use of the concept of suffering presented as something

objective, which can be minimized, serves to rationalize it and consequently

makes it less uncomfortable for people to live with. There is no special need to

emphasize that humane slaughter is an oxymoron as well, following the twisted

logic of the above-mentioned expressions.

Happy meat is a slightly different idea, usually used to denominate the meat

marketed as having come from humanely raised animals, meaning that they are

sustainably raised and grass-fed. It is obviously a euphemistic term, sometimes

interchanged with the expression humane meat, which is similarly oxymoronic,

because something that is dead cannot be happy or humane. For this obvious

illogicality animal rightists often use the expression happy meat as derogatory

and ironic, since they believe no slaughtered animal is happy, regardless of how

it is treated before its death.

25

• Pescatarian, flexitarian, beegan

These terms describe people who do not fully accept vegan or vegetarian

philosophy, but they do practice some modification of them. They are mostly

diet-descriptive denominations and do not reflect a holistic vegan philosophy, as

many users of these words may mistakenly believe.

2. Planning a Glossary

2.1. Systematic Classification of Lemmata

My main dilemma when deciding about the organization of the glossary was

whether I should group the selected entries into the five different subfields

related to animal protection into which animal protection groups usually divide

the fields of animal exploitation issues. These five subfields are: animals used

for food, animals used for clothing, animals used for experimentation, animals

used for entertainment and companion animals. This is the division the PETA

website offers, and in this way the issues are presented also in the movie

Earthlings2, which was the inspiration for the present glossary in the first place.

However, there are entries that may belong to more than one field at a time and

as the glossary is supposed to be user-friendly and therefore not confusing, in

the end I decided for an alphabetical classification without any subdivisions of

the glossary.

2.2. Material for the Glossary

When I started to search for the expressions and phrases suitable for a glossary

that is supposed to cover the heterogeneous field of animal welfare and

protection, I first went back to the movie Earthlings, which approaches the

issues of animal exploitation systematically, dividing it into five more narrow

areas. Regarding the user profile established beforehand, I already selected

possible glossary entries while watching the movie. The next step was

searching through many websites that feature glossaries related to any of the 2 The movie Earthlings can be accessed at http://www.earthlings.com/.

26

subfields of animal exploitation, and the key words that led me to these pages

had been taken from the movie or had been at least inspired by it. I also kept on

broadening my horizons with every new webpage I discovered and carefully

read through, and all these pages usually led me to other pages with similar

content. Apart from all these compiled web glossaries the definitive source of

lemmata in the end became the PETA website, since this organization's

approach to the topic of my glossary is the most exhaustive and one of the most

updated sources on the topic as well.

Internet search results show that there exist numerous books on the topic, the

majority of them in English, but unfortunately they are not available in Slovene

libraries or bookshops, so I decided to base my search for suitable glossary

entries solely on the internet sources, which can undoubtedly be less reliable,

but are certainly among the most frequently updated.

2.3. Lemma Selection

When the material for the glossary was finally compiled in one document, I first

arranged the selected lexical items alphabetically and then started rereading the

word list, immediately eliminating the expressions or phrases I found too

general or really too distant from any of the subfields I had initially wanted to

divide my glossary into.

The hardest part of the lemma selection was how to decide which terms and

phrases responded to the established target user needs. Specific monosemic

terms were included automatically, but I also included frequent non-LSP terms

and expressions, many of them for their frequent use in animal protection texts

and others for the specific use they have within this field. In cases of these

glossary entries I only provided the English definition that refers to the use in

the texts I analyzed, because only this definition is relevant for the intended

users of the glossary.

Finally, I also included some expressions that the experts who revised the

glossary pointed out as important but missing.

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2.4. Equivalent Selection

With those glossary entries that are quite widespread in everyday use in

Slovene I didn't have any specific problems because usually they are already

part of the LGP dictionaries that I used. Thus, I was able to find the

corresponding definitions in English and the proper Slovene equivalents in the

respective LGP dictionaries.

When I came across a word or phrase with multiple meanings, I chose the

meaning that was relevant within the semantic field of this glossary. In some

cases there are various, usually two equally acceptable Slovene equivalents.

The Slovene equivalents that I couldn't find in LGP dictionaries were relatively

easy to find on websites of different animal protection groups or in specialized

articles, also accessible on the Web. When there were various possible

solutions to a lexical problem in Slovene, I consulted experts (a veterinarian, a

hunter and the Veganska iniciativa members) to find the best or the most

commonly used expression. In some cases we wanted to avoid a descriptive

translation for words or phrases that do not have a common Slovene equivalent

yet, so we agreed upon an expression to be used with some specific meaning

within the field of animal welfare and protection.

2.5. Linguistic and Encyclopedic Information

A typical function of a glossary is to provide accurate lexical meanings and not

exhaustive linguistic information, so I also focused on gathering relevant target

language equivalents in the first place, and on adding a clear enough definition

of the lexical unit in English in the second. In some articles the encyclopedic

information is more detailed than in others, in order to clarify those expressions

that are less common or refer to more complex concepts. All encyclopedic

information is given in English, because many definitions of the terms that this

glossary includes are much more elaborate in English than in Slovene and

therefore they can present a more detailed and informative description to a user

with a relatively good level of English.

28

My choice to provide only English definitions of the terms is based on the

assumption that the users who want to acquire more knowledge about the entry

word are those with a higher level of English and to them an English definition

will be more useful than a Slovene one. It should also be noted that for many of

the included terms exhaustive Slovene definitions are hard or impossible to find.

However, it is very important that definitions are included because a number of

entry words in the glossary also belong to the general language and therefore

they need a definition that explains their special meaning within the field of

animal welfare and protection.

The sources of English definitions are various. Many of them can be found in

general monolingual dictionaries. I have striven to include definitions that are

clear, and I have even expanded some of them in order to satisfy the users'

curiosity and needs and to eliminate any possible doubts regarding the

meanings of the terms. When I took entry words from online dictionaries or

glossaries3 that I had found on animal rights-related websites, I usually also

took their definitions from these websites, although I also tried to expand them

when I believed that this was necessary to make a certain definition more user-

friendly. In a few cases I was not able to find clear-cut definitions of certain

terms, neither in online nor in printed dictionaries. In such cases I carefully

reread the texts that feature any of the terms in question and then I selected the

most important and adequate pieces of information about the term and put them

together to form a comprehensive definition for the glossary entry.

The only purely linguistic pieces of information within the glossary are cross-

references among synonyms and information about the entry words' word

classes.

3 These glossaries and other online sources of entry words are cited in the bibliography under Online Sources of Glossary Entries.

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2.6. Sample Glossary Entry

abolition n. ukinitev, odprava

The act of abolishing or the state of being abolished; annulment. Abolitionist

animal advocates fight for total cessation of animal use and property status.

The headword is followed by n. which carries the information about the word

class of the entry. In this case it is a noun.

Abolition is translated into Slovene by "ukinitev" or "odprava". Then an

explanation in English is provided. Since the term "abolition" can have a more

general meaning, a further explanation of it within the field of animal protection

is given.

Synonyms are also included in the glossary; the symbol > is followed by the

synonym in bold under whose entry the user can find the corresponding

definition in English and the Slovene equivalent.

Some glossary entries are equipped with a picture or photography that facilitate

the understanding of a term.

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3. English-Slovene Glossary

abattoir n. klavnica > slaughterhouse abolition n. ukinitev, odprava The act of abolishing or the state of being abolished; annulment. Animal advocates fight for total cessation of animal use and property status. action alert n. poziv k ukrepanju A message that an organization sends via email or publishes on websites to mobilize people, often members of their group and supports of a specific point of view, calling on them to respond to a problem in need of immediate action. altered adj. kastriran A euphemistic word for > castrated or > neutered ammonia burn n. kemična opeklina A painful eye condition, especially among chickens, caused by exposure to unhealthy and unclean living space. animal advocacy n. zagovorništvo pravic živali Promotion and defense of the interests of animals in general. It includes work for animal rights and animal welfare. animal advocate n. zagovornik/-ica pravic živali A person who promotes and defends the interests of animals and works for animal rights and animal welfare. animal activist n. borec/-rka za pravice živali,

aktivist/-tka A person who claims animal rights on behalf of animals. animal guardian n. skrbnik/-ica živali A person who is responsible for the care and management of an animal by watching over it, protecting it and providing for all its necessities. animal husbandry n. živinoreja The branch of agriculture concerned with the care and breeding of domestic animals such as cattle, hogs, sheep, and horses. See also > animal science animalist n. zagovornik/-ica pravic živali See > animal advocate animal protection n. zaščita živali Any type of work carried out with the intent to spare animals from harm or death.

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animal rightist n. zagovornik/-ica pravic živali See > animal advocate animal rights n. pravice živali The rights of nonhuman animals to be protected from exploitation and abuse by humans, defending the position that they have rights and inherent value independent of their usefulness to humans. animal sanctuary n. zatočišče za živali A facility where animals are brought to live and be protected for the rest of their lives. animal science n. živinoznanost Study of biology of animals that are under the control of men, these are both domestic and companion animals. Particular emphasis is given to the study of animal growth, reproduction and nutrition, and how the knowledge about them, techniques and technology can be employed by the animal-using farming to maximize profits and minimize losses. See also > animal husbandry animal shelter n. zavetišče za živali An establishment that provides temporary housing and care for homeless animals. animal-tested adj. testiran na živalih Usually of drugs or cosmetics that went through a series of tests carried out on animals in order to determine the presence of a substance or to ascertain its properties and therefore confirm if the drug is safe to be used by humans. animal testing n. testiranje na živalih An examination of the characteristics of something, usually of drugs or cosmetics, by applying them to the animals and observe the reaction. animal trafficker n. prekupčevalec z živalmi A person who trades animals on a mass scale, but usually illegally or with improper documents, etc. animal-using industry n. dejavnost, ki izkorišča živali Any business that uses and kills animals. The term is used especially to refer to the food industry and clothing industry, but also to medical, psychological, pharmaceutical and weapons testing experiments, and to entertainment, including circuses, sport hunting, rodeos and zoos. animal welfare n. dobrobit živali Health, happiness and well-being of animals. ankus n. kavelj (za slone) A metal stick, usually with a curved sharp ending, used for goading elephants.

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anxiety-induced psychosis n. tesnobna psihoza A severe mental disorder of caged animals, characterized by deranged and insane behavior, pacing, aggressiveness, etc., caused by a prolonged exposure to reduced living space and fear of being harmed. aquarium n. akvarij 1 A tank, bowl, or pool in which aquatic animals and plants are kept for pleasure, study, or exhibition. 2 A building housing a collection of aquatic life, as for exhibition. artificial insemination n. umetna oploditev Introduction of spermatozoa into the vagina or uterus by means other than sexual union. assembly line n. tekoči trak A sequence of machines, tools, operations, workers, etc., in a factory slaughterhouse, arranged so that at each stage a further process is carried out. astrakhan n. astrahan, perzijsko krzno A fur, usually black or grey, made of the closely curled wool of lambs that were killed as newborns or while still in their mothers' wombs. > karakul or > broadtail balaclava n. balaklava, podkapa A close-fitting hood that covers the ears and neck, often used by animals rightists to protect their anonymity.

bark softening n. prerez glasilk A euphemistic term for > debarking or > devocalization basic rights n. temeljne pravice Rights and freedoms that are fundamental and to which everyone is entitled by the Constitution, among them the right to life and liberty. battery cage n. baterijska kletka A large group of cages for intensive rearing of poultry. beef farming n. govedoreja The rearing of various bovine animals, especially cows, which are then killed for food. began n. vegetarijanec, ki izmed živalskih

izdelkov uživa le med A vegetarian who eats honey but no other animal products.

33

black fax n. črni faks A fax transmission, consisting of one or more pages entirely filled with uniform black tone, with which the sender intends to consume the recipient's fax machine ink and in such way show protest against the recipient or their actions. to bleed v. izkrvaviti To let an animal die by bleeding. bloat n. napihnjenost, timpanija An abnormal distention of the abdomen in cattle, sheep, etc., caused by accumulation of gas in the stomach. to bludgeon v. tepsti s palico To hit or knock down with or as with a bludgeon, which is a stout heavy club, typically thicker at one end. boxcar n. pokriti tovorni vagon A closed railway freight van. to brand v. ožigosati To label, burn or mark with a brand. branded adj. ožigosan Marked or burnt with a brand. breeder n. rejec/-jka; vzreditelj/-jica A person who breeds animals. broadtail n. astrahan > astrakhan or > karakul broiler chicken pitanec, brojler, gojeni piščanec za prehrano A young tender chicken raised for flesh and suitable for roasting. bucking strap n. bočni pas > flank strap

bullfight n. bikoborba A traditional Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American spectacle in which a matador, assisted by banderilleros and mounted picadors, baits and usually kills a bull in a bullring. bullring n. bikoborska arena An arena for bullfighting. cage-free adj. iz talne reje Not bred in a cage: usually of chickens. cage madness n. obnorelost zaradi zaprtja v kletko The condition of being insane because of being kept in a cage for a long time.

34

cagemate n. žival, ki sobiva v kletki

An animal that shares the same cage as another. cage trap n. živolovka > live trap canned hunting n. lov v oborah A hunt for animals that have been raised on game ranches until they are mature enough to be killed for trophy collections. captive adj. ujet Held under restriction or control; confined. captive bolt gun n. pištola za omamljanje

s penetrirnim klinom A device used for stunning animals prior to slaughter, which functions on a principle of a forceful strike on the forehead using a bolt to induce unconsciousness.

caretaker n. skrbnik A person who takes care of an animal. carnism n. karnizem A belief system or ideology that condition people to eat certain animals. It is essentially the opposite of vegetarianism or veganism. Carnists, the people who live in meat-eating cultures, view eating animals as a given, rather than a choice. cashmere n. kašmir A fine soft wool from goats of the Kashmir area. to castrate v. kastrirati, skopiti To remove the testicles or ovaries of an animal. castration n. kastracija, skopitev The removal of the testicles or ovaries of an animal. catch-and-release fishing n. izpuščanje ujetih rib nazaj v vodo

A practice of recreational fishing in which after capture the fish are unhooked and returned to the water.

35

cattle prod n. električna palica A hand-held device used to make cattle or other livestock move by striking or poking them or sending through them a high-voltage electric shock. > electric prod to chain v. prikleniti To confine, tie, or make fast with or as with a chain. choke chain n. zatezna veriga A chain that tightens like a noose when pulled, usually used for chaining bovine animals in the stables. choke collar n. zatezna ovratnica A chain collar that tightens like a noose when the leash is pulled, used to train or control dogs.

circus n. cirkus A travelling company of entertainers such as acrobats, clowns, trapeze artists, and trained animals. clothing industry n. oblačilna industrija The light industry producing garments. to club v. potolči s palico To beat with or as with a club. cockfight n. petelinji boj A fighting event between two gamecocks fitted with sharp metal spurs. cockpit n. arena za petelinje boje The round or square enclosure where the cockfights take place. comb n. greben, roža The fleshy deeply serrated outgrowth on the top of the heads of certain birds, especially the domestic fowl.

commodification n. komodifikacija, poblagovljenje The act of turning into a commodity.

36

to commodify n. komodificirati, poblagoviti To treat a living being inappropriately as if it can be acquired or marketed as other commodities in order to make a profit. companion animal n. hišni ljubljenček,

živalski spremljevalec An animal kept as a pet. > pet confinement n. ujetništvo The act of confining or the state of being confined. conibear trap n. skopec A body gripping trap that lures an animal with a bait into the correct position and it is triggered when the animal touches the wire triggering mechanism. It closes on the neck or torso of the animal and usually fractures its spinal column. conscience n. vest The sense of right and wrong that governs a person's thoughts and actions. conscientious objection n. ugovor vesti An act of refusing to participate in a certain type of activity for reasons of conscience. crate n. zaboj, ograjen prostor A fairly large container, usually made of wooden slats, wickerwork or wires. See also > wire crate and > wooden crate to cripple v. pohabiti To make a cripple of; to disable. cruelty-free adj. razvit brez mučenja živali Of a cosmetic or other product, developed without being tested on animals. to cull v. odbrati, ubiti, odstreliti To take out (an animal, especially an inferior one) from a herd; to reduce the size of a herd or flock by killing a proportion of its members. dairy cow n. mlekarica, molznica A cow used for production of milk and milk products. dairy farming n. mlečna živinoreja The business of owning or operating a farm that produces milk and milk products. debarking n. prerez glasilk A euphemistic term for > devocalization

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to debeak v. debikirati To remove part of the beak of poultry to reduce the risk of such habits as feather picking or cannibalism. to declaw v. odstraniti kremplje To remove the claws from an animal. to defeather v. oskubiti perje To remove the feathers from an animal, usually poultry. dehairing tank n. bazen za skubljenje/odstranitev dlak > scalding tank to dehorn v. odstraniti rogove To remove or prevent the growth of the horns of cattle, sheep or goats. demonstration n. demonstracija, protest A manifestation of grievances, support, or protest by public rallies, parades, etc. den hunting n. jamarjenje Hunting of animals when they are in their dens, usually when hibernating. > denning denning n. jamarjenje > den hunting

to desnood v. odstraniti bradelj To remove the snood of a turkey to reduce the risk of cannibalism. See also > snood devocalization n. prerez glasilk A surgical procedure applied to dogs in which tissue is removed from the animal's vocal cords in order to permanently reduce the volume of their vocalization, i.e. barking. > debarking or > bark softening direct action n. neposredna akcija Action such as strikes or civil disobedience, employed by organized groups to obtain demands from an employer, government, etc. to dismember v. razkosati To remove the limbs or members of an animal; to cut in pieces. dissection n. raztelešenje The act of cutting open and examining the structure of a dead animal. dock n. štrcelj The stump of a tail left after cutting it off.

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to dock v. kupirati rep To remove the tail or part of the tail of an animal by cutting through the bone. dog fight n. pasji boj An illegal organized fight between dogs, arranged for spectator entertainment and betting. dogsled racing n. dirke s sanmi s pasjo vprego A competition of speed among sleighs drawn by dogs. down n. puh The soft fine feathers with free barbs that cover the body of a bird and prevent loss of heat. In the adult they lie beneath and between the contour feathers. downer n. izčrpana žival An animal that is destined to be slaughtered and is already too sick or too injured to walk. Draize test n. Draizov test A test to determine a degree to which a substance such as a cosmetic or pharmaceutical irritates human tissues and during which a small amount of the substance is applied directly in the eye of a rabbit, and the rabbit is then monitored. to dump v. zavreči To get rid of an animal. ear clipping n. kupiranje uhljev > ear cropping ear cropping n. kupiranje uhljev The intentional removal of a part of an animal's ears by cutting them off. > ear clipping earthling n. zemljan/-nka An inhabitant of the earth. electric prod n. električna palica > cattle prod to electrocute v. ubiti z električnim tokom To kill as a result of an electric shock. elephant goad n. kavelj (za slone) > ankus

empathy n. sočutje The power of understanding and imaginatively entering into another being's feelings.

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to enclose v. zapreti To close; to surround with or as if with a fence. > to pen ethical vegetarian n. etični vegetarijanec Someone who doesn't eat meat because of the conviction that such way of life contributes to a better treatment of animals and environment. to euthanize or to euthanise v. evtanazirati, uspavati To kill an animal painlessly, especially to relieve suffering from an incurable disease. exhaustion n. izčrpanost, izmučenost Extreme tiredness; fatigue. to exploit v. izkoriščati To take advantage of somebody or something, especially unethically or unjustly for one's own ends. exposure injury n. poškodba zaradi izpostavljenosti The injury that is a consequence of the lack of shelter from the weather, especially the cold. factory farm n. industrijska kmetija A farm in which animals are bred and fattened using modern industrial methods. factory trawler n. ribiška ladja za predelavo rib A large fishing boat that processes the fish that are caught. fake fur n. umetno krzno > faux fur or > fun fur to fatten v. rediti, pitati To cause an animal to become fat by feeding it. faux fur n. umetno krzno A material made of synthetic fibers designed to resemble fur, usually as a piece of clothing. > fake fur and > fun fur feather-pecking n. puljenje perja A behavioural problem amongst domestic hens or other poultry that consists of one bird's repeated pecking at the feathers of another. feedlot n. pitališče, živinska ograda An area or building where livestock are fattened rapidly for market. feral adj. podivjan Of animals, existing in a wild state, especially after being domestic.

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fishing n. ribolov The occupation of catching fish. flank strap n. bočni pas A strap, fastened behind the widest part of the rodeo bull's or rodeo horse's abdomen, which is used to encourage the animal to kick out straighter and higher when it bucks. > bucking strap

fleece n. runo, ovčje krzno The coat of wool that covers the body of a sheep or similar animal and consists of a mass of crinkly hairs. flexitarian n. fleksitarijanec A person who eats a predominantly vegetarian diet, but who eats meat or fish occasionally, making exceptions for social, pragmatic, cultural, or nutritional reasons. It is a more recent coined expression for > semi-vegetarian flystrike n. infestacija rane z jajčeci

muh ali ličinkami The infestation of wounded sheep by blowflies or maggots. food animal n. žival za prehrano An animal raised for its meat. foothold trap n. stopalka A trap made of two jaws and a spring, and a trigger in the middle, which is usually a round pan. When an animal steps on the trigger the trap closes around the foot, preventing the animal from escaping.

forced moulting n. prisilna menjava perja The practice of starving hens in order to force them to moult simultaneously, which is achieved by withdrawal of feed for a week or two. This has the effect of allowing the hen's reproductive tracts to rejuvenate and after a molt, the hen's production rate usually rises and egg quality is improved. > induced moulting to force-feed v. pitati na silo To force an animal to eat or swallow food.

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to foster v. vzgajati To rear under the care of someone. free-range adj. v prosti reji Kept or produced in natural, not intensive conditions. frostbite n. ozebline Destruction of tissues, especially those of the fingers, ears, toes and nose, by freezing, characterized by tingling, blister formation, and gangrene. fruitarian n. fruktarijanec, sadni vegetarijanec A person who eats only fruit. fun fur n. umetno krzno > faux fur or > fake fur fur n. kožuh; krzno 1. The dense coat of fine silky hairs on such mammals as the cat, seal, or mink. 2. The dressed skin of certain fur-bearing animals, with the hair left on.

furbearer n. kožuhar An animal whose skin is covered with fur, especially fur that is commercially valuable. fur farm n. farma za vzrejo živali za krzno A farm where animals are bred or raised for their fur. game n. divjad Wild animals, birds, or fish hunted for food or sport. gas chamber n. plinska celica An airtight room into which poison gas is introduced to kill animals. gestation crate n. kotitveni boks, prasilišče A small metal enclosure used in intensive pig farming, in which a female breeding pig is confined during pregnancy. to gore v. nabosti Of an animal, such as a bull, to pierce or stab with a horn or tusk. greenwashing n. zeleno zavajanje A superficial or insincere display of concern for the environment shown by an organization intended to mislead, cover up and hide harmful activities behind the guise of environmentalism and conservation. to gut v. odstraniti drobovje To remove the intestines or entrails of an animal.

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hakapik n. hakapik Metal-hook-tipped club used in the seal slaughter.

to handfeed v. ročno hraniti To give food to an animal by hand, usually in fixed amounts and at fixed times, rather than use a self-feeding system. happy meat n. srečno meso A term to describe meat that is marketed as having come from humanely raised animals, meaning that they are sustainably raised and grass-fed. hatchery n. valilnica; ribogojnica A place where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions. head bobbing n. pozibavanje z glavo A behavioural problem of enclosed animals that consists of moving a head with a short abrupt movement. heatstroke n. vročinska kap A condition resulting from prolonged exposure to intense heat, characterized by high fever and in severe cases convulsions and coma. hoarder n. zbiratelj/-jica (živali) The person who masses a large number of animals but fails to provide for animals' basic physical and social needs, including food, water, shelter, veterinary care and sanitary living conditions. hog-dog rodeo n. boj med psom in divjo svinjo The event in which one or two frenzied dogs are turned loose in pens to attack wild pigs in front of the onlookers and judges, who rate dogs by how quickly they take down their prey. hogwashing n. humano zavajanje The practice of generating the public appearance of having compassion or concern for the well-being of animals while continuing to kill them for profit. home demo n. protest na domu An organized protest that takes place at a target's home instead of his place of business, usually after midnight and with lots of noise to alarm the whole neighbourhood. homeless adj. brezdomen Having nowhere to live.

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hoofed animal n. parkljasta žival, žival s kopiti An animal having horny covering of the end of the foot, such as horses, cows, etc. horse-drawn carriage n. konjska vprega A carriage that is driven by one or more horses that are harnessed to it. humane myth n. mit o humanosti An idea being propagated by the animal-using industry and some animal protection organizations that it is possible to use and kill animals in a manner that is respectful or compassionate or humane, though it can be fairly described as such. hunting n. lov The pursuit and killing or capture of game and wild animals, regarded as a sport. hunt sab n. sabotaža lova; saboter lova Slang for > hunt saboteur or > hunt sabotage. hunt sabotage n. sabotaža lova Any activity aimed at disrupting the lawful activity of sport hunters. > hunt sab hunt saboteur n. saboter lova A person that carries out any activity aimed at disrupting the lawful activity of sport hunters. > hunt sab to impregnate v. oploditi, obrejiti > to inseminate incrementalism n. inkrementalizem A slow change. In abolitionist movement, examples of incrementalism are abolishing foie gras, seal hunting, dogfighting, etc. induced moulting n. prisilna menjava perja > forced moulting to inseminate v. oploditi, obrejiti To impregnate a female with semen, so that she conceives. > to impregnate interspecies extrapolation n. ekstrapolacija med vrstami The inference or estimation about how something would affect humans regarding the known effects on non-human animals. in vitro testing n. testiranje in vitro Testing performed outside the living organism in an artificial environment, such as a culture medium.

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karakul n. astrahan > astrakhan or > broadtail

kennel n. 1. pasja hišica, pesjak

2. psarna 1. A hut-like shelter for a dog. 2. An establishment where dogs are bred, trained, boarded, etc. kosher adj. košer Conforming to Jewish religious law, fit for use: especially of food, prepared in accordance with the dietary laws. lacto-ovo-vegetarian n. lakto-ovo-vegetarijanec A vegetarian whose diet includes dairy products and eggs. lacto-vegetarian n. laktovegetarijanec A vegetarian whose diet includes dairy products. land animal n. kopenska žival An animal that lives on land, the solid part of the surface of the earth. laying hen n. kokoš nesnica An adult female of the domestic fowl that is bred to lay eggs. laying warehouse n. hala za rejo kokoši nesnic A large building filled with cages in which laying hens are kept. leafleting n. deljenje letakov The act of standing outdoors in a busy public area and offering animal rights literature or leaflets to the people passing by, usually done by volunteers. leather n. usnje A material consisting of the skin of an animal made smooth and flexible by tanning, removing hair, etc. live trap n. živolovka A trap in a form of a cage designed to catch live animals. > cage trap

locavorism n. lokavorizem The principle of eating only food that is locally produced and not moved long distances to market.

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macerator n. drobilec, drobilnik A machine used in egg industry into which male chickens are thrown to be minced or crushed to death because they are considered useless to the industry that produces eggs. macrobiotic adj. makrobiotičen Of or relating to macrobiotics. macrobiotics n. makrobiotika A dietary system in which foods are classified according to the principles of Yin and Yang. It advocates diets of whole grains and vegetables grown without chemical additives. to maim v. pohabiti To mutilate, cripple, or disable a part of the body. manure n. gnoj Animal excreta, usually with straw, used to fertilize land. marine park n. vodni park A park that usually consists of oceanarium, sea mammal pools, sea animal exhibitions, attractions for children, etc. mass breeding n. masovna reja Intentional rearing and maintaining of domestic animals for people's use occurring on a large scale. mastitis n. mastitis, vnetje vimena Inflammation of the udder. maternal deprivation n. maternalna deprivacija Separation of an offspring from their mother. meat industry n. mesna industrija Organized activity concerned with the rearing of animals for meat. milker n. mlekarica, molznica > dairy cow or > milking cow milking cow n. mlekarica, molznica > dairy cow or > milker monkeywrenching n. ekološko sabotiranje Destroying a vehicle or other machine in a way that interferes with its operation in order to sabotage an action that causes animal cruelty, such as cutting the brake lines of seafood delivery trucks, disabling equipment in biomedical laboratories, and smashing computers inside university research facilities.

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moral imperative n. moralni imperativ A principle originating inside a person's mind that compels that person to act in a way that they think is ethical or morally right. to moult or US molt v. leviti se; menjati dlako/perje Of birds, mammals, reptiles, and arthropods; to shed feathers, skin, hair, or cuticle. See also > forced moulting mulesing n. mulesing, odstranitev kože v

področju anusa ovac

Performing the Mules operation on a sheep, which consists of cutting large pieces of wool-bearing skin and flesh from around the backside of a sheep to eliminate the risk of flystrike. musher n. voznik pasje vprege Dogsled driver. to mutilate v. iznakaziti To deprive of a limb, essential part; to maim; to dismember. neck pole n. cev za pitanje gosi in rac A metal pole that is shoved down a duck's or goose's throat so that they are force-fed through it at foie gras farms. neocarnism n. neokarnizem A revival of > carnism to neuter v. kastrirati, skopiti, sterilizirati > to castrate non-animal science n. humana znanost The science that does not use and harm animals, especially regarding the experiments. non-human animal n. nečloveška žival A non-speciesist term used to refer to an animal. non-cooperation n. nesodelovanje The policy of refusing to collaborate or cooperate with those engaged in unjust or unethical activities. non-participation n. neudeležba The policy of refusing to take part in activities considered unjust or unethical. non-target animal n. neciljna žival An animal that is inadvertently captured, killed or injured during wildlife damage management, hunting or fishing. The same species may be either a target or a non-target animal, depending on the situation.

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open rescue n. javno reševanje The practice of animal protection that intervenes in the process of animal exploitation by entering facilities where animals are used and killed (laboratories, industry farms, etc.), where they take photographs and video to document conditions, and then rescue a small number of animals from the facility. Its goal is to expose the reality of animal exploitation. pacing n. nenehno gibanje, prestopanje A behavioural problem of enclosed animals that consists of never-ending walking along the same path in the enclosure, usually along a line or in circles. ovo-vegetarian n. ovovegetarijanec A vegetarian whose diet includes eggs. pelt n. kožuh, koža z dlako The skin of a fur-bearing animal, such as mink, especially when it has been removed from the carcass. See also > fur to pen v. zapreti > to enclose pescetarian n. ribovegetarijanec > pesco-vegetarian

pesco-vegetarian n. ribovegetarijanec A person who practices a type of vegetarianism, which excludes all meat from one's diet, but permits seafood. > pescetarian pet n. hišni ljubljenček A tame animal kept in a household for companionship, amusement, etc. > companion animal. to pet v. božati, ljubkovati To pat or fondle an animal. pet shop n. trgovina za male živali > pet store pet store n. trgovina za male živali A retail business that sells different kinds of animals that can be kept as pets. They also sell pet food, supplies, and accessories. > pet shop petting pool n. bazen z živalmi, ki se jih

lahko obiskovalci dotaknejo A human-marine mammal interaction program where people are allowed to lean over a pool to touch and/or feed various marine mammals (dolphins, sea lions, beluga whales, orcas, etc.).

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petting zoo n. otroški živalski vrt; del živalskega vrta z udomačenimi živalmi, ki jih obiskovalci lahko božajo

A facility that features domestic animals and sometimes wild species that are docile enough for visitors to touch and feed them. phototoxicity n. fototoksičnost The inflammatory skin reaction caused by exposure to a chemical and subsequent exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation. physical integrity n. telesna integriteta The right of every being to inviolability of the body, based on the principle that claims that each man's actions must be so restrained as not directly to inflict bodily injury, great or small, or any other. pinch collar n. ovratnica z bodicami A collar with a series of chain links with blunted open ends turned towards the dog's neck to prevent the dog from pulling by applying pressure at each point against the dog's neck. > prong collar

plant-based diet n. rastlinska prehrana A general term for an eating pattern dominated by fresh or minimally processed plant foods and decreased consumption of meat, eggs and dairy products, usually none of these. to pluck v. skubiti, puliti perje To pull off feathers from a fowl. poaching n. krivolov The practice of catching game, fish, etc., by trespassing on private or protected property. poacher n. divji lovec/-vka, krivolovec/-vka. A person who illegally hunts game, fish, etc., on someone else's property. pod n. jata A small group of animals, especially seals, whales, or birds. potluck n. kulinarično srečanje In vegan terms, a potluck is a social gathering where each individual brings a dish to share with the group. poultry n. perutnina Domestic fowls collectively.

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pound n. zavetišče za živali > animal shelter or > shelter pound seizure n. zaseg živali iz zavetišča The seizure of animals from a shelter in which a shelter is required to turn over animals to laboratories upon request. prong collar n. ovratnica z bodicami > pinch collar

puppy mill n. intenzivna masovna psarna A commercial dog breeding facility that is operated with an emphasis upon profits above animal welfare and is often in substandard conditions regarding the well-being of dogs in their care.

purebred adj. čistokrven Denoting a pure strain obtained through many generations of controlled breeding for desirable traits. to put down v. uspavati A euphemistic term for > to euthanize to put to sleep v. uspavati A euphemistic term for > to euthanize pyrogenicity n. pirogeničnost The quality or state of being pyrogenic, which means being able to produce fever. racing dog/horse n. dirkalni pes/konj A dog/horse competing in a contest of speed. rape rack n. boks za osemenjevanje The contraptions in which pigs or cows are restrained while they are forcibly inseminated. raw foodism n. presnojedstvo A lifestyle promoting the consumption of uncooked and unprocessed food, but including also raw milk, raw fish and raw meat. See also > raw veganism raw veganism n. presno veganstvo A lifestyle promoting the consumption of uncooked and unprocessed plant foods. regulatory testing n. regulatorno testiranje A regular process of subjecting laboratory animals to a test that is required by law in order to determine whether chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and other products are non-toxic and therefore safe for human use.

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rooster n. petelin An adult male chicken. to rope v. uloviti z lasom To catch with a rope or lasso. to run amok or amuck v. pobesneti, podivjati To run about with or as if with frenzied desire to kill. runt n. najmanjša, najslabotnejša

žival v leglu

An undersized animal, especially the smallest animal of a litter. sameness n. enakost The quality or condition of being the same. sanctuary n. zatočišče za živali > animal sanctuary to scald v. popariti To subject to or treat with boiling water. scalding tank n. bazen za skubljenje/odstranitev dlak A large, often metallic container for holding boiling hot water in which food animals, such as pigs or chickens, are put in order to remove their hairs or feathers. > dehairing tank seafood n. morska hrana Edible fish or shellfish from the sea. seitan n. sejtan A chewy, protein-rich food made from wheat gluten and used as a meat substitute. to self-mutilate v. samopohabiti se To inflict harm upon someone's own body, in the case of animals as a consequence of unhealthy, stressful and unnatural conditions in which they live. semi-vegetarian n. polvegetarijanec A person who generally avoids meat but sometimes eats it. See also > flexitarian sentience n. čutenje The quality or state of being sentient. sentient n. čuteč Having sense perception not involving intelligence or mental perception; feeling.

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to sex v. določiti spol To determine if an animal is male or female. to shear v. ostriči To remove fleece or hair by cutting or clipping. shearling n. 1. enkrat ostrižena enoletna

ovca 2. strojena koža enoletne ovce

1. A sheep that is one year old and has been shorn once. 2. The skin of such an animal. shelter n. zavetišče za živali > animal shelter or > pound

shock collar n. električna ovratnica An electronic training collar that produces a static pulse stimulation at varying degrees of intensity and duration to the dog in case of its disobedience. silk n. svila A fine lustrous fiber produced by certain insect larvae, especially by a silkworm, to make their cocoons. to skin v. odreti To remove skin from. to slaughter v. zaklati To kill animals, especially for food; to butcher. slaughterhouse n. klavnica A place where animals are butchered. > abattoir snare n. zanka Anchored cable or wire noose set to catch wild animals such as foxes and rabbits. > wire noose

to snare v. ujeti v zanko To trap with or as if with a snare.

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snood n. bradelj A fleshy wrinkled fold of skin that hangs down over a turkey's beak.

sow stall n. kotitveni boks, prasilišče > gestation crate to spay v. (o samici) sterilizirati To remove surgically the ovaries of a female animal. > to sterilize speciesism n. specizem, speciesizem A belief of humans that all other species of animals are inferior and may therefore be used for human benefit without regard to the suffering inflicted. speciesist n. specist, speciesist A person supporting the view of speciesism. spent adj. izčrpan, izmučen Depleted of energy, force, or strength; exhausted. See also > downer spur n. ostroga A spine-like process on the leg of some birds. stall n. boks A compartment for one domestic animal in a barn or shed. starvation n. stradanje The condition of being starved, i.e. deprived of food for a long time. steer n. junec A young ox or bull, especially one castrated before sexual maturity and raised for beef. stereotypic behaviour n. stereotipno vedenje Repetitive behaviours commonly seen in captive animals and likely induced by stress and lack of appropriate stimuli (overgrooming among primates, pacing among tigers, and the swaying of elephants). to sterilize v. sterilizirati > to spay

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to strangle v. zadaviti To kill by squeezing the throat so as to choke or suffocate. stray adj. potepuški A domestic animal that has wandered away from its place of keeping and is lost. to stun v. omamiti To render senseless, by or as if by a blow. to suffocate v. zadušiti To kill or destroy by preventing access of air or oxygen and therefore preventing respiration. surplus adj. preštevilen Being more than or in excess of what is needed or required. sustainable adj. sonaraven, trajnosten Capable of being continued with minimal long-term effect on the environment. tabling n. promocija The action of setting up an information table filled with brochures, fact sheets, or any type of free literature available for the general public to review and take home. tail docking n. kupiranje repa The act of clipping a dog's tail very short. tannery n. strojarna A place or building where skins and hides are tanned, i.e. converted into leather. target animal n. ciljna žival An animal that is captured or killed on purpose. teeth cutting n. rezanje zob To cut or remove teeth or part of them so that the animals cannot mutilate each other or self-mutilate. thumping n. topotanje A behavioural problem of enclosed animals, consisting of beating or pounding their hoofs on the floor or walls of their enclosure. tofu n. tofu Unfermented soya-bean curd, a food with a soft cheese-like consistency made from soya-bean milk. to trample v. poteptati To beat down with the feet so as to crush, bruise, or destroy.

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trash kill n. kolateralni ulov Animals captured and killed by hunters or fishermen accidentally and therefore considered worthless to them. See also > non-target species travelling zoo n. potujoči živalski vrt A collection of wild and/or domestic animals travelling around and stopping for exhibitions of the animals. unaltered adj. nekastriran Opposite of > altered underling n. podrejenec One of lesser rank than another; a subordinate. undernourished adj. podhranjen Not getting adequate food to sustain proper health and growth. utilitarianism n. utilitarizem The belief that the value of a thing or an action is determined by its utility. to vaccinate v. cepiti To treat an animal with a vaccine to protect them against a disease. veg*n or veg*an n. skupen izraz za katerikoli tip

vegana ali vegetarijanca An inclusive term referring to the categories of all types of vegetarians and vegans together. vegan n. vegan/-nka A person who refrains from using any animal product whatever for food, clothing, or any other purpose. veganarchism n. veganarhizem Political philosophy and combined praxis of veganism and anarchism, designed to be a means for social revolution. This encompasses viewing the state as unnecessary and harmful to animals, both human and nonhuman, whilst practicing a vegan lifestyle. veganism n. veganstvo A philosophy and lifestyle that prescribes refraining from using any animal product whatever for food, clothing, or any other purpose. vegetarian n. vegetarijanec/-nka One who practices vegetarianism. vegetarianism n. vegetarijanstvo The practice of subsisting on a diet composed primarily or wholly of vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, and seeds, with or without eggs and dairy products.

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veggie n. vegetarijanec/-nka Colloquial version of > vegetarian vet n. veterinar, živinozdravnik > veterinarian

veterinarian n. veterinar/-rka,

živinozdravnik/-ica One who practices veterinary medicine. > vet veterinary care n. veterinarska oskrba Attentive assistance or treatment of animals by veterinarians. veterinary medicine n. veterina The branch of medicine that deals with the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals, especially domestic animals. vivisection n. vivisekcija The act or practice of cutting into or otherwise injuring living animals, especially for the purpose of scientific research. vivisector n. vivisektor One who performs experiments on live animals. welfare n. dobrobit Health, happiness, good living conditions, and well-being in general. welfarism n. načela dobrobiti The movement to reduce or abolish animal suffering, but not use and exploitation. Welfarists are thus concerned with how humans treat animals. See also > abolition whaling n. kitolov The work or industry of hunting and processing whales for food, oil, etc. wire crate n. žičnata kletka A fairly large container made of wire, used for packing, storing, or transporting.

wire noose n. žičnata zanka > snare

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wooden crate n. lesena kletka, lesen zaboj A fairly large container made of wooden slats, used for packing, storing, or transporting.

wool n. volna The dense, soft, often curly hair forming the coat of sheep and certain other mammals, such as the goat and alpaca, consisting of cylindrical fibers of keratin covered by minute overlapping scales and much valued as a textile fabric. to worm v. razglistiti To cure of intestinal worms. yearling n. enoletna žival An animal that is one year old or has not completed its second year. zoo n. živalski vrt A park or an institution in which living animals are kept and usually exhibited to the public. zoochosis n. zoohoza The condition in animals in which they seem to have lost their minds. They rock, sway or pace endlessly, and even mutilate themselves. zoo-goer n. obiskovalec živalskega vrta A person who visits a zoo. zoonosis n. zoonoza Any infection or disease that is transmitted to man from lower vertebrates.

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4. Slovene-English Word List

aktivist/-ka animal activist, animal advocate akvarij aquarium arena za petelinje boje cockpit astrahan astrakhan, broadtail, karakul balaklava balaclava baterijska kletka battery cage bazen za skubljenje/odstranitev dlak dehairing tank, scalding tank bazen z živalmi, ki se jih obiskovalci lahko dotaknejo

petting pool

bikoborba bullfight bikoborska arena bullring bočni pas (rodeo) bucking strap, flank strap boj med psom in divjo svinjo hog-dog rodeo boks stall boks za osemenjevanje rape rack borec/-ka za pravice živali animal activist, animal advocate božati to pet bradelj snood brezdomen homeless brojler broiler chicken cepiti to vaccinate cev za pitanje gosi in rac neck pole ciljna žival target animal cirkus circus čistokrven purebred črni faks black fax čuteč sentient čutenje sentience debikirati to debeak dejavnost, ki izkorišča živali animal-using industry deljenje letakov leafleting demonstracija demonstration dirkalni konj/pes racing horse/dog dirke s sanmi s pasjo vprego dogsled racing divjad game divji lovec/-vka poacher dobrobit (živali) animal welfare določiti spol to sex Draizov test Draize test drobilec, drobilnik macerator ekološko sabotiranje monkeywrenching ekstrapolacija med vrstami interspecies extrapolation električna ovratnica shock collar, electric collar električna palica cattle prod, electric prod enakost sameness enkrat ostrižena enoletna ovca shearling enoletna žival yearling

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etični vegetarijanec ethical vegetarian evtanazirati to euthanise, to euthanize farma za vzrejo živali za krzno fur farm fleksitarijanec flexitarian fototoksičnost phototoxicity fruktarijanec fruitarian gnoj manure gojeni piščanec za prehrano broiler govedoreja beef farming greben (petelin) comb hala za rejo kokoši nesnic laying warehouse hakapik hakapik hišni ljubljenček companion animal, pet humana znanost non-animal science humano zavajanje hogwashing industrijska kmetija factory farm infestacija rane z jajčeci muh, ličinkami flystrike inkrementalizem incrementalism intenzivna masovna psarna puppy mill izčrpan spent izčrpana žival downer izčrpanost exhaustion izkoriščati to exploit izkrvaviti to bleed izmučen spent izmučenost exhaustion iznakaziti to mutilate izpuščanje ujetih rib nazaj v vodo catch-and-release fishing jamarjenje den hunting, denning jata pod javno reševanje open rescue junec steer karnizem carnism kastracija castration kastriran altered, castrated, neutered kastrirati to castrate, to neuter kašmir cashmere kavelj (za slone) ankus, elephant goad kemična opeklina ammonia burn kitolov whaling klavnica abattoir, slaughterhouse kokoš nesnica laying hen kolateralni ulov trash kill komodificirati to commodify komodifikacija commodification konjska vprega horse-drawn carriage kopenska žival land animal košer kosher kotitveni boks gestation crate, sow stall

59

kožuh fur, pelt kožuhar furbearer krivolov poaching krivolovec/-vka poacher krzno fur kulinarično srečanje potluck kupiranje repa tail docking kupiranje uhljev ear clipping, ear cropping kupirati rep to dock lakto-ovo-vegetarijanec lacto-ovo-vegetarian laktovegetarijanec lacto-vegetarian lesena kletka wooden crate lesen zaboj wooden crate leviti se to moult, US molt ljubkovati to pet lov hunting lov v oborah canned hunting makrobiotičen macrobiotic makrobiotika macrobiotics masovna reja mass breeding mastitis mastitis maternalna deprivacija maternal deprivation menjati dlako/perje to moult, US molt mesna industrija meat industry mit o humanosti humane myth mlečna živinoreja dairy farming mlekarica dairy cow, milker, milking cow molznica dairy cow, milker, milking cow moralni imperativ moral imperative morska hrana seafood mulesing mulesing nabosti to gore načela dobrobiti welfarism najmanjša, najslabotnejša žival v leglu runt napihnjenost bloat neciljna žival non-target animal nečloveška žival non-human animal nekastriran unaltered nenehno gibanje pacing neokarnizem neocarnism neposredna akcija direct action nesodelovanje non-cooperation neudeležba non-participation obiskovalec živalskega vrta zoo-goer oblačilna industrija clothing industry obnorelost zaradi zaprtja v kletko cage madness obrejiti to impregnate, to inseminate odbrati to cull odprava abolition

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odreti to skin odstraniti bradelj to desnood odstraniti drobovje to gut odstraniti kremplje to declaw odstraniti rogove to dehorn odstreliti to cull ograjen proctor crate omamiti to stun oploditi to impregnate, to inseminate oskubiti perje to defeather ostriči to shear ostroga spur otroški živalski vrt petting zoo ovčje krzno fleece ovovegetarijanec ovo-vegetarian ovratnica z bodicami pinch collar, prong collar ozebline frostbite ožigosan branded ožigosati to brand parkljasta žival hoofed animal pasja hišica kennel pasji boj dog fight perutnina poultry perzijsko krzno astrakhan, broadtail, karakul pesjak kennel petelin rooster petelinji boj cockfight pirogeničnost pyrogenicity pištola za omamljanje s penetrirnim klinom

captive bolt gun

pitališče feedlot pitanec broiler chicken pitati to fatten pitati na silo to force-feed plinska celica gas chamber pobesneti to run amok/amuck poblagoviti to commodify poblagovljenje commodification podhranjen undernourished podivjan feral podivjati to run amok/amuck podkapa balaclava podrejenec underling pohabiti to cripple, to maim pokriti tovorni vagon boxcar polvegetarijanec semi-vegetarian popariti to scald poškodba zaradi izpostavljenosti exposure injury poteptati to trample

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potepuški stray potolči s palico to club potujoči živalski vrt travelling zoo pozibavanje z glavo head bobbing poziv k ukrepanju action alert prasilišče gestation crate, sow stall pravice živali animal rights prekupčevalec z živalmi animal trafficker prerez glasilk bark softening, debarking,

devocalization presnojedstvo raw foodism presno veganstvo raw veganism prestopanje pacing preštevilen surplus prikleniti to chain prisilna menjava perja forced moulting, induced moulting promocija tabling prosta reja free-range breeding protest demonstration protest na domu home demo psarna kennel puh down puliti perje to pluck puljenje perja feather-pecking rastlinska prehrana plant-based diet razglistiti to worm razkosati to dismember raztelešenje dissection razvit in izdelan brez mučenja živali cruelty-free rediti to fatten regulatorno testiranje regulatory testing rejec/-jka breeder rezanje zob teeth cutting ribiška ladja za predelavo rib factory trawler ribogojnica hatchery ribolov fishing ribovegetarijanec pescetarian, pesco-vegetarian ročno hraniti to handfeed roža (petelin) comb runo fleece sabotaža lova hunt sab, hunt sabotage saboter lova hunt sab, hunt saboteur sadni vegetarijanec fruitarian samopohabiti se to self-mutilate sejtan seitan skopec conibear trap skopitev castration skopiti to castrate, to neuter skrbnik/-ica caretaker

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skrbnik/-ica živali animal guardian skubiti to pluck sočutje empathy sonaraven sustainable speciesist speciesist speciesizem speciesism specist speciesist specizem speciesism srečno meso happy meat stereotipno vedenje stereotypic behaviour sterilizirati (samico) to neuter, to spay, to sterilize stopalka foothold trap stradanje starvation strojena koža enoletne ovce shearling strojarna tannery svila silk štrcelj dock talna reja cage-free breeding tekoči trak assembly line telesna integriteta physical integrity temeljne pravice basic rights tepsti s palico to bludgeon tesnobna psihoza anxiety-induced psychosis testiranje in vitro in vitro testing testiranje na živalih animal testing testiran na živalih animal-tested timpanija bloat tofu tofu topotanje thumping trajnosten sustainable trgovina za male živali pet shop, pet store ubiti to cull ubiti z električnim tokom to electrocute ugovor vesti conscientious objection ujet captive ujeti v zanko to snare ujetništvo captivity ukinitev abolition uloviti z lasom to rope umetna oploditev artificial insemination umetno krzno fake fur, faux fur, fun fur ujetništvo confinement usnje leather uspavati to euthanise, to euthanize , to put

down, to put to sleep utilitarizem utilitarianism valilnica hatchery veganarhizem veganarchism vegan/-nka vegan

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veganstvo veganism vegetarijanec/-nka vegetarian, veggie vegetarijanec, ki izmed živalskih produktov uživa le med

beegan

vegetarijanstvo vegetarianism vest conscience veterina veterinary medicine veterinar/-ka vet, veterinarian veterinarska oskrba veterinary care vivisekcija vivisection vivisektor vivisector vnetje vimena mastitis vodni park marine park volna wool voznik/-ica pasje vprege musher vročinska kap heatstroke vzgajati to foster vzreditelj/-jica breeder zaboj crate zadaviti to strangle zadušiti to suffocate zagovornik/-ica pravic živali animal advocate, animalist, animal

rightist zagovorništvo pravic živali animal advocacy zaklati to slaughter zanka snare zapreti to enclose, to pen zaseg živali iz zavetišča pound seizure zaščita živali animal protection zatezna ovratnica choke collar zatezna veriga choke chain zatočišče za živali animal sanctuary, sanctuary zavetišče za živali animal shelter, pound, shelter zavreči to dump zbiratelj/-jica živali hoarder zeleno zavajanje greenwashing zemljan/-nka earthling zoohoza zoochosis zoonoza zoonosis žičnata kletka wire crate žičnata zanka wire noose žival, ki sobiva v kletki cagemate živalski spremljevalec companion animal živalski vrt zoo žival za prehrano food animal živinoreja animal husbandry živinozdravnik/-ica vet, veterinarian živinoznanost animal science živinska ograda feedlot

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živolovka cage trap, live trap

5. Analysis

The English-Slovene glossary Animal Welfare and Protection has 333 entries in

total.

At the beginning of the analysis I cannot avoid stating the obvious: I have not

been able to find all the Slovene equivalents like I intended, for various reasons.

There are English words like veg*n, which cannot function with the Slovene

expressions, or beegan, which is based on a word play in English but again

cannot be transferred as such to Slovene. In these cases I have provided

descriptive definitions and I have put them in italics.

There are other examples of English terms that I have translated descriptively,

and these are those referring to practices or sports that have no or little tradition

in Slovenia, such as rodeo, hog-dog rodeo, dogsled racing, etc. Although it

might seem redundant that I have included these and some other terms related

to the topics untypical of Slovenia, I have decided to do so because the

glossary's function is to provide help in decoding of English texts and an

interested layperson can easily come across a text dealing with these very

practices and they might need explanations of these terms, probably even more

than an explanation of some term that is more present in our sociocultural

context.

All the Slovene equivalents for which I have finally settled have been revised

and approved by the members of Veganska iniciativa. Where we were

considering different solutions, we agreed on one together. They have also

proposed some additional entry words that they believed were important in the

context of my glossary.

I would also like to point out the inquiry that the members of Veganska iniciativa

made at SAZU (SASA - Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts) about the

term speciesism. The question was whether to translate it into Slovene as

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speciesizem or specizem. Prof. dr. Marko Snoj explained that on one hand the

English term could simply be transferred to Slovene as speciesizem, because it

has a logical background in the word species, which in Slovene designates an

animal or plant category. On the other hand, there is an inflected form of the

Latin word that is specie, so we could take the Latin root form of the word

speci-, to which then the ending –izem is added, thus forming another Slovene

term specizem. In this second way the Italian (specismo) and French

(antispécisme) terms are formed, whereas the German language

(Speziesismus) and the Czech language (speciesismus) have followed the

English pattern. Prof. Snoj concludes that taking into account all these

arguments for the time being and till the Acadamey selects one of the options,

in Slovene it is possible to use both.

It is difficult to keep a dictionary or a glossary up-to-date, especially one in a

printed form, but I have tried to include also more recent words that I

encountered during my search for lemmata. One of these is the expression

locavorism, related to the word locavore, which was chosen as the Oxford Word

of the Year in 2007. I am aware that this is just one among many, but at least it

is an attempt of presenting the topic as thoroughly as possible, in spite of facing

the limitations, such as the lack of experience and proper lexicographical tools.

66

Conclusions

The first and undeniable conclusion that I have drawn while making the glossary

has been that the job of compiling a glossary is anything but simple, regardless

of how scientific the glossary is. Getting this project done has not been an act, it

has been a process. Apart from learning the basics of lexicography, because I

had no prior knowledge of theoretical lexicography, the process included an

extensive research to acquire lemmata in the first place and then many more

hours of research to find adequate Slovene equivalents in the second place.

It would have also been virtually impossible to finish such a project by myself,

because an extensive field like the topic of this glossary cannot be covered in

detail by one person only. I am aware of the fact that in some instances my

lexicographical methods were barely scientific, usually due to a lack of reliable

animal protection-related texts in Slovene, which can be attributed to the current

stage of development of animal rightist movement in Slovenia in comparison

with other countries, especially with the United States. Since I am an

inexperienced lexicographer, the lemma selection has been an arduous job for

me as well. In spite of all the obstacles that I have encountered while working

on my glossary I believe I have made a step forward in the direction of

improving the lexical accuracy of the future animal protection articles, leaflets or

any other texts in Slovene.

For as humble as this contribution may seem, I hope that my work and effort

have not been in vain and that the glossary will at least be a reminder that also

when it comes to social activism the language in which the ideas are expressed

must be correct, accurate and comprehensible. Correct translations or original

texts play an important, if not the most important role in the mission of

spreading the animal rights movement ideas. There is, of course, a lot of space

for improvement and expansion of my work, but it is a humble beginning that

could serve to other researchers as at least a source of inspiration and a basis

for further work in this field.

67

Bibliography

Online Sources of Glossary Entries

• <http://www.all-creatures.org/articles/act-gloss.html#Vivisection> Web.

20 Nov. 2011.

• <http://www.allelephants.com/allinfo/trumble16.php> Web. 20 Nov. 2011.

• <http://www.animalfreedom.org/english/opinion/glossary.html> Web. 20

Nov. 2011.

• <http://www.animalliberationfront.com/ALF_flow_v2/ARGlossary.htm>

Web. 20 Nov. 2011.

• <http://animalrights.about.com/od/veganandvegetariandiets/g/> Web. 20

Nov. 2011.

• <http://www.carnism.com/carnism.htm> Web. 20 Apr. 2012.

• <http://www.consumerfreedom.com/article_detail.cfm/a/152-animal-

rights-glossary> Web. 20 Nov. 2011.

• <http://www.earthlings.com/> Web. 15. Nov. 2011.

• <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights> Web. 20 Nov. 2011.

• <http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/glossary/> Web. 20 Nov. 2011.

• <http://www.humanemyth.org/glossary/1023.htm> Web. 20 Nov. 2011.

• <http://lib.colostate.edu/research/agnic/glossary.html> Web. 20 Nov.

2011.

• <http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-

category/british/Treating-animals-and-animal-welfare> Web. 20 Nov.

2011.

• <http://www.minnesotahelp.info/Public/taxonomy_glossary.aspx?code=T

D-160.050> Web. 20 Nov. 2011.

• <http://www.peta.org/issues/default.aspx> Web. 4 Jan. 2012.

• <http://www.uni.edu/dor/dining/nutrition/vegglossary.htm> Web. 20 Nov.

2011.

• <http://www.vegansoapbox.com/a-basic-vegan-glossary-20-terms/>

Web. 20 Nov. 2011.

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Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• "Animal Rights." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica

Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 7 Apr. 2012.

<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/25760/animal-rights>.

• Krek, Simon, ed. Veliki angleško-slovenski slovar Oxford (prva in druga

knjiga). Ljubljana: DZS, 2005. Print.

• Grad, Anton; Škerlj, Ružena; Vitrovič, Nada. Veliki angleško-slovenski

slovar. Ljubljana: DZS, 1997. Print.

• Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika. Online version. Ljubljana, 2000.

Web.

• Ilustrirani angleški slovar Oxford. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 2004. Print.

• Anderson, Sandra; Black, Duncan, et al. eds. Collins English Dictionary.

9th ed. Glasgow: HarperCollins, 2007. Print.

• http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ Web. 15 Dec. 2011 – 15 Apr. 2012.

Works Cited

• Bergenholtz, Henning, and Kaufmann, Uwe. "Terminography and

Lexicography. A Critical Survey of Dictionaries from a Single Specialised

Field." Hermes, Journal of Linguistics no. 18 (1997): 91-121. Web. 9 Dec.

2011.

• Bergenholtz, Henning, and Tarp, Sven, eds. Manual of Specialised

Lexicography: the Preparation of Specialised Dictionaries. Amsterdam:

John Benjamins, 1995. Print.

• Dunayer, Joan. Specizam: diskriminacija na osnovi vrste. Čakovec:

Dvostruka duga, 2009. Print.

• "Terminology." Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Ed. Mona

Baker and Gabriela Saldanha. London: Routledge, 2009. 286-90. Print.

• Tarp, Sven. "Introduction to Thematic Section." Hermes, Journal of

Linguistics no. 18 (1997): 9-11. Web. 9 Dec. 2011.

69

IZJAVA O AVTORSTVU

Izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Animal Welfare and Protection:

English-Slovene Glossary v celoti moje avtorsko delo ter da so uporabljeni viri

in literatura navedeni v skladu z mednarodnimi standardi in veljavno

zakonodajo.

Ljubljana, 14. 5. 2012 Edita Fidler