DNA Technology

DNA Technology

and its and its

Applications Applications

S. Livingstone

S. Livingstone

We are going to study the following DNA We are going to study the following DNA technologies and their real-world technologies and their real-world

applications: applications:

DNA EXTRACTIONDNA EXTRACTION

How is DNA extracted from living things? How is DNA extracted from living things?

In class, we extracted DNA from our cheeks. In class, we extracted DNA from our cheeks. Scientists and researchers use more Scientists and researchers use more elaborate techniques when extracting DNAelaborate techniques when extracting DNA

Click on the following link to extract DNA Click on the following link to extract DNA from a human online.from a human online. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/

extraction/extraction/

Recombinant (Re-com-bin-nint) DNARecombinant (Re-com-bin-nint) DNA& Transgenic (Trans-jen-ic) Organisms& Transgenic (Trans-jen-ic) Organisms

What is recombinant DNA? What is recombinant DNA?

Click on the following link to learn about Click on the following link to learn about recombinant DNA: recombinant DNA:

http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingResources/Applications/TeachingResources/Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLampard2.swfGMOpkgJKloseGLampard2.swf

Practical uses of recombinant DNA…Practical uses of recombinant DNA…

Another Major Application of Recombinant Another Major Application of Recombinant DNA DNA

Using the technology of recombinant DNA, we are able to Using the technology of recombinant DNA, we are able to introduce specific genes from one organism into another. introduce specific genes from one organism into another.

A A transgenic organismtransgenic organism is an organism that has been is an organism that has been genetically engineered to contain 1 or more genesgenetically engineered to contain 1 or more genes

Applications of Transgenic OrganismsApplications of Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic LivestockTransgenic Livestock Farm animals that are genetically altered to Farm animals that are genetically altered to

synthesize marketable proteins.synthesize marketable proteins. Mice that urinate human growth hormone (HGH)Mice that urinate human growth hormone (HGH)

Goats that produce the malaria antigen for use in Goats that produce the malaria antigen for use in vaccinesvaccines

Cows that produce a human protein in their milkCows that produce a human protein in their milk

Pigs that are genetically altered so their Pigs that are genetically altered so their organs can be transplanted into a human organs can be transplanted into a human without rejection without rejection

Applications of Transgenic OrganismsApplications of Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic PlantsTransgenic Plants

Plants that produce their own insecticidesPlants that produce their own insecticides

Crops that have increased drought and heat resistance Crops that have increased drought and heat resistance

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering& GMO& GMO

Genetic Engineering is…Genetic Engineering is…

The technique of removing, changing, or adding The technique of removing, changing, or adding genes (chunks of DNA) to a DNA molecule to genes (chunks of DNA) to a DNA molecule to change the information it contains. By changing this change the information it contains. By changing this information, we can change the type or amount of information, we can change the type or amount of proteins an organism is capable of producing. proteins an organism is capable of producing.

Then, if the proteins change, the Then, if the proteins change, the TRAIT TRAIT changes, changes, like if the genes in your eye changed, then your eye like if the genes in your eye changed, then your eye color can change.color can change.

Genetic Engineering we could do this.Genetic Engineering we could do this.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

Often, the label GMO and the term "transgenic" Often, the label GMO and the term "transgenic" are used to call organisms that have received are used to call organisms that have received new genes from other organisms by lab "gene new genes from other organisms by lab "gene transfer" methods. transfer" methods.

Gel Electrophoresis (Elec-tro-for-e-sis) Gel Electrophoresis (Elec-tro-for-e-sis)

What is Gel Electrophoresis?What is Gel Electrophoresis?

Click on the following link: DNA Interactive to Click on the following link: DNA Interactive to answer questions about gel electrophoresis. answer questions about gel electrophoresis.

What are the practical applications of gel What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis?electrophoresis?

DNA pieces produced by the gel DNA pieces produced by the gel electrophoresis can be used in other electrophoresis can be used in other technologies like PCR, cloning and DNA technologies like PCR, cloning and DNA sequencingsequencing

Or, the DNA fragments can be used by Or, the DNA fragments can be used by forensic scientists (to solve crimes), forensic scientists (to solve crimes), conservation biologists, taxonomists, conservation biologists, taxonomists, evolutionary biologists, etc.evolutionary biologists, etc.

How is gel electrophoresis used by How is gel electrophoresis used by scientists?scientists?

Human DNA can be analyzed to Human DNA can be analyzed to Provide evidence in criminal casesProvide evidence in criminal casesDiagnose genetic diseasesDiagnose genetic diseasesSolve paternity casesSolve paternity cases

Samples of DNA can be obtained from Samples of DNA can be obtained from tissue and body fluidtissue and body fluid

Cheek cellsCheek cellsSkinSkinHair Hair BloodBloodSemen Semen

What are the practical applications of gel What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis?electrophoresis?

Conservation biologists use DNA to determine Conservation biologists use DNA to determine genetic similarity among populations and individualsgenetic similarity among populations and individuals

Taxonomists use DNA to help distinguish species Taxonomists use DNA to help distinguish species

Evolutionary biologists use DNA profiles to compare Evolutionary biologists use DNA profiles to compare similarities and differences to construct family trees similarities and differences to construct family trees

PCRPCR

What is PCR?What is PCR?

Click on the following link to learn about Click on the following link to learn about Polymerase (Puh-lim-er-ace) Chain Reactions, Polymerase (Puh-lim-er-ace) Chain Reactions, make sure you scroll down to see the information…make sure you scroll down to see the information…

www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.htmlwww.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.html

What are the practical applications of What are the practical applications of PCR?PCR?

PCR creates lots of pure DNA, so we can PCR creates lots of pure DNA, so we can analyze DNA samples even from only a little analyze DNA samples even from only a little bit to begin with.bit to begin with.

DNA/Gene SequencingDNA/Gene Sequencing

What is Gene Sequence Analysis?What is Gene Sequence Analysis?

Click on the following link to learn about Click on the following link to learn about gene sequencing: gene sequencing:

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/faq/seqfacts.shtml

Applications of DNA SequencingApplications of DNA Sequencing

DNA FingerprintingDNA Fingerprintinghttp://protist.biology.washington.edu/http://protist.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/dnaintro.html fingerprint/dnaintro.html

If you have time, solve a crime: If you have time, solve a crime:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html analyze.html

CloningCloning

What is cloning?What is cloning?

Click on the following link to learn about Click on the following link to learn about cloning: cloning:

www.learn.genetics.com www.learn.genetics.com

What are the practical applications of What are the practical applications of cloning? cloning?

Click on the following link to look at the practical Click on the following link to look at the practical applications of cloning: applications of cloning:

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/whyclone/

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

What is Gene Therapy? What is Gene Therapy?

Click on the following link to learn about gene Click on the following link to learn about gene therapytherapy

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtmlHuman_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml