The Civilization of The Civilization of the Greeksthe Greeks

44

Early GreeceEarly Greece Importance of geography in Greek history

Sea Topography (Map 4.1)

Minoan Crete, 2000-1450 B.C.E. Height between 2000 and 1450 B.C.E. Knossus Sudden and catastrophic collapse around 1450 B.C.E.

Mycenaean Greeks, 1600-1100 B.C.E. Flourished between 1400 and 1200 B.C.E. Indo-European / warrior people Agememnon Mycenae torched about 1190 B.C.E.

Ancient Greece (c. 750 – 338)Ancient Greece (c. 750 – 338)

MycenaeMycenae

Although not much of the site remains today, Mycenaean civilization erected several fortified palace complexes on these hills in the fifteen century B.C.E.

The Greek Dark Age (c. 1100-c. The Greek Dark Age (c. 1100-c. 750 B.C.E.)750 B.C.E.) Collapse of agricultural production Migration east across the Aegean Sea

Ionian Greeks Two other major groups

Aeolian Greeks Dorians

Homer Iliad Odyssey Heroic values form the core of aristocratic virtue

The Greek City-States: (c. 750 – c. 500 B.C.E.): The The Greek City-States: (c. 750 – c. 500 B.C.E.): The PolisPolis The polis is a small but autonomous political unit in

which all major political, social, and religious activities are carried out in a central location

Acropolis and Agora Citizens, non-citizens, and responsibilities Military system

Hoplites (heavily armed infantrymen) formed into phalanx

Political and military repercussions

Colonization and the Rise of Colonization and the Rise of TyrantsTyrants Colonization

Gulf between rich and poor, overpopulation, and trade Founded as a polis Cultural diffusion Trade and commerce

Tyrants A tyrant was someone who came to rule by unconstitutional ways in 7 th and 6th

centuries B.C.E. Support came from the new rich from trade and industry who opposed the old

aristocracy Poor peasants becoming indebted to the landholding aristocrats Tyrants favored merchants and traders Extinguished by end of 6th century B.C.E.

• Ended the rule of aristocratic oligarchies• Opened the door to open participation by the citizens

SpartaSparta Southwestern Peloponnesus Conquered neighboring Laconia and Messenia

Helots (a type of serf) Reforms by Lycurgus

Military society Women

Government Two kings share power with the gerousia (council of 28 elders

over the age of 60 serving for life) Apella – assembly of all male citizens

AthensAthens Established about 700 B.C.E. End of the 7th century B.C.E., farmers sold into slavery for not

paying debts Solon (c. 640-c. 560 B.C.E.)

594 B.C.E. canceled all debts, outlawed new loans based on human collateral, freed people who had fallen into slavery for debts

Did not initiate land redistribution Pisistratus seize power in 560 B.C.E. and pursued policies to aid trade Cleisthenes seized power in 508 B.C.E.

Creates Council of 500 that was responsible for the administration of foreign and financial affairs

Athenian assembly had final authority in passing laws Creates the foundation of Athenian democracy

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

The Parthenon, which dominated the Acropolis of fifth century B.C.E. Greece and the Athens of today, represents the glory that was Greece in the age of Pericles.

The Challenge of PersiaThe Challenge of Persia Darius (522-486 B.C.E.)

Unsuccessful revolt of Ionian cities Attacks the mainland Greeks Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.E.

Xerxes (486-465 B.C.E.) Invasion of Greece, 480-479 B.C.E.

• Spartan league and Athenian navy• Battle of Thermopylae, 480 B.C.E.• Battle of Salamis, 480 B.C.E.• Battle of Plataea, 479 B.C.E.

The Growth of an Athenian Empire The Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of Periclesin the Age of Pericles Delian League formed 478-77 B.C.E.

Under the leadership of Athens, the Persians attacked and virtually all Greek city-states in the Aegean freed

Athens comes to control the League and forbids any state to withdraw

Pericles Expanded democracy at home and an empire abroad Elected to generalship 30 times between 461 and 429

B.C.E.

The Great Peloponnesian War and The Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline of the Greek States (431-the Decline of the Greek States (431-404 B.C.E.)404 B.C.E.) Sparta and allies v. Athens and allies Athens stays behind its walls and Sparta ravages

the land of Attica Plague in 429, B.C.E., takes Pericles Battle of Aegospotami, 405 B.C.E. Surrender of Athens, 404 B.C Effects of the wars

©20

04 W

adsw

orth

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

hom

son

Lea

rnin

g, I

nc.

Tho

mso

n L

earn

ing ™

is a

trad

emar

k us

ed h

erei

n un

der

lice

nse.

Classical GreeceClassical Greece

Culture of Classical GreeceCulture of Classical Greece History Greek Drama

Tragedy Comedy

The Arts: The Classical Ideal Architecture

• Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns• Temples• Parthenon

Sculpture• Subjects of male nudity• Proportional and life-like

Theater at EpidaurusTheater at Epidaurus

The acoustics at this great outdoor theater at Epidaurus are so clear that a whisper on stage could be heard from any of its 14,000 seats.

The Greek Love of WisdomThe Greek Love of Wisdom Philosophy meant “love of wisdom” Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.)

Socratic method Goal of education was to improve the individual Questioned authority

Plato (c. 429-347 B.C.E.) The Republic The Academy

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) Politics Importance of his ideas on Western thought

Greek ReligionGreek Religion

Was necessary for the well-being of the state Mount Olympus No body of doctrine or focus on morality Festivals Oracle of Apollo at Delphi

Daily Life in Classical AthensDaily Life in Classical Athens

150,000 citizens, 43,000 of which were adult males who exercised political power

Economy based on agriculture and trade Family the central institution Women kept under strict control Male homosexuality a prominent feature

Rise of Macedonia and the Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of AlexanderConquests of Alexander Philip II (359-336 B.C.E.)

The Battle of Chaeronea Assassinated in 336 B.C.E.

Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.E.) Persian Empire

• Battle of Granicus River, 334 B.C.E.• Battle of Issus, 333 B.C.E.• Battle of Gaugamela, 331 B.C.E.• Persepolis, 330 B.C.E.• Alexander in India, 327 B.C.E.• Death of Alexander, 323 B.C.E.

The Conquests of Alexander the The Conquests of Alexander the GreatGreat

The Legacy of AlexanderThe Legacy of Alexander

Hellenistic Age (“to imitate Greeks”) Destruction of Persia

Benefits Greek engineers, intellectuals, merchants, administrators, and soldiers

Political unity based on monarchy Culture

Art, architecture, language, literature Cities

The Hellenistic KingdomsThe Hellenistic Kingdoms Four Hellenistic kingdoms emerged

Macedonia under the Antigonid dynasty Syria and the east under the Seleucids Attalid kingdom of Pergamum in western Asia Minor Egypt under the Ptolemies

Greeks and Macedonians formed the new ruling class Hellenizing an urban phenomenon Greeks and Macedonians colonists provided a pool for civilian

administrators and workers Agriculture and trade

Agriculture was central to Hellenistic economy Trade and commerce experienced considerable expansion

©20

04 W

adsw

orth

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

hom

son

Lea

rnin

g, I

nc.

Tho

mso

n L

earn

ing ™

is a

trad

emar

k us

ed h

erei

n un

der

lice

nse.

The World of the Hellenistic The World of the Hellenistic MonarchsMonarchs

Culture in the Hellenistic WorldCulture in the Hellenistic World Greeks provided sense of unity Hellenistic era was time of accomplishments

Scholars Art

Golden Age of Science Separation of science and philosophy Archimedes (287-212 B.C.E.)

Philosophy Athens still the center of philosophy Epicurus (341-270 B.C.E.) Zeno (335-263 B.C.E.) and Stoicism

©20

04 W

adsw

orth

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

hom

son

Lea

rnin

g, I

nc.

Tho

mso

n L

earn

ing ™

is a

trad

emar

k us

ed h

erei

n un

der

lice

nse.

The World According toThe World According to ErathosthenesErathosthenes

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

How did geography and the sea help to shape Greek culture?

Compare and contrast the city-states of Sparta and Athens. How would you explain their divergent development?

What did “democracy” mean to the ancient Greeks? What groups were excluded from Athenian democracy?

How would you explain the rise of kingdoms and the demise of independent city-states during the Hellenistic period?