dna and the central dogma
DESCRIPTION
Transformation of Bacteria a) Mouse dies b) Mouse lives c) Mouse lives d) Mouse dies. Living S cells are found in blood sample from dead mouse 1928 Fredrick GriffithTRANSCRIPT
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DNA and the CENTRAL DOGMA
Everything you never wanted to know, but still need to understand… and then some more bonus stuff to really make
you happy
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Transformation of Bacteria
1928 Fredrick Griffith
a) Mouse dies b) Mouse lives c) Mouse lives d) Mouse dies. Living S cells are found in blood sample from dead mouse
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Phages are viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophage)
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1. Mix phages with bacteria
2. Blend to mix
3. Centrifuge and measure radioactivity
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What makes up DNA subunits?
• 5-carbon sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogenous base
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• A and G are Purines (double rings)
• C and T are pyrimidines (single rings)
“Attorney Generals are pure”
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DNA REPLICATION
2 complimentary strands. A=T C≡G
Helicase breaks H bonds and unzips
DNA polymerase attaches nucleotides to each template strand
Each “daughter” DNA consists of one parental and one new strand
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Conservative – parental helix remains intact; an all new copy is made
SemiConservative – two strands separate and each functions as a template
Dispersive – each strand contains pieces of old and new DNA
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Meselson-Stahl Experiment
Incorporates heavy nitrogen into DNA
Incorporates lighter nitrogen into DNA
“new” DNA synthesized would be lighter than the “old” DNA
1st replication ~20 min
2nd replication ~40 min
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EUKARYOTES: many origins of replication
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Incorporation of nucleotideEnzyme DNA polymerase catalyzes this reaction
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5’3’ direction of one strand runs counter to the other
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DNA Helicase – unzips
Topoisomerase – unwind DNA
SSBP – single strand binding proteins, hold strands open
Primase – joins RNA nucleotides to eukaryotes (primer is required for polymerase to synthesize)
DNA Polymerase – adds nucleotides
Ligase – link Okazaki fragments
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New DNA
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Excision repair of
DNA
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FROM GENE TO PROTEINBeadle and Tatum – one gene, one polypeptide
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