DO NOWDO NOW Between 750 and 500 B.C.E., Greek civilization witnessed the Between 750 and 500 B.C.E., Greek civilization witnessed the

emergence of the city-state as the central institution in Greek emergence of the city-state as the central institution in Greek life and the Greeks’ colonization of the Mediterranean and life and the Greeks’ colonization of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Classical Greece lasted from about 500 to 338 Black Seas. Classical Greece lasted from about 500 to 338 B.C.E. and encompassed the high points of Greek civilization in B.C.E. and encompassed the high points of Greek civilization in arts, science, philosophy, and politics as well as the Persian arts, science, philosophy, and politics as well as the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War. Wars and the Peloponnesian War.

LOOK AT THE MAP ON PAGE 97. HOW LOOK AT THE MAP ON PAGE 97. HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE HELP EXPLAIN THE RISE AND HELP EXPLAIN THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK CITY-DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK CITY-STATE?STATE?

DO NOWDO NOW Between 750 and 500 B.C.E., Greek civilization witnessed the Between 750 and 500 B.C.E., Greek civilization witnessed the

emergence of the city-state as the central institution in Greek emergence of the city-state as the central institution in Greek life and the Greeks’ colonization of the Mediterranean and life and the Greeks’ colonization of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Classical Greece lasted from about 500 to 338 Black Seas. Classical Greece lasted from about 500 to 338 B.C.E. and encompassed the high points of Greek civilization in B.C.E. and encompassed the high points of Greek civilization in arts, science, philosophy, and politics as well as the Persian arts, science, philosophy, and politics as well as the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War. Wars and the Peloponnesian War.

LOOK AT THE MAP ON PAGE 110. HOW LOOK AT THE MAP ON PAGE 110. HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE HELP EXPLAIN THE RISE AND HELP EXPLAIN THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK CITY-DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK CITY-STATE?STATE?

DO NOWDO NOW Look at the picture on page 111 and Look at the picture on page 111 and

the two pictures below. Heinrich the two pictures below. Heinrich Schliemann discovered six tombs at Schliemann discovered six tombs at the royal grave circle near the lion the royal grave circle near the lion gate at Mycenae. How do these gate at Mycenae. How do these tombs compare to Egyptian tombs compare to Egyptian tombs??????tombs??????

DO NOWDO NOW Look at the pictures below. Heinrich Look at the pictures below. Heinrich

Schliemann discovered six tombs at Schliemann discovered six tombs at the royal grave circle near the lion the royal grave circle near the lion gate at Mycenae. How do these gate at Mycenae. How do these tombs compare to Egyptian tombs compare to Egyptian tombs??????tombs??????

Chapter 4: Ancient Chapter 4: Ancient GreeceGreece

Section 1: The First Greek Section 1: The First Greek CivilizationsCivilizations

Greek GeographyGreek Geography

Geography played an important role in the Geography played an important role in the development of Greek civilizations. Compared development of Greek civilizations. Compared with Mesopotamia and Egypt, Greece occupies a with Mesopotamia and Egypt, Greece occupies a small area. It consists of a mountainous small area. It consists of a mountainous peninsula and numerous islands that encompass peninsula and numerous islands that encompass about fifty thousand square miles of territory—about fifty thousand square miles of territory—about the size of the state of Louisiana. The about the size of the state of Louisiana. The mountains and the sea played especially mountains and the sea played especially significant roles in the development of Greek significant roles in the development of Greek history. Much of Greece consists of small plains history. Much of Greece consists of small plains and river valleys surrounded by high mountain and river valleys surrounded by high mountain ranges.ranges.

Impact of Geography: The mountains isolated Greeks from one another, causing Impact of Geography: The mountains isolated Greeks from one another, causing different Greek communities to develop their own ways of life. Over a period of time, different Greek communities to develop their own ways of life. Over a period of time, these communities became fiercely independent. It is probable that the small size of these communities became fiercely independent. It is probable that the small size of these independent communities encouraged people to participate in political affairs. these independent communities encouraged people to participate in political affairs.

On the other hand, the rivalry between the communities led to warfare that devastated On the other hand, the rivalry between the communities led to warfare that devastated Greek society.Greek society.

1. Geography of 1. Geography of GreeceGreece

2. development of 2. development of communitiescommunities

3. Minoan 3. Minoan civilization (2700-civilization (2700-1450 B.C.E.)1450 B.C.E.)

1. 1. consists of small plains consists of small plains and river valleys and river valleys surrounded by high surrounded by high mountain rangesmountain ranges

2. 2. were rivals; led to were rivals; led to constant warfare; constant warfare; developed independentlydeveloped independently

3. 3. people who settled on people who settled on the large island of Crete; the large island of Crete; developed bronzedeveloped bronze

Landscape of GreeceLandscape of Greece

Map of GreeceMap of Greece

Geography:Geography: By 2800 B.C., a Bronze civilization that used metals, By 2800 B.C., a Bronze civilization that used metals,

especially bronze, in making weapons had been established on the large island of Crete, especially bronze, in making weapons had been established on the large island of Crete, southeast of the Greek mainland. Called Minoan civilization, it flourished between 2700 southeast of the Greek mainland. Called Minoan civilization, it flourished between 2700

and 1450 B.C. The centers of Minoan civilization on Crete suffered a sudden and and 1450 B.C. The centers of Minoan civilization on Crete suffered a sudden and catastrophic collapse around 1450 B.C. Some historians believe that a tidal wave catastrophic collapse around 1450 B.C. Some historians believe that a tidal wave

triggered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the island of Thera was responsible for the triggered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the island of Thera was responsible for the devastation. Most historians, however, believe that the destruction was the result of devastation. Most historians, however, believe that the destruction was the result of

invasion by mainland Greeks known as the Mycenaens. invasion by mainland Greeks known as the Mycenaens.

4. Crete4. Crete

5. Mycenaean 5. Mycenaean Greeks (1600-1100 Greeks (1600-1100 B.C.E.)B.C.E.)

4. 4. southeast of the southeast of the Greek mainlandGreek mainland

5. 5. Indo-European Indo-European family of peoples; family of peoples; civilization was made civilization was made up of powerful up of powerful monarchies; settled in monarchies; settled in mainland of Greecemainland of Greece

Mycenaean civilization, which reached its high point between 1400 and 1200 B.C., was Mycenaean civilization, which reached its high point between 1400 and 1200 B.C., was made up of powerful monarchies. Each resided in a fortified palace center. Like made up of powerful monarchies. Each resided in a fortified palace center. Like

Mycenae, these centers were built on hills surrounded by gigantic stone walls. The Mycenae, these centers were built on hills surrounded by gigantic stone walls. The various centers of power probably formed a loose alliance of independent states. various centers of power probably formed a loose alliance of independent states.

While the royal families lived within the walls of these complexes, the civilian While the royal families lived within the walls of these complexes, the civilian populations lived in scattered locations outside the walls. Among the noticeable populations lived in scattered locations outside the walls. Among the noticeable

features of these Mycenaean centers were tombs where members of the royal families features of these Mycenaean centers were tombs where members of the royal families were buried. Known as tholos tombs, they were built into hillsides. were buried. Known as tholos tombs, they were built into hillsides.

6. monarchy6. monarchy

7. tholos7. tholos

8. Homer8. Homer

6. 6. royal families who run royal families who run city-states or countriescity-states or countries

7. 7. tombs which were tombs which were built into hillsidesbuilt into hillsides

8. 8. Greek poet who wrote Greek poet who wrote such great works as the such great works as the Iliad and the OdysseyIliad and the Odyssey

By the late 13By the late 13thth century B.C., Mycenaean century B.C., Mycenaean Greece was showing signs of serious Greece was showing signs of serious trouble. Mycenaean states fought one trouble. Mycenaean states fought one another, and major earthquakes caused another, and major earthquakes caused widespread damage. In the 12widespread damage. In the 12thth century century B.C., new waves of Greek-speaking B.C., new waves of Greek-speaking invaders moved into Greece from the invaders moved into Greece from the north. By 1100 B.C., Mycenaean north. By 1100 B.C., Mycenaean civilization had collapsed. civilization had collapsed.

Dark Ages:Dark Ages:After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization, Greece After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization, Greece

entered a difficult period in which the population declined and food production entered a difficult period in which the population declined and food production dropped. Historians call the period from approximately 1100 to 750 B.C. the dropped. Historians call the period from approximately 1100 to 750 B.C. the

Dark Age, because few records of what happened exist. Not until 850 B.C. did Dark Age, because few records of what happened exist. Not until 850 B.C. did farming revive. At the same time, the basis for a new Greece was forming. farming revive. At the same time, the basis for a new Greece was forming.

9. Dark Ages 9. Dark Ages (1100-750 B.C.E.)(1100-750 B.C.E.)

10. Greek 10. Greek colonizationcolonization

11. Ionia11. Ionia

9. 9. population declined, population declined, food production dropped, food production dropped, few records exist of what few records exist of what happenedhappened

10. 10. on shores of Asia on shores of Asia minor ex: Ioniaminor ex: Ionia

11. 11. people began to settle people began to settle in the western shores of in the western shores of Asia minorAsia minor

At some point in the 8At some point in the 8thth century B.C., the Greeks century B.C., the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet to give adopted the Phoenician alphabet to give themselves a new system of writing. By reducing themselves a new system of writing. By reducing all words to a combination of 24 letters (both all words to a combination of 24 letters (both consonants and vowels), the Greeks made consonants and vowels), the Greeks made learning to read and write simpler. Near the very learning to read and write simpler. Near the very end of the Dark Age appeared the work of Homer, end of the Dark Age appeared the work of Homer, one of the truly great poets of all time. one of the truly great poets of all time.

The Iliad and the Odyssey were the first great The Iliad and the Odyssey were the first great epic poems of early Greece. They were based on epic poems of early Greece. They were based on stories that had been passed from generation to stories that had been passed from generation to generation.generation.

12. Developments of 12. Developments of the Dark Age (850 the Dark Age (850 B.C.E.)B.C.E.)

12. 12. iron replaces iron replaces bronze, revival in bronze, revival in trade, creation of trade, creation of alphabetalphabet (adopted (adopted from the from the Phoenicians) Phoenicians)

The Iliad and the Odyssey were the first great epic poems of early Greece. An The Iliad and the Odyssey were the first great epic poems of early Greece. An epic poem is a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero. The Iliad and the epic poem is a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero. The Iliad and the

Odyssey were based on stories that had been passed on from generation to Odyssey were based on stories that had been passed on from generation to generation. Homer used the stories of the Trojan War to compose the Iliad and generation. Homer used the stories of the Trojan War to compose the Iliad and

the Odyssey. The war is caused by Paris a prince of Troy. By kidnapping Helen, the Odyssey. The war is caused by Paris a prince of Troy. By kidnapping Helen, the wife of the King of the Greek state Sparta, Paris outrages all the Greeks. the wife of the King of the Greek state Sparta, Paris outrages all the Greeks.

Under the leadership of the Spartan king’s brother, King Agamemnon, the Greeks Under the leadership of the Spartan king’s brother, King Agamemnon, the Greeks attack Troy. Ten years later, the Greeks devise a plan to take the city. They trick attack Troy. Ten years later, the Greeks devise a plan to take the city. They trick

the Trojans by building a huge hollow wooden horse. The best Mycenaean the Trojans by building a huge hollow wooden horse. The best Mycenaean soldiers hide inside the horse, while the rest board their ships and pretend to sail soldiers hide inside the horse, while the rest board their ships and pretend to sail away. The joyful Trojans, thinking themselves victorious, bring the gift horse into away. The joyful Trojans, thinking themselves victorious, bring the gift horse into the city. That night, the Greeks creep out of the horse, slaughter the Trojan men, the city. That night, the Greeks creep out of the horse, slaughter the Trojan men,

enslave the women and children, and burn the city to the ground. enslave the women and children, and burn the city to the ground. 13. Iliad and the 13. Iliad and the

Odyssey (written Odyssey (written around 725-675 around 725-675 B.C.E.)B.C.E.)

14. epic poem14. epic poem

13. 13. one of the first one of the first great epic poems of great epic poems of early Greeceearly Greece

14. 14. a long poem that a long poem that tells the deeds of a tells the deeds of a great herogreat hero

15. arête15. arête 15. 15. a hero which a hero which strives for excellencestrives for excellence

Through his Through his willingness to fight, willingness to fight, the hero protects his the hero protects his family and friends, family and friends, preserves his own preserves his own honor and that of his honor and that of his family, and earns his family, and earns his reputationreputation

The values Homer taught were courage and honor. Homer taught Greeks The values Homer taught were courage and honor. Homer taught Greeks to be proud of their Greek heritage and their heroic ancestors. Homer to be proud of their Greek heritage and their heroic ancestors. Homer

gave to later generations of Greek males a model of heroism and honor. gave to later generations of Greek males a model of heroism and honor. For example, the Iliad taught students to be proud of their Greek heritage For example, the Iliad taught students to be proud of their Greek heritage

and their heroic ancestors.and their heroic ancestors.

DO NOWDO NOW

HOW DOES THE ILIAD REFLECT THE HOW DOES THE ILIAD REFLECT THE CULTURAL VIEWS OF GREECE CULTURAL VIEWS OF GREECE PARTICULARLY AS IT RELATES TO PARTICULARLY AS IT RELATES TO THE IDEA OF HEROISM? EXPLAIN THE IDEA OF HEROISM? EXPLAIN THE IDEA OF ARETE.THE IDEA OF ARETE.

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 112-113 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED 112-113 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “HOMER”“HOMER”

DO NOWDO NOW

HOW DOES THE ILIAD REFLECT THE HOW DOES THE ILIAD REFLECT THE CULTURAL VIEWS OF GREECE CULTURAL VIEWS OF GREECE PARTICULARLY AS IT RELATES TO PARTICULARLY AS IT RELATES TO THE IDEA OF HEROISM? EXPLAIN THE THE IDEA OF HEROISM? EXPLAIN THE IDEA OF ARETE.IDEA OF ARETE.

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 98-100 UNDER THE SECTIONS TITLED 98-100 UNDER THE SECTIONS TITLED “HOMER AND HOMERIC GREECE” AND “HOMER AND HOMERIC GREECE” AND “HOMER’S ENDURING IMPORTANCE”“HOMER’S ENDURING IMPORTANCE”

DO NOWDO NOW

Look at the map on page 117. Over Look at the map on page 117. Over a period of 200 years, the Greeks a period of 200 years, the Greeks spread across Europe and northern spread across Europe and northern Africa, bringing Greek civilization to Africa, bringing Greek civilization to areas more than 1,500 miles (2,400 areas more than 1,500 miles (2,400 km) from Greece. What was the km) from Greece. What was the relationship between the Greek relationship between the Greek trading routes and Greek colonies. trading routes and Greek colonies. (Analyze)(Analyze)

DO NOWDO NOW

LOOK AT THE MAP ON PAGE 110. LOOK AT THE MAP ON PAGE 110. USING THE MAP, GIVE EXAMPLES OF USING THE MAP, GIVE EXAMPLES OF HOW GREECE’S GEOGRAPHY HOW GREECE’S GEOGRAPHY AFFECTED GREEK CIVILIZATION? AFFECTED GREEK CIVILIZATION?

DO NOWDO NOW LOOK AT THE MAP 4.1 ON PAGE 97.LOOK AT THE MAP 4.1 ON PAGE 97. BETWEEN 750 AND 500 B.C.E., GREEK CIVILIZATION WITNESSED THE BETWEEN 750 AND 500 B.C.E., GREEK CIVILIZATION WITNESSED THE

EMERGENCE OF THE CITY-STATE AS THE CENTRAL INSTITUTION IN EMERGENCE OF THE CITY-STATE AS THE CENTRAL INSTITUTION IN GREEK LIFE AND THE GREEKS’ COLONIZATINO OF THE GREEK LIFE AND THE GREEKS’ COLONIZATINO OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEAS. CLASSICAL GREECE LASTED MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEAS. CLASSICAL GREECE LASTED FROM ABOUT 500 TO 338 B.C.E. AND ENCOMPASSED THE HIGH FROM ABOUT 500 TO 338 B.C.E. AND ENCOMPASSED THE HIGH POINTS OF GREEK CIVILIZATION IN ARTS, SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, AND POINTS OF GREEK CIVILIZATION IN ARTS, SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, AND POLITICS, AS WELL AS THE PERSIAN WAR AND THE PELOPONNESIAN POLITICS, AS WELL AS THE PERSIAN WAR AND THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. WAR.

HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE HELP EXPLAIN THE HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE HELP EXPLAIN THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK CITY-STATES?RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK CITY-STATES?

USING THE MAP, GIVE EXAMPLES OF HOW GREECE’S USING THE MAP, GIVE EXAMPLES OF HOW GREECE’S GEOGRAPHY AFFECTED GREEK CIVILIZATION? GEOGRAPHY AFFECTED GREEK CIVILIZATION?

Section 2: The Greek City-StatesSection 2: The Greek City-States

1. polis1. polis

2. acropolis2. acropolis

1. a 1. a town, city, or town, city, or village, that served village, that served as the center where as the center where people could meet people could meet for political, social, for political, social, and religious and religious activitiesactivities

2. Served as 2. Served as a place a place of refuge during an of refuge during an attack and attack and sometimes became sometimes became a religious centera religious center

3. agora3. agora

4. military system4. military system

5. hoplites5. hoplites

3. 3. an open area an open area that served as a that served as a place where people place where people could assemble as a could assemble as a marketmarket

4. 4. based on hoplitesbased on hoplites

5. 5. heavily armed heavily armed infantry soldiers or infantry soldiers or foot soldiersfoot soldiers

6. phalanx6. phalanx

7. colonization7. colonization

6. 6. battle formation battle formation in which an infantry in which an infantry marches shoulder marches shoulder to shoulder in a to shoulder in a rectangular rectangular formationformation

7. 7. led to an led to an increase in trade increase in trade and industryand industry

The success of trade and industry The success of trade and industry created a new group of wealthy created a new group of wealthy

individuals known as tyrantsindividuals known as tyrants 8. Greek tyrants8. Greek tyrants

9. democracy9. democracy

10. oligarchy10. oligarchy

8. 8. rulers who rulers who seized power by seized power by force from the force from the aristocratsaristocrats

9. 9. government by government by the peoplethe people

10. 10. rule by the fewrule by the few

SpartaSpartaLike the other Greek city-states, Sparta was faced with the need for Like the other Greek city-states, Sparta was faced with the need for

more land. Instead of sending its people out to start new colonies, as more land. Instead of sending its people out to start new colonies, as some states did, the Spartans conquered the neighboring Laconians. some states did, the Spartans conquered the neighboring Laconians.

Later, beginning around 730 B.C., the Spartans undertook the Later, beginning around 730 B.C., the Spartans undertook the conquest of neighboring Messenia despite its larger size and conquest of neighboring Messenia despite its larger size and

population. Between 800 and 600 B.C., the lives of Spartans were population. Between 800 and 600 B.C., the lives of Spartans were rigidly organized and tightly controlled (thus, our word spartan, rigidly organized and tightly controlled (thus, our word spartan,

meaning “highly self-disciplined”).meaning “highly self-disciplined”).

11. Sparta (military 11. Sparta (military state)state)

11. 11. instead of instead of colonizing to gain colonizing to gain extra land, they extra land, they invaded and invaded and conquered their conquered their neighborsneighbors

SpartaSpartaMales spent their childhood learning military discipline. Then they enrolled in Males spent their childhood learning military discipline. Then they enrolled in

the army for regular military service at age 20. Although allowed to marry, they the army for regular military service at age 20. Although allowed to marry, they continued to live in the military barracks until age 30. At 30, Spartan males continued to live in the military barracks until age 30. At 30, Spartan males

were allowed to vote in the assembly and live at home, but they stayed in the were allowed to vote in the assembly and live at home, but they stayed in the army until the age of 60. While their husbands lived in the barracks, Spartan army until the age of 60. While their husbands lived in the barracks, Spartan

women lived at home. Because of this separation, Spartan women had greater women lived at home. Because of this separation, Spartan women had greater freedom of movement and greater power in the household than was common freedom of movement and greater power in the household than was common

elsewhere in Greece. elsewhere in Greece.

12. men12. men

13. women13. women

12. 12. spent their spent their childhood learning childhood learning military discipline; military discipline; lived in military lived in military barracks until age barracks until age 3030

13. 13. lived at home lived at home alone; had greater alone; had greater freedom; were freedom; were expected to expected to exerciseexercise

The Spartan government was an oligarchy headed by two kings, who led the Spartan army on its campaign. A group of five men, known as the ephors were

elected each year and were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens. A council of elders, composed of the two kings and 28 citizens over the age of 60, decided on the issues that would be presented to an assembly made up of male citizens. This assembly did not debate; it only

voted on the issues.

14. Sparta’s government

15. ephors

14. oligarchy (led by two kings)

15. elected each year responsible for the education of youth and conduct of citizens

DO NOW

EXPLAIN WHY ARETE WAS IMPORTANT TO GREEK MALES? READ THE LAST PARAGRAPH ON PAGE 113 IN YOUR BOOKS.

DO NOW

EXPLAIN WHY ARETE WAS IMPORTANT TO GREEK MALES? READ THE LAST PARAGRAPH ON PAGES 99-100 IN YOUR BOOKS.

Athens

By 700 B.C., Athens had become a unified polis on the peninsula of Attica. Early Athens was ruled by a king. By the 7th century B.C. however, Athens had become an oligarchy under the control of its aristocrats. These aristocrats owned the best land and controlled political life. There was an assembly of all citizens but it had few powers.

The ruling Athenian aristocrats reacted to this crisis in 594 B.C. by giving full power to Solon a reforminded aristocrat. Solon canceled all land debts and freed

people who had fallen into slavery for debts. He refused however, to take land from the rich and give it to the poor. Solon’s reform, though popular, did not

solve the problems of Athens. Aristocrats were still powerful and poor peasants could not obtain land. Internal strife finally led to the very thing that Solon had

hoped to avoid—tyranny.

16. Solon

17. Solon’s reform

16. reforminded aristocrat

17. canceled all land debts and freed people who had fallen into slavery for debts

Pisistratus, an aristocrat seized power in 560 B.C. He then aided Athenian trade as a way of pleasing the merchants. He also gave aristocrats’ land to the

peasants in order to gain the favor of the poor. The Athenians rebelled against Pisistratus’s son, who had succeeded him, and ended the tyranny in 510 B.C.. Two years later, with the backing of the Athenian people, Cleisthenes, another

reformer gained the upper hand. Cleisthenes created a new council of five hundred that supervised foreign affairs, oversaw the treasury, and proposed the

laws that would be voted on by the assembly.

18. Pisistratus

19. Cleisthenes

18. seized power and gave aristocrats’ land to the peasants; aided Athenian trade

19. created a new council of five hundred that proposed laws that would be voted on by an assembly

The Athenian assembly, composed of male citizens, was given final authority to pass law after free and open debate. Because the assembly now had the central

role in the Athenian political system, the reforms of Cleisthenes created the foundations for Athenian democracy.

20. Cleisthenes reform

21. Athens government

20. assembly now had the central role in Athens

21. democracy (rule by the people)

DO NOWDO NOWRead “The Way It Was” on page 118. Contrast the Read “The Way It Was” on page 118. Contrast the two powerful Greek city-states: Sparta and Athenstwo powerful Greek city-states: Sparta and Athens

DO NOWDO NOWRead pages 103-105 in the sections titled “The Spartan Read pages 103-105 in the sections titled “The Spartan State” and “Athens”. Contrast the two powerful Greek State” and “Athens”. Contrast the two powerful Greek

city-states: Sparta and Athenscity-states: Sparta and Athens

As the Greeks spread throughout the As the Greeks spread throughout the Mediterranean, they came into contact Mediterranean, they came into contact with the Persian Empire to the east. The with the Persian Empire to the east. The Ionian Greek cities in western Asia Minor Ionian Greek cities in western Asia Minor had already fallen subject to the Persian had already fallen subject to the Persian Empire by the mid-sixth century B.C. In Empire by the mid-sixth century B.C. In 499 B.C., an unsuccessful revolt by the 499 B.C., an unsuccessful revolt by the Ionian cities—assisted by the Athenian Ionian cities—assisted by the Athenian navy—led the Persian ruler Darius to seek navy—led the Persian ruler Darius to seek revenge. In 490 B.C., the Persians landed revenge. In 490 B.C., the Persians landed on the plain of Marathon, only 26 miles on the plain of Marathon, only 26 miles from Athens. There, an outnumbered from Athens. There, an outnumbered Athenian army attacked and defeated the Athenian army attacked and defeated the Persians decisively. Persians decisively.

Section 3: Classic GreeceSection 3: Classic Greece: According : According

to legend, news of Persia’s defeat was brought by an to legend, news of Persia’s defeat was brought by an Athenian runner named Pheidippides who raced 26 miles Athenian runner named Pheidippides who raced 26 miles

from Marathon to Athens. from Marathon to Athens. 1. Pheidippides1. Pheidippides 1. 1. raced 26 miles to raced 26 miles to

bring news of bring news of Persia’s defeat from Persia’s defeat from Marathon to AthensMarathon to Athens

With his last breath, With his last breath, he announced, he announced, “Victory, we win,” “Victory, we win,” before dropping deadbefore dropping dead

After Darius died in 486 B.C., Xerxes became the new Persian After Darius died in 486 B.C., Xerxes became the new Persian monarch. He vowed revenge and planned to invade Greece. In monarch. He vowed revenge and planned to invade Greece. In preparation for the attack, the Athenians began rebuilding their preparation for the attack, the Athenians began rebuilding their

navy. By the time the Persians invaded in 480 B.C., the navy. By the time the Persians invaded in 480 B.C., the Athenians had a fleet of about two hundred vessels. Athenians had a fleet of about two hundred vessels.

2. Xerxes2. Xerxes 2. 2. became the new became the new Persian monarch Persian monarch and vowed and vowed revenge on all of revenge on all of GreeceGreece

Brought an army of Brought an army of 180,000 troops and 180,000 troops and thousands of thousands of warships and warships and supply vesselssupply vessels

A Greek force of about seven thousand held off the Persian army for A Greek force of about seven thousand held off the Persian army for two days. The three hundred Spartans were especially brave. two days. The three hundred Spartans were especially brave.

Unfortunately for the Greeks, a traitor told the Persians how to use a Unfortunately for the Greeks, a traitor told the Persians how to use a mountain path to outflank the Greek force. The Athenians, now mountain path to outflank the Greek force. The Athenians, now

threatened by the onslaught of the Persian forces, abandoned their threatened by the onslaught of the Persian forces, abandoned their city. Near island of Salamis, the Greek fleet, though outnumbered city. Near island of Salamis, the Greek fleet, though outnumbered

managed to outmaneuver the Persian fleet and defeat it. A few months managed to outmaneuver the Persian fleet and defeat it. A few months later, early in 479 B.C., the Greeks formed the largest Greek army up later, early in 479 B.C., the Greeks formed the largest Greek army up to that time and defeated the Persian army at Plataea, northwest of to that time and defeated the Persian army at Plataea, northwest of

Athens. Athens. 3. 300 Spartans3. 300 Spartans 3. 3. were a well known were a well known

force who had delayed force who had delayed the Persians from the Persians from moving forward for moving forward for some timesome time

Unfortunately for the Unfortunately for the Greeks, a traitor told Greeks, a traitor told the Persians how to use the Persians how to use a mountain path to a mountain path to outflank the Greek outflank the Greek forceforce

After the defeat of the Persians, Athens took over the leadership After the defeat of the Persians, Athens took over the leadership of the Greek world. In 478 B.C., the Athenians formed a of the Greek world. In 478 B.C., the Athenians formed a

defensive alliance against the Persians called the Delian league. defensive alliance against the Persians called the Delian league. Its chief officials, including the treasurers and commanders of the Its chief officials, including the treasurers and commanders of the

fleet, were Athenian. Under Athenian leadership, the Delian fleet, were Athenian. Under Athenian leadership, the Delian league pursued the attack against the Persian Empire, eventually league pursued the attack against the Persian Empire, eventually liberating virtually all of the Greek staes in the Aegean from the liberating virtually all of the Greek staes in the Aegean from the Persian control. By controlling the Delian League, Athens had Persian control. By controlling the Delian League, Athens had

created an empire.created an empire.

4. Delian League4. Delian League 4. 4. a defensive a defensive alliance the alliance the Athenians formed Athenians formed against the against the PersiansPersians

Eventually by Eventually by controlling the controlling the Delian League, Delian League, Athens had created Athens had created an empirean empire

Under Pericles, who was a dominant figure in Athenian politics Under Pericles, who was a dominant figure in Athenian politics between 461 and 429 B.C., Athens expanded its new empire between 461 and 429 B.C., Athens expanded its new empire

abroad. At the same time, democracy flourished at home. This abroad. At the same time, democracy flourished at home. This period of Athenian and Greek history, which historians have period of Athenian and Greek history, which historians have

called the Age of Pericles, saw the height of Athenian power and called the Age of Pericles, saw the height of Athenian power and brilliance.brilliance.

5. Pericles5. Pericles

6. Age of Pericles6. Age of Pericles

5. 5. was a dominant was a dominant figure in Athenian figure in Athenian politics; expanded politics; expanded the empire and the empire and democracydemocracy

6. 6. saw the height saw the height of Athenian power of Athenian power and brillianceand brilliance

In the Age of Pericles, the Athenians became deeply attached to their In the Age of Pericles, the Athenians became deeply attached to their democratic system. Most residents of Athens were not citizens. In the democratic system. Most residents of Athens were not citizens. In the mid fifth century B.C., the assembly consisted of about 43,000 male mid fifth century B.C., the assembly consisted of about 43,000 male citizens over 18 yrs old. Meetings of the assembly were held every 10 citizens over 18 yrs old. Meetings of the assembly were held every 10 days on a hillside east of the Acropolis. Not all attended, and the days on a hillside east of the Acropolis. Not all attended, and the number present seldom reached 6,000. The assembly passed all laws, number present seldom reached 6,000. The assembly passed all laws, elected public officials, and made final decisions on war and foreign elected public officials, and made final decisions on war and foreign policy. Anyone could speak , but usually only respected leaders did so. policy. Anyone could speak , but usually only respected leaders did so.

7. direct 7. direct democracydemocracy

7. 7. the people the people participate directly participate directly in government in government decision making decision making

In Athens, every In Athens, every male citizen male citizen participated in the participated in the governing assembly governing assembly and voted on all and voted on all major issuesmajor issues

However, by making lower-class male citizens eligible for public office and However, by making lower-class male citizens eligible for public office and by paying officeholders, Pericles made it possible for poor citizens to take by paying officeholders, Pericles made it possible for poor citizens to take part in public affairs. Pericles believed that Athenians should be proud of part in public affairs. Pericles believed that Athenians should be proud of

their democracy. A large body of city officials ran the government on a daily their democracy. A large body of city officials ran the government on a daily basis. Ten officials known as generals were the overall directors of policy. basis. Ten officials known as generals were the overall directors of policy. The generals could be reelected, making it possible for individual leaders to The generals could be reelected, making it possible for individual leaders to play an important political role. The Athenians also devised the practice of play an important political role. The Athenians also devised the practice of

ostracism to protect themselves against overly ambitious politicians. ostracism to protect themselves against overly ambitious politicians.

8. Pericles’ 8. Pericles’ accomplishmentsaccomplishments

9. ostracism9. ostracism

8. 8. rebuilt Athens after rebuilt Athens after the war with Persia; the war with Persia; made lower-class male made lower-class male citizens eligible for citizens eligible for public officepublic office

9. 9. a person named by a person named by at least 6 thousand at least 6 thousand members as being members as being harmful to the city was harmful to the city was banned from the city for banned from the city for 10 years10 years

DO NOWDO NOWDraw this in your notebook and then read “The Draw this in your notebook and then read “The

Way It Was” on page 118. Contrast the two Way It Was” on page 118. Contrast the two powerful Greek city-states: Sparta and Athenspowerful Greek city-states: Sparta and Athens

The two most famous and powerful GreekCity-States

Sparta

•Military state•oligarchy

Athens•Academia State•Direct democracy

DO NOW

DESCRIBE THE SYSTEM OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS. WHAT TYPE OF DEMOCRACY DO WE HAVE IN THE UNITED STATES? WHY CAN’T THE UNITED STATES HAVE A DIRECT DEMOCRACY?

READ PAGE 123 IN YOUR BOOKS UNDER THE SECTION TILED “THE AGE OF PERICLES”

DO NOW

DESCRIBE THE SYSTEM OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS. WHAT TYPE OF DEMOCRACY DO WE HAVE IN THE UNITED STATES? WHY CAN’T THE UNITED STATES HAVE A DIRECT DEMOCRACY?

READ PAGE 106 IN YOUR BOOKS UNDER THE SECTION TILED “THE GROWTH OF AN ATHENIAN EMPIRE IN THE AGE OF PERICLES”

Great Peloponnesian War

After the defeat of the Persians, the Greek world came to be divided into two major camps: the Athenian Empire and Sparta. Athens and Sparta had built two very different kinds of societies, and neither state was able to tolerate the other’s system. Sparta allies feared the growing Athenian Empire, and a series of disputes finally led to the outbreak of the Great Peloponnesian War in 431 B.C.

At the beginning of the war, both sides believed they had winning strategies. The Athenians planned to remain behind the city’s protective walls and receive

supplies from their colonies and navy. The Spartans and their allies surrounded Athens, hoping that the Athenians would send out their army to

fight beyond the walls. Pericles knew, however, that the Spartan forces could beat the Athenians in open battles. He also believed that Athens was secure

behind its walls, so the Athenians stayed put.

10. Great Peloponnesian War

11. outcome of the war

10. war b/t Sparta and Athens

11. Athens defeated; Greek states separated

Outcome of the Great Peloponnesian War

The Great Peloponnesian War weakened the major Greek states and ruined any possibility of cooperation among them. During the next 66 years, Sparta, Athens, and Thebes (a new Greek power) struggled to dominate Greek affairs. In continuing their petty wars, the Greeks ignored the growing power Macedonia to their north. This oversight would cost them their freedom.

In the 5In the 5thth century B.C., Athens had the largest population of the Greek city- century B.C., Athens had the largest population of the Greek city-states. Before the plague in 430 B.C., there were about 150,000 citizens living states. Before the plague in 430 B.C., there were about 150,000 citizens living

in Athens. About 43,000 of them were adult males with political power. in Athens. About 43,000 of them were adult males with political power. Foreigners living in Athens, were numbered about 35,000, received the Foreigners living in Athens, were numbered about 35,000, received the

protection of the laws. They were also subject to some responsibilities of protection of the laws. They were also subject to some responsibilities of citizens—namely, military service and the funding of festivals. The remaining citizens—namely, military service and the funding of festivals. The remaining

social group, the slaves numbered around 100,000.social group, the slaves numbered around 100,000.

12. social structure 12. social structure 12. 12. 150,000 150,000 citizens; 43,000 citizens; 43,000 males; 35,000 males; 35,000 foreigners; 100,000 foreigners; 100,000 slavesslaves

SlaverySlavery

Slavery was common in the ancient world. Slavery was common in the ancient world. Most people in Athens—except the very Most people in Athens—except the very poor—owned at least one slave. The very poor—owned at least one slave. The very wealthy might own large numbers. Those wealthy might own large numbers. Those who did usually employed them in who did usually employed them in industry. Most often, slaves in Athens industry. Most often, slaves in Athens worked in the fields or in the home as worked in the fields or in the home as cooks and maids. Some slaves were cooks and maids. Some slaves were owned by the state and worked on public owned by the state and worked on public construction projects.construction projects.

The Athenian economy was largely based on farming and trade. Athenians The Athenian economy was largely based on farming and trade. Athenians grew grains, vegetables, and fruit for local use. The Athenians raised sheet grew grains, vegetables, and fruit for local use. The Athenians raised sheet and goats for wool and milk products. Because of the number of people and and goats for wool and milk products. Because of the number of people and the lack of fertile land, Athens had to import from 50-80% of its grain, a basic the lack of fertile land, Athens had to import from 50-80% of its grain, a basic item in the Athenian diet. This meant that trade was highly important to the item in the Athenian diet. This meant that trade was highly important to the

Athenian economy. Athenian economy.

13. Athenian 13. Athenian economyeconomy

14. exports14. exports

15. import15. import

13. 13. based largely on based largely on farming and tradefarming and trade

14. 14. fruit, grapes, fruit, grapes, wine, olive oilwine, olive oil

15. 15. 50-80% of grain; 50-80% of grain; because of lack of because of lack of farmlandfarmland

The family and the role of The family and the role of womenwomen

The family was an important institution in ancient The family was an important institution in ancient Athens. It was composed of a husband, a wife, and Athens. It was composed of a husband, a wife, and children, although other dependent relatives and children, although other dependent relatives and slaves were also regarded as part of the family. slaves were also regarded as part of the family. The family’s primary function was to produce new The family’s primary function was to produce new citizens. Women were citizens who could take part citizens. Women were citizens who could take part in most religious festivals, but they were otherwise in most religious festivals, but they were otherwise excluded from public life. They could not own excluded from public life. They could not own property beyond personal items. They always had property beyond personal items. They always had a male guardian, if unmarried, a father; if married a male guardian, if unmarried, a father; if married a husband; if widowed, a son or male relative.a husband; if widowed, a son or male relative.

Women were strictly controlled. Because they married at the age of 14 or 15, Women were strictly controlled. Because they married at the age of 14 or 15, they were taught their responsibilities early. Although many managed to learn they were taught their responsibilities early. Although many managed to learn

to read and play musical instruments, they were not provided any formal to read and play musical instruments, they were not provided any formal education. Women were expected to remain at home, out of sight, unless education. Women were expected to remain at home, out of sight, unless attending funerals or festivals. If they left the house, they had to have a attending funerals or festivals. If they left the house, they had to have a

companion.companion.

16. women16. women 16. 16. learned to read; learned to read; play instruments; role play instruments; role was to bear children was to bear children and take care of and take care of household dutieshousehold duties

DO NOWDO NOW

EXPLAIN HOW ACHILLES PORTRAYED EXPLAIN HOW ACHILLES PORTRAYED THE IDEA OF HOMER’S ARETE.THE IDEA OF HOMER’S ARETE.

READ PAGE 113 IN YOUR BOOKS READ PAGE 113 IN YOUR BOOKS UNDER THE SECTION TITLED UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “HOMER” FOR MORE CLARIFICATION “HOMER” FOR MORE CLARIFICATION ON ARETE.ON ARETE.

DO NOWDO NOW

EXPLAIN HOW ACHILLES PORTRAYED EXPLAIN HOW ACHILLES PORTRAYED THE IDEA OF HOMER’S ARETE.THE IDEA OF HOMER’S ARETE.

READ PAGE 99 IN YOUR BOOKS READ PAGE 99 IN YOUR BOOKS UNDER THE SECTION TITLED UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “HOMER’S ENDURING IMPORTANCE” “HOMER’S ENDURING IMPORTANCE” FOR MORE CLARIFICATION ON FOR MORE CLARIFICATION ON ARETE.ARETE.

DO NOW: Write this DO NOW in DO NOW: Write this DO NOW in your notes!!!!!!!!your notes!!!!!!!!

What led to the Peloponnesian War? What led to the Peloponnesian War? Look at the map on page 124. Look at the map on page 124. Analyze the pattern of alliances. Analyze the pattern of alliances. What geographical factors affected What geographical factors affected the ways in which the states are the ways in which the states are allied? From a geographic allied? From a geographic standpoint, which side, Sparta or standpoint, which side, Sparta or Athens, had an advantage in the Athens, had an advantage in the war? Explain your answer.war? Explain your answer.

Religion affected every aspect of Greek life. Greeks considered religion necessary to the well-being of the state. Temples dedicated to gods and goddesses were the major buildings in Greek cities. Homer described the gods worshiped in the Greek religion. Twelve chief gods and goddesses were thought to live on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. Among the twelve were Zeus, the chief god and father of the gods; Athena, goddess of wisdom and crafts; Apollo, god of the sun and poetry; Ares god of war; Aphrodite, goddess of love, and Poseidon, brother of Zeus and god of the seas and earthquakes.

Section 4: The Culture of Classical Section 4: The Culture of Classical GreeceGreece

1. Greek religion1. Greek religion 1. 1. polytheistic; did polytheistic; did not focus on morality; not focus on morality; did not have a body did not have a body of doctrineof doctrine

Spirits of most people Spirits of most people regardless of what regardless of what they had done in life they had done in life went to a gloomy went to a gloomy underworld ruled by underworld ruled by the god Hadesthe god Hades

Because the Greeks wanted the gods to look favorably upon their activities, Because the Greeks wanted the gods to look favorably upon their activities, rituals became important. Rituals were ceremonies or rites. Greek religious rituals became important. Rituals were ceremonies or rites. Greek religious rituals involved prayers often combined with gifts to the gods based on the rituals involved prayers often combined with gifts to the gods based on the

principle “I give so that you (gods) will give (in return). The Greeks also had a principle “I give so that you (gods) will give (in return). The Greeks also had a great desire to learn the will of the gods. To do so, they made use of the great desire to learn the will of the gods. To do so, they made use of the

oracle. The responses by the priests and priestesses were often puzzling and oracle. The responses by the priests and priestesses were often puzzling and could be interpreted in more than one way. For example, Croesus, king of could be interpreted in more than one way. For example, Croesus, king of Lydia and known for his incredible wealth, sent messengers to the oracle at Lydia and known for his incredible wealth, sent messengers to the oracle at

Delphi asking “whether he shall go to war with the Persians.” The oracle Delphi asking “whether he shall go to war with the Persians.” The oracle replied that if Croesus attacked the Persians, he would destroy a mighty replied that if Croesus attacked the Persians, he would destroy a mighty

empire. Overjoyed to hear these words, Croesus made war on the Persians empire. Overjoyed to hear these words, Croesus made war on the Persians and was crushed by his enemy. A mighty empire that of Croesus was and was crushed by his enemy. A mighty empire that of Croesus was

destroyed. destroyed. 2. rituals2. rituals

3. oracles3. oracles

2.2. involved prayers often involved prayers often combined with gifts to the combined with gifts to the godsgods

3. 3. a sacred shrine where a a sacred shrine where a god or goddess reveled the god or goddess reveled the future through a priest or future through a priest or priestesspriestess

Festivals also developed as a way to honor the gods and goddesses. Certain Festivals also developed as a way to honor the gods and goddesses. Certain festivals were held at special locations, such as those dedicated to the worship festivals were held at special locations, such as those dedicated to the worship

of Zeus at Olympia or to Apollo at Delphi. Numerous events took place in of Zeus at Olympia or to Apollo at Delphi. Numerous events took place in honor of the gods at the great festivals, including athletic games to which all honor of the gods at the great festivals, including athletic games to which all

Greeks were invited. The first such games were held at the Olympic festival in Greeks were invited. The first such games were held at the Olympic festival in 776 B.C. Greek Drama-plays were presented in outdoor theaters as part of 776 B.C. Greek Drama-plays were presented in outdoor theaters as part of

religious festivalsreligious festivals

4. festivals4. festivals

5. tragedies5. tragedies

4. 4. numerous numerous events including events including athletic games to athletic games to honor the gods honor the gods (Olympics)(Olympics)

5. 5. plays in which plays in which evil acts are shown evil acts are shown to breed suffering; to breed suffering; in the end reason in the end reason triumphs over eviltriumphs over evil

DO NOWDO NOW

IN WHAT WAYS DID THE GREEKS IN WHAT WAYS DID THE GREEKS HONOR THEIR GODS AND HONOR THEIR GODS AND GODDESSES. READ PAGE 127-128 GODDESSES. READ PAGE 127-128 UNDER THE SECTION “GREEK UNDER THE SECTION “GREEK RELIGION”RELIGION”

DO NOWDO NOW

IN WHAT WAYS DID THE GREEKS IN WHAT WAYS DID THE GREEKS HONOR THEIR GODS AND HONOR THEIR GODS AND GODDESSES. READ PAGE 112 GODDESSES. READ PAGE 112 UNDER THE SECTION “GREEK UNDER THE SECTION “GREEK RELIGION”RELIGION”

GREEK DRAMAGREEK DRAMA Drama as we know it in Western culture was Drama as we know it in Western culture was

created by the Greeks. Plays were presented in created by the Greeks. Plays were presented in outdoor theaters as part of religious festivals. The outdoor theaters as part of religious festivals. The first Greek dramas were tragedies, which were first Greek dramas were tragedies, which were presented in a trilogy (a set of three plays) built presented in a trilogy (a set of three plays) built around a common theme. The only complete around a common theme. The only complete trilogy we possess today, called Oresteia, was trilogy we possess today, called Oresteia, was composed by Aeschylus. This list of three plays composed by Aeschylus. This list of three plays relates the fate of Agamemnon, a hero in the relates the fate of Agamemnon, a hero in the Trojan war. In the plays, evil acts are shown to Trojan war. In the plays, evil acts are shown to breed evil acts and suffering. In the end, breed evil acts and suffering. In the end, however, reason triumphs over the forces of evil.however, reason triumphs over the forces of evil.

The first Greek dramas were tragedies, which were presented in a The first Greek dramas were tragedies, which were presented in a trilogy (a set of three plays built around a theme). The only trilogy (a set of three plays built around a theme). The only

complete trilogy that we possess today, called Oresteia, was complete trilogy that we possess today, called Oresteia, was composed by Aeschylus. This is a set of three plays which relates composed by Aeschylus. This is a set of three plays which relates the fate of Agamemnon, a hero in the Trojan War, and his family the fate of Agamemnon, a hero in the Trojan War, and his family after his return from the war. In the plays, evil acts are shown to after his return from the war. In the plays, evil acts are shown to

breed evil acts and suffering. In the end, however, reason breed evil acts and suffering. In the end, however, reason triumphs over the forces of evil.triumphs over the forces of evil.

6. Oresteia6. Oresteia

7. Sophocles7. Sophocles

6. a trilogy that 6. a trilogy that relates the fate of relates the fate of Agamemnon, a Agamemnon, a hero in the Trojan hero in the Trojan war, and his family war, and his family after his return to after his return to warwar

7. 7. wrote Oedipus wrote Oedipus RexRex

Greek tragedies dealt with universal themes still relevant today. They examined such problems as the nature of good and evil, the rights of the individual, the nature of divine forces, and the nature of human

beings. In the world of the Greek tragedies, striving to do the best thing may not always lead to success, but the attempt is a worthy endeavor.

Greek pride and accomplishment and independence was real.

8. Greek tragedies themes

8. nature of good and evil, the rights of the individual, nature of divine forces, nature of human beings

Greek PhilosophyGreek Philosophy: Philosophy refers to an : Philosophy refers to an

organized system of thought. Many early Greek philosophers organized system of thought. Many early Greek philosophers tried to explain the universe on the basis of unifying principles. tried to explain the universe on the basis of unifying principles.

In the 6In the 6thth century B.C., for example, Pythagoras, familiar to century B.C., for example, Pythagoras, familiar to geometry students for his Pythagorean theorem, taught that the geometry students for his Pythagorean theorem, taught that the essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers. essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers. 9. philosophy9. philosophy

10. Sophists10. Sophists

9. 9. means “love of means “love of wisdom” organized wisdom” organized system of thoughtsystem of thought

Early Greek philosophers Early Greek philosophers were concerned with the were concerned with the development of critical or development of critical or rational thought about rational thought about the nature of the the nature of the universeuniverse

10. 10. were a group of were a group of traveling teachers who traveling teachers who stressed the importance stressed the importance of rhetoricof rhetoric

The Sophists were a group of traveling teachers in ancient Greece who rejected The Sophists were a group of traveling teachers in ancient Greece who rejected speculation such as that of Pythagoras as foolish. They argued that it was simply speculation such as that of Pythagoras as foolish. They argued that it was simply

beyond the reach of the human mind to understand the universe. It was more important beyond the reach of the human mind to understand the universe. It was more important for individuals to improve themselves. The sophists sold their services as professional for individuals to improve themselves. The sophists sold their services as professional

teachers to the young men of Greece, especially those of Athens. The Sophists teachers to the young men of Greece, especially those of Athens. The Sophists stressed the importance of rhetoric. To the Sophists, there was no absolute right or stressed the importance of rhetoric. To the Sophists, there was no absolute right or wrong. What was right for one individual might be wrong for another. True wisdom wrong. What was right for one individual might be wrong for another. True wisdom consisted of being able to perceive and pursue one’s own good. Because of these consisted of being able to perceive and pursue one’s own good. Because of these

ideas, many people viewed the Sophists as harmful to society and especially dangerous ideas, many people viewed the Sophists as harmful to society and especially dangerous to the values of young people. to the values of young people.

11. rhetoric11. rhetoric

12. Socrates12. Socrates

11. 11. the art of the art of persuasive speaking in persuasive speaking in winning debates and winning debates and swaying an audienceswaying an audience

12. 12. famous famous philosopher known for philosopher known for his Socratic Methodhis Socratic Method

13. Socratic 13. Socratic MethodMethod

13. 13. teaching uses a teaching uses a question-and-answer question-and-answer format to lead pupils to format to lead pupils to see things for see things for themselves by using themselves by using their own reasontheir own reason

Socrates believed that Socrates believed that all real knowledge is all real knowledge is already present within already present within each personeach person

Because Socrates left no writings we know about him only what we have learned from Because Socrates left no writings we know about him only what we have learned from the writings of his pupils, such as Plato. He believed that the goal of education was the writings of his pupils, such as Plato. He believed that the goal of education was

only to improve the individual. Socrates questioned authority, and this soon led him into only to improve the individual. Socrates questioned authority, and this soon led him into trouble. Athens had had a tradition of free thought and inquiry, but defeat in the trouble. Athens had had a tradition of free thought and inquiry, but defeat in the Peloponnesian War changed Athenians. They no longer trusted open debate. Peloponnesian War changed Athenians. They no longer trusted open debate.

Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens by teaching them to question Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens by teaching them to question and think for themselves. An Athenian jury sentenced him to die by drinking hemlock, a and think for themselves. An Athenian jury sentenced him to die by drinking hemlock, a

poison. poison.

DO NOWDO NOW

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY????WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY????

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GREEK BETWEEN THE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS AND SOPHISTS. PHILOSOPHERS AND SOPHISTS.

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 130 UNDER THE SECTION GREEK 130 UNDER THE SECTION GREEK PHILOSOPHY.PHILOSOPHY.

DO NOWDO NOW

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY????WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY????

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GREEK BETWEEN THE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS AND SOPHISTS. PHILOSOPHERS AND SOPHISTS.

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 110-111 UNDER THE SECTION PAGES 110-111 UNDER THE SECTION THE GREEK LOVE OF WISDOM.THE GREEK LOVE OF WISDOM.

One of Socrates’ students was Plato. Unlike his teacher One of Socrates’ students was Plato. Unlike his teacher Socrates, who did not write down his thoughts, Plato wrote a great Socrates, who did not write down his thoughts, Plato wrote a great deal. He was fascinated with the question of reality. How do we deal. He was fascinated with the question of reality. How do we know what is real. According to Plato, a higher world of eternal know what is real. According to Plato, a higher world of eternal

unchanging Forms has always existed. These ideal Forms make unchanging Forms has always existed. These ideal Forms make up reality and only a trained mind—the goal of philosophy—can up reality and only a trained mind—the goal of philosophy—can

become aware or understand these Forms. To Plato, the objects become aware or understand these Forms. To Plato, the objects that we perceive with our senses (trees, for example) are simply that we perceive with our senses (trees, for example) are simply

reflections of the ideal Forms (treeness). They (the trees) are but reflections of the ideal Forms (treeness). They (the trees) are but shadows. Reality is found in the Form of treeness itself.shadows. Reality is found in the Form of treeness itself.

14. Plato14. Plato 14. 14. famous student famous student of Socrates who of Socrates who was fascinated was fascinated with the question with the question of realityof reality

DO NOWDO NOW

PHILOSOPHY REFERS TO AN ORGANIZED PHILOSOPHY REFERS TO AN ORGANIZED SYSTEM OF THOUGHT. EARLY GREEK SYSTEM OF THOUGHT. EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS WERE CONCERNED WITH PHILOSOPHERS WERE CONCERNED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL OR RATIONAL THOUGHT ABOUT THE NATURE RATIONAL THOUGHT ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE.OF THE UNIVERSE.

SOPHISTS REJECTED THE IDEA OF SOPHISTS REJECTED THE IDEA OF UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE. IT WAS UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE. IT WAS MORE IMPORTANT FOR INDIVIDUALS TO MORE IMPORTANT FOR INDIVIDUALS TO IMPROVE THEMSELVES.IMPROVE THEMSELVES.

Plato established a school in Athens known as the Academy. One of his Plato established a school in Athens known as the Academy. One of his pupils, who studied at the Academy for 20 years, was Aristotle. Aristotle did pupils, who studied at the Academy for 20 years, was Aristotle. Aristotle did

not accept Plato’s theory of ideal forms. He thought that by examining not accept Plato’s theory of ideal forms. He thought that by examining individual objects (trees), we could perceive their form (treeness). However, individual objects (trees), we could perceive their form (treeness). However,

he did not believe that these forms existed in a separate, higher world of he did not believe that these forms existed in a separate, higher world of reality beyond material things. In other words, we know what treeness is by reality beyond material things. In other words, we know what treeness is by

examining it. Aristotle’s interests, then, lay in analyzing and classifying examining it. Aristotle’s interests, then, lay in analyzing and classifying things based on observation and investigation. His interests were wide things based on observation and investigation. His interests were wide ranging. He wrote about many subjects, including ethics, logic, politics, ranging. He wrote about many subjects, including ethics, logic, politics,

poetry, astronomy, geology, biology, and physics. poetry, astronomy, geology, biology, and physics.

15. Aristotle15. Aristotle

16. Herodotus16. Herodotus

15. 15. a pupil of Plato a pupil of Plato who study at his who study at his Academy for 20yrsAcademy for 20yrs

16. 16. wrote the wrote the “History of the “History of the Persian War”Persian War”

17. Thucydides17. Thucydides 17. 17. Athenian Athenian general who fought general who fought in the Great in the Great Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War and later wrote and later wrote about his about his experienceexperience

Was ostracized for Was ostracized for losing the warlosing the war

QUIZ ESSAY #1QUIZ ESSAY #1

Contrast the two powerful Greek city-Contrast the two powerful Greek city-states: Sparta and Athens when it states: Sparta and Athens when it comes to their society and comes to their society and governmentgovernment

DO NOWDO NOW Look at the map on page Look at the map on page

140. Answer the 140. Answer the Geography Skills questions Geography Skills questions at the top of page 140. at the top of page 140. We are going to take brief We are going to take brief notes on section 5 of chp 4 notes on section 5 of chp 4 & finish watching the & finish watching the movie.movie.

DO NOWDO NOW

FILL IN THE WEB DIAGRAM BELOW FILL IN THE WEB DIAGRAM BELOW THAT SHOWS WHAT BODIES OF THAT SHOWS WHAT BODIES OF KNOWLEDGE THE GREEKS KNOWLEDGE THE GREEKS EXPLORED. LOOK IN YOUR EXPLORED. LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 127-133.TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 127-133.

Bodies of Knowledge Explored by the Greeks

DO NOWDO NOW

FILL IN THE WEB DIAGRAM BELOW FILL IN THE WEB DIAGRAM BELOW THAT SHOWS WHAT BODIES OF THAT SHOWS WHAT BODIES OF KNOWLEDGE THE GREEKS KNOWLEDGE THE GREEKS EXPLORED. LOOK IN YOUR EXPLORED. LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 97-113.TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 97-113.

Bodies of Knowledge Explored by the Greeks

DO NOWDO NOW Examine the photograph of the Erechtheum Examine the photograph of the Erechtheum

shown below to the right and identify defining shown below to the right and identify defining architectural characteristics to the photograph architectural characteristics to the photograph of the Peabody Opera House shown below on of the Peabody Opera House shown below on the left. In what other types of modern the left. In what other types of modern buildings would you find examples of classical buildings would you find examples of classical architecture?architecture?

The Greeks viewed their northern neighbors, Macedonians, as The Greeks viewed their northern neighbors, Macedonians, as barbarians. The Macedonians were a rural people organized in barbarians. The Macedonians were a rural people organized in groups, not city-states. By the end of the 5groups, not city-states. By the end of the 5thth century B.C., century B.C., however, Macedonia emerged as a powerful kingdom. In 358 however, Macedonia emerged as a powerful kingdom. In 358 B.C., Phillip II came to the throne. He built a powerful army and B.C., Phillip II came to the throne. He built a powerful army and turned Macedonia into the chief power of the Greek world. Philip turned Macedonia into the chief power of the Greek world. Philip was soon drawn into Greek affairs. A great admirer of Greek was soon drawn into Greek affairs. A great admirer of Greek culture, he longed to unite all of Greece under Macedonia. Philip culture, he longed to unite all of Greece under Macedonia. Philip quickly gained control of all of Greece, bringing an end to the quickly gained control of all of Greece, bringing an end to the freedom of the Greek city-states. He insisted that the Greek freedom of the Greek city-states. He insisted that the Greek states form a league and then cooperate with him in a war states form a league and then cooperate with him in a war against Persia. Before Philip could undertake his invasion of against Persia. Before Philip could undertake his invasion of Asia, however, he was assassinated, leaving the task to this son Asia, however, he was assassinated, leaving the task to this son Alexander. Alexander.

Section 5: Alexander and the Section 5: Alexander and the Hellenistic KingdomsHellenistic Kingdoms

Section 5: Alexander and the Section 5: Alexander and the Hellenistic KingdomsHellenistic Kingdoms

1. Macedonians1. Macedonians 1. 1. were a rural were a rural people organized people organized into groups, not into groups, not city-statescity-states

By the end of the By the end of the fifth century B.C., fifth century B.C., however, however, Macedonia Macedonia emerged as a emerged as a powerful kingdompowerful kingdom

2. Philip II2. Philip II

Before Philip could Before Philip could undertake his undertake his invasion of Asia invasion of Asia and defeat the and defeat the Persians, he was Persians, he was assassinated assassinated leaving his task to leaving his task to his son Alexanderhis son Alexander

3. Alexander the 3. Alexander the GreatGreat

2. 2. built a powerful built a powerful army and turned army and turned Macedonia into the Macedonia into the chief power of the chief power of the Greek worldGreek world

3. 3. was only 20 was only 20 when he became when he became king of Macedoniaking of Macedonia

AlexanderAlexander created a new age, the Hellenistic Era. The word Hellenistic is created a new age, the Hellenistic Era. The word Hellenistic is derived from a Greek word meaning “to imitate Greeks”. It is an appropriate derived from a Greek word meaning “to imitate Greeks”. It is an appropriate way, then, to describe an age that saw the expansion of the Greek language way, then, to describe an age that saw the expansion of the Greek language and ideas to the non-Greek world of Southwest Asia and beyond. The united and ideas to the non-Greek world of Southwest Asia and beyond. The united empire that Alexander created by his conquests fell apart soon after his death empire that Alexander created by his conquests fell apart soon after his death as the most important Macedonian generals engaged in a struggle for power. as the most important Macedonian generals engaged in a struggle for power.

By 300 B.C., any hope of unity was dead. Eventually, four Hellenistic By 300 B.C., any hope of unity was dead. Eventually, four Hellenistic kingdoms emerged as the successors to Alexander: Macedonia, Syria in the kingdoms emerged as the successors to Alexander: Macedonia, Syria in the east, the kingdom of Pergamum in western Asia Minor, and Egypt. All were east, the kingdom of Pergamum in western Asia Minor, and Egypt. All were

eventually conquered by the Romans.eventually conquered by the Romans.

4. Hellenistic Era4. Hellenistic Era 4. an age the saw 4. an age the saw the the expansion of expansion of Greek culture to Greek culture to the non-Greek the non-Greek world of Southwest world of Southwest Asia and beyondAsia and beyond

Architecture and Sculpture:Architecture and Sculpture:The founding The founding

of new cities and rebuilding of old ones presented many opportunities for of new cities and rebuilding of old ones presented many opportunities for Greek architects and sculptors. Hellenistic kings were very willing to spend Greek architects and sculptors. Hellenistic kings were very willing to spend

their money to beautify the cities within their states. The buildings their money to beautify the cities within their states. The buildings characteristic of the Greek homeland baths, theaters, and temples—lined characteristic of the Greek homeland baths, theaters, and temples—lined

the streets and these cities.the streets and these cities.

5. architecture and 5. architecture and sculpturesculpture

5. sculpture 5. sculpture moved moved away from the away from the idealism and idealism and earlier classicism earlier classicism and moved to a and moved to a more emotional more emotional and realistic artand realistic art

DO NOW

WHY IS ALEXANDER CALLED “GREAT”? DO YOU THINK THE TITLE IS JUSTIFIED? WHY OR WHY NOT?

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 139-141 IN THE SECTION TITLED “ALEXANDER THE GREAT”

DO NOW

WHY IS ALEXANDER CALLED “GREAT”? DO YOU THINK THE TITLE IS JUSTIFIED? WHY OR WHY NOT?

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 114-117 IN THE SECTION TITLED “ALEXANDER THE GREAT”

Literature:Literature:The Hellenistic Age produced an enormous The Hellenistic Age produced an enormous

quantity of literature. Writing talent was held in high esteem, especially quantity of literature. Writing talent was held in high esteem, especially by Hellenistic leaders who spend large amounts of money subsidizing by Hellenistic leaders who spend large amounts of money subsidizing

writers. Unfortunately very little of this literature has survived.writers. Unfortunately very little of this literature has survived.

6. literature6. literature 6. 6. writing was held writing was held in high esteemin high esteem during the during the Hellenistic Era Hellenistic Era ((epic poems, short epic poems, short stories, comedy stories, comedy playsplays))

ScienceScience Aristarchus-developed the theory that the sun Aristarchus-developed the theory that the sun

is at the center of the universeis at the center of the universe while the Earth while the Earth rotates around the sun in a circular orbitrotates around the sun in a circular orbit

Erastothenes-determined that Erastothenes-determined that the earth was the earth was round and calculated its circumferenceround and calculated its circumference

Euclid- Euclid- wrote the Elements a textbook on wrote the Elements a textbook on plane geographyplane geography

Archimedes-known for his Archimedes-known for his work on geometry work on geometry of spheres and cylinders; establishing value of of spheres and cylinders; establishing value of pipi

Philosophy: After the time of Alexander the Great, Philosophy: After the time of Alexander the Great, the home of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle the home of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

continued to attract the most famous philosophers continued to attract the most famous philosophers from the Greek world, who chose to establish their from the Greek world, who chose to establish their

schools there. New systems of thought schools there. New systems of thought Epicureanism and Stoicism strengthened Athens’ Epicureanism and Stoicism strengthened Athens’

reputation as a philosophical center.reputation as a philosophical center. 7. Epicureanism7. Epicureanism

8. Stoicism8. Stoicism

7. 7. believed that believed that human beings were human beings were free to follow self-free to follow self-interest as a basic interest as a basic motivating forcemotivating force

8. 8. was concerned with was concerned with happiness and being a happiness and being a good citizengood citizen

DO NOWDO NOW DESCRIBE THE THEMES FOUND IN GREEK TRAGEDIES DESCRIBE THE THEMES FOUND IN GREEK TRAGEDIES

THAT ARE STILL RELEVANT IN POEMS, NOVELS, AND THAT ARE STILL RELEVANT IN POEMS, NOVELS, AND MOVIES TODAY!MOVIES TODAY!

Explain Homer’s influence on Greek civilization? HINT Explain Homer’s influence on Greek civilization? HINT (WHAT DOES ARETE MEAN AND HOW DOES IT (WHAT DOES ARETE MEAN AND HOW DOES IT INFLUENCE GREEK SOCIETIES???????INFLUENCE GREEK SOCIETIES???????

READ PAGES 112-113 IN THE SECTION TITLED READ PAGES 112-113 IN THE SECTION TITLED ““HOMER”HOMER”

READ PAGES 129 IN THE SECTION TITLED “GREEK READ PAGES 129 IN THE SECTION TITLED “GREEK DRAMA”DRAMA”

DO NOWDO NOW DESCRIBE THE THEMES FOUND IN GREEK TRAGEDIES DESCRIBE THE THEMES FOUND IN GREEK TRAGEDIES

THAT ARE STILL RELEVANT IN POEMS, NOVELS, AND THAT ARE STILL RELEVANT IN POEMS, NOVELS, AND MOVIES TODAY!MOVIES TODAY!

Explain Homer’s influence on Greek civilization? HINT Explain Homer’s influence on Greek civilization? HINT (WHAT DOES ARETE MEAN AND HOW DOES IT (WHAT DOES ARETE MEAN AND HOW DOES IT INFLUENCE GREEK SOCIETIES???????INFLUENCE GREEK SOCIETIES???????

READ PAGES 99-100 IN THE SECTION TITLED READ PAGES 99-100 IN THE SECTION TITLED ““HOMER’S ENDURING IMPORTANCE”HOMER’S ENDURING IMPORTANCE”

READ PAGES 108-109 IN THE SECTION TITLED READ PAGES 108-109 IN THE SECTION TITLED “GREEK DRAMA”“GREEK DRAMA”

DO NOW

GREEK COLONIZATION: CAUSE AND EFFECT

A. INCREASED TRADE/WEALTH B. COLONIZATION

C. SPREAD OF GREEK CULTURE D. LACK OF FARMLAND

PUT A, B, C, AND D IN THE CORRECT ORDER!!!!!!!!!!!!!

DO NOW

Explain how the Greeks praise the gods and goddesses??????

How do the Greeks communicate with the gods and goddesses???

DO NOW

DESCRIBE THE GREEK THEMES FOUND IN THE MOVIE “TROY”

IF YOU NEED HELP REMEMBERING THE GREEK THEMES, READ PAGE 129 IN THE SECTION TITLED “GREEK DRAMA”

DO NOW

DESCRIBE THE GREEK THEMES FOUND IN THE MOVIE “TROY”

IF YOU NEED HELP REMEMBERING THE GREEK THEMES, READ PAGE 108 IN THE SECTION TITLED “GREEK DRAMA”

DO NOWDO NOW

WHAT WERE SOME OF ALEXANDER WHAT WERE SOME OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT’S GOALS FOR HIS THE GREAT’S GOALS FOR HIS EMPIRE? EMPIRE?

READ PAGES 139-141 IN YOUR READ PAGES 139-141 IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS IN THE SECTION TITLED TEXTBOOKS IN THE SECTION TITLED “ALEXANDER THE GREAT”“ALEXANDER THE GREAT”

DO NOWDO NOW

WHAT WERE SOME OF ALEXANDER WHAT WERE SOME OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT’S GOALS FOR HIS THE GREAT’S GOALS FOR HIS EMPIRE? EMPIRE?

READ PAGES 114-117 IN YOUR READ PAGES 114-117 IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS IN THE SECTION TITLED TEXTBOOKS IN THE SECTION TITLED “ALEXANDER THE GREAT”“ALEXANDER THE GREAT”

DO NOW “Our constitution,” Pericles said, “is called a

democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people. When it is a question of settling private disputes, everyone is equal before the law; when it is a question of putting one person before another in positions of public responsibility, what counts is not membership in a particular class, but the actual ability which the man possesses.”

According to Pericles, a democracy is best defined as ____.

a.power in the hands of all the people b.power in the hands of the majority of people c.power in the hands of a minority of people d.power in the hands of one person