biomolecules of the central dogma dna rna protein
TRANSCRIPT
Biomolecules of the Central Dogma
DNA RNA Protein
Nucleotide Structure
DNA vs. RNA
• Sugar (C2’)
• Single vs. Double Stranded– Stem-loop (Hairpin)
• Thymine vs. Uracil
Nucleic Acids
• Sugar phosphate backbone– 5’ Phosphate– 3’ Hydroxide
• Base Pairing Rules– Purine: A, G– Pyrimidine: C, U, T– A=T, G≡C
DNA Coiling to form Chromosomes
Protein: Primary Structure
• The sequence of amino acids
• N-terminus, C-terminus
Protein: Secondary Structure
Protein: Secondary Structure
• β pleated sheet
• β barrel– A large beta-sheet that
twists and coils to form a closed structure
Tertiary Structure
• 3D structure of a single protein molecule
• Folding is driven by chemical interactions of R groups:
Protein: Quaternary Structure
• Assembly of several protein subunits
• Stabilized by non-covalent interactions and disulfide bonds– Dimer, trimer, tetramer,
multimer– “Homo” = same subunits– “Hetero” = different subunits
Metabolism
Metabolic Direction Water Energy Examples
Anabolic “Building up”
Condensation Used Photosynthesis
Polymerization
DNA replication
Transcription & Translation
ADP + Pi ATP
Catabolic “Breaking down”
Hydrolysis Released Digestion
Glycolysis/ Krebs Cycle
Combustion
ATP ADP +Pi
Condensation Reactions(a.k.a. Dehydration Synthesis)
• Two monomers are joined together, with the loss of water.
• Synthesis of all the important biological macromolecules:– carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Protein Synthesis
• Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Carbohydrate Synthesis
• Linked by glycosidic bonds– Ex) Di-, Tri-, Polysaccharides– Ex) Polymers of glucose form cellulose and
starch.
Nucleic Acid Synthesis
• DNA/RNA strands string of nucleotides joined together by phosphodiester bonds
Lipid Synthesis
• “Fats” are a subgroup of lipids called triglycerides Ester linkage
Depicting Molecules in Space
Ribbon Diagrams(a.k.a. Richardson Diagrams)
• 3D schematic representations of protein structure
Alternative Views & Representations
• A: schematic/ribbon• B: molecular/ball &
stick• C: view from top• D: space filling model