do now make a list of what americans were afraid of during the 1950s and 60s
TRANSCRIPT
Do Now
• Make a list of what Americans were afraid of during the 1950s and 60s
Cold war continues
• Eisenhower’s “New Look”
• Less on ground forces
• more on airpower, nuclear power and covert action
• Massive retaliation– Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
• 1945• Ho Chi Minh- leader of
the Vietminh• Vietnam declares
independence from France
• 1954• Dien Bien Phu, 1954• French defeated by
the Vietminh
Containment in Vietnam
• Vietnam divided into – North Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh
– South Vietnam• Ngo Diem
Containment in Vietnam
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
• mutual defense pact• U.S. sends
weapons, military advisors, CIA
• Guerrilla war began in Vietnam
Latin America
Latin America
• Cuba – 1959- Fidel
Castro leads rebellion
– US backed Cuban dictator Batista
– Castro turns to the Soviet Union for aid
Latin America
• Guatemala– 1954– Leader nationalizes
land owned by U.S. businesses
– CIA helps depose Arbenz
– Replaced with a military dictator friendly to U.S.
• The Suez Crisis• Egypt,1956• Nasser seizes the
Suez Canal• Israel attacks Egypt
with help from Britain and France
• Ike stays out
Middle East
• Iran • Mossadegh
nationalizes oil fields
• deposed with aid from the CIA
• Shah of Iran is the new leader
• U.S. companies get 40% share in oil concessions
Middle East
The Arms Race
• Nikita Krushchev replaces Stalin in 1953
• Summit conference in 1955
• Eisenhower and Kruschev meet at Camp David in 1959
• Agree to meet in Paris1960
The Arms Race
• The Soviet Union– launches ICBM in 1957
• Sputnik • first satellite to circle the earth
• Ike creates the National Aeronatics and Space Administration (NASA)
The Arms Race
• U-2 spy incident
• May 1, 1960
• Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet air space
• Summit meeting canceled
Federal Highway Act of 1956
1950’s Society
• The Suburbs• Mass-produced
houses• Federal Housing
Administration • Veterans
Administration– Low-interest loans
• “White flight”
1950’s Society
The Culture of Abundance
• Expansion of education
• Federal Programs– GI Bill– National Defense Education Act
• Promoted research and development
The Culture of Conformity
• More white collar workers
• Emphasis on family and gender roles– Cold War mentality
• Search for stability
• Religion – Church membership rose
Consumer Culture
• Population increase– 150 million - 1950– 180 million - 1960
• Borrowing– Consumer debt
• Advertising
• Television culture• A “selling machine”
– Sponsors pay to sell products
Critics of Culture
• The Beat http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVOXxDV5BdI
– Group of poets and authors– Rejected mainstream culture– Believed in personal freedom
• Allen Ginsberg – Howl (1956)
• Jack Kerouac – On the Road (1957)
Counterculture
• Challenges to the mainstream
• The Wild One (1954)• Rebel without a Caus
e (1955)
Little Richard
Counterculture
• Elvis Presley
Counterculture
• Chuck Berry
Civil Rights movement
• Grassroots movement – Movement to the cities
• More voting rights
– Cold war politics– Social networks
• Churches, colleges
Civil Rights movement
Robert Russa Moton High SchoolNational Park Service PhotoPrince Edward County, Virginia
Civil Rights movement
• In April 1951, the students at Robert Russa Moton High School in Prince Edward County, VA, went on strike. Although their protest was intended to persuade their local school board to build them a better school, it actually led to a landmark civil rights case that marked the end of segregation in the nation's public schools.
Civil Rights movement
• Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
• Consolidation of five separate lawsuits
• Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but equal”
• Allegedly ends segregation of public schools– "separate educational facilities are
inherently unequal."
Civil Rights movement• Montgomery,Alabama• Non-violent protests
and passive resistance• December 1, 1955 • Rosa Parks was
arrested • Boycott organized by
the Montgomery Improvement Association
Civil Rights movement
• Martin Luther King chosen to head the MIA
• Led the Montgomery bus boycott
• November, 1956• Supreme Court
declares Alabama bus segregation unconstitutional
Civil Rights movement
• The “Little Rock Nine” September, 1957
• Little Rock, Ark. Governor sends the National Guard to prevent enrollment of nine black students
• Eisenhower sends in the federal army
Civil Rights movement
• The Civil Rights Act of 1957 and 1960
• Voting rights bill– Not enforced– But opened the door to later laws– Civil Rights Commission to investigate
issues regarding race relations
Kennedy Challenges Nixon1960