distillation - dixon, haning, miskelly

7/28/2019 Distillation - Dixon, Haning, Miskelly

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Oklahoma State University

Distillation Column: Mechanical Evaluation and Heat LossAssessment

CHE 4112

Unit Operations Laboratory Project 4

September 20, 2012

Daniel Dixon

Katie HaningMatt Miskelly


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Table of Contents

Executive Summary 3

Objective 4

Rationale 4

Overview 4

Experimental Equipment 4

Environmental, Health, and Safety 5

Theory 6

Data Processing and Required Measurements 8

Evaluation 8

Experimental Plan 8

Results 11

Discussion 12

Conclusion and Recommendations

References 14

Appendix

- A: Heat Loss Calculations 14

- B: Excel Processing 15

-

C: Methanol MSDS 16

- D: Water MSDS 23


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Executive Summary

An experiment was designed to determine the column efficiency and non-idealities within the

distillation column held in the Unit Operations laboratory. The objective was to determine the

percent heat loss and total column efficiency values running a simple methanol and water

distillation. Based on the column efficiency and heat loss values, preventative action can betaken to ensure measurement validity in the distillation column for future experimentation.

Steady-state operation of the distillation column was achieved for all ongoing experimentation.

A fixed methanol/water feed (35.4 wt %) was implemented to determine the efficiency and

percent heat loss throughout the column. Samples ranging from 2-4 mL from each distillation

column tray, the bottoms receiver, and distillate receiver were taken during steady-state

operation. Sample composition was determined from the refractive indices measured, and the

refractometer calibration curve, provided by the manufacturer. Samples were taken in

triplicate to ensure accuracy in data evaluation.

Findings from the previously stated experimentation were used to match the column behavior

in a simulator (ChemCad ), providing a reference model to determine percent heat loss. The

percent heat loss was found to be 902%, indicating an overall column efficiency of 11.08%.

Further investigation of heat loss from the distillation column is recommended. Determination

of the location of the heat loss would allow for process improvement by insulation or other

adjustments. Also, feed flow rates of greater than 100 mL/min are recommend because the

control valve does not maintain a consistent flow rate at low flow rates.


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Objective

The objective of this experiment was to determine the percent heat loss for the Unit

Operations Laboratory distillation column.

Rationale

Much of the previous work on the distillation column focused on material balances, especially

to determine optimum feed tray location and reflux rate. Energy balances are necessary for

complete analysis of the system and understanding of error introduced by assuming adiabatic

operation of the column. Percent heat loss was used to describe the heat lost from the

distillation column experimentally compared to the theoretical value.

Overview

Temperature, pressure, refractive index data were collected along the column for a given feed

composition of 35.3 wt% methanol. Temperature, pressure, and flow rate data were collected

from LabView software. Liquid samples were collected from the feed, distillate, bottoms, and

from each tray during steady-state operation. Refractive indices were measured with a

refractometer. Compositions were calculated from these refractive indices.

Using simulation, a distillation process model was used to predict the theoretical heat loss from

the system. The experimental and theoretical values were compared and a percent heat loss

was calculated.

Experimental Equipment

The distillation column consists of five trays, a partial reboiler, and a condensate receiver. A

process schematic for the distillation unit is shown in Figure (1). This unit separates methanol-

water mixtures placed in the feed supply drum. When the feed control valve is open, the

mixture flows to the Feed Tank and ispumped through a preheater and into the distillation

column. The distillate receiver collects the product from the top of the column and the

bottoms receiver collects product from the reboiler.


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Figure (1): Distillation Column Unit Process Schematic1

A refractometer is used to measure the refractive indices of the products, and is illustrated

below in Figure (2). A system of prisms and a light source connected to the machine allows the

viewer to contrast different solution compositions based on the refractive index. Solutioncomposition is determined using a calibration curve, providing a weight percentage of

methanol in aqueous solution.

Figure (2): Refractometer Component Identification2

5

Eyepiece

Compensator Scale Dial

Prism

Light Source

Compensator Dial

Thermometer


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Environmental, Health, and Safety

The compounds utilized in this experiment are methanol and water. Methanol has multiple

safety hazards. It is a toxic, volatile compound which can lead to contact hazards (skin

irritation), and blindness if ingested. Safety goggles and latex gloves were used at all times

when preparing the initial methanol/water solution in the reboiler. Methanol is highlyflammable; ignition sources should never be near the compound will mixing the methanol-

water solution. A summary of methanol and water hazards is seen in Table (1). The distillation

column is a very complex piece of machinery that uses and directs a large amount of heat.

Burns and electric shocks are potential hazards during the distillation column operation.

Chemical

Hazard

Methanol Water

Environment

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Dispose

of in chemical waste container. Do not pour

down the drain.

Not hazardous to the environment.

Can be disposed of down the drain.

Health

Can cause irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory

system. May be fatal or cause blindness if

ingested.

Be careful not to spill. Can be a slip

hazard and conducts electricity.

Safety

Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Gloves,

goggles, and protective clothing are required.

Wear goggles while in the

laboratory.

First-Aid Measures

If inhaled, move to fresh air. If breathing ceases

or is difficult, give oxygen. Induce vomiting

immediately if ingested. In case of contact,

immediately flush skin or eyes with water andremove contaminated clothing.

No first-aid measures necessary.

Table (1): Environmental, Health, and Safety precautions and First-Aid Synopsis5,6


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Theory3

A schematic for the distillation column is shown below in Figure 3.

Figure (3). Distillation Column Schematic3

F = Feed molar flow rate (mol/h)

L = Reflux molar flow rate (mol/h)

D = Distillate molar flow rate (mol/h)

B = Bottoms molar flow rate (mol/h)

V = Vapor molar flow rate from the column top (mol/h)

zf= Light key (methanol) mole fraction in feed

xD, xB = Light key mole fraction in distillate and bottoms, respectivelyhF, hD, hB = Enthalpy of feed, distillate, and bottoms, respectively (J/s) (Calculated with

ChemCAD)

QR, QC = Heat transfer rate of partial reboiler and total condenser, respectively (J/s)

Qloss = Total heat loss rate (J/s)


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The first law of thermodynamics defines the total energy balance around the column, seen in

equation (1):

lossCBDRF QQBhDhQFh (1)

Energy introduced into the reboiler is documented using equation (2):

100

100P

RSPQR(2)

Where:

QR = Heat input rate for reboiler (J/s)

P = Power (W)

RS = Reboiler power setting (%)

P100 = Total power required for 100% reboiler setting (defined as the difference in power

required when unit is on and reboiler at 100% and when unit is on and reboiler is off)

The calculated heat transfer from the condenser is seen below in equation (3).

QC =D(R+1)D Hvap = (L+D)D Hvap (3)Where:

QC = Condenser heat transfer rate (J/s)

D = Distillate molar flow rate (mol/h)

L = Reflux molar flow rate (mol/h)

R = Reflux ratio

Hvap = Average molar enthalpy of vaporization of the components (J/mol)

Combining Equations 1-3 approximate the total heat loss in the system, as shown in Equation

(4) and (5).

Qloss

=FhF

+RSP100

100

- Dh

D

- BhB

- D(R+1)D Hvap(4)

(5)


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In addition to calculating percent heat loss, column efficiency is calculated by (6):

(6)Data Processing

Temperature data collected from LabView were recorded for each tray, the reboiler, and the

condenser. Pressure data for the reboiler was also gathered from LabView. Reboiler and

condenser duties and overall heat loss were estimated with eqns. (2) (5). Compositions along

the column were calculated with a standard curve based on the refractive indices measured.

Enthalpies at the calculated compositions and molar flow rates were used to calculate the heat

loss from an overall energy balance. The percent heat loss was calculated as the ratio of the

actual reboiler duty over the ideal reboiler duty.

Evaluation

Theoretical models have default column efficiency equal to one, indicating that each tray

represents a true equilibrium stage for heat and mass transfer. Theoretical models optimize

heat transfer, and assume that any energy placed in the system is accounted for through a total

energy balance, listed in equation (1). A high percent heat loss indicates thermal inefficiency of

the column.

Experimental Plan3

Distillation Column Emergency Shutdown

1. Disconnect power cord from the back of the distillation column.2. Close air and water supply valves.3. Alert others in the lab and exit if necessary.

Distillation Column Startup and Operation

1. Check feed tank level. Add 2.5 gallons of methanol and 2.5 gallons of water to feed tankif necessary.

2. Open feed sump tank valve.3. Open air supply valve and set air regulator to 20 psig.4. Open cooling water valve.5. Open valves R1 and R2, and close valve R3.6. Turn on power to computer and LabView.7. Double click LabView icon.


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8. From the File menu, click Open and select UOL_Distillation.9. Click drop-down menu Run and select Start Run.10.Click the OK and Save buttons until points on screen disappear.11.Click on the CW_CONTROL box, select the Fields tab, and set OP to 100. The

cooling water flow rate has been set.

12.Turn the main power switch on the distillation column control panel to the Onposition.

13.Turn the reboiler switch on the control panel to the On position.14.Click the Reboiler_Power box and set OP to 100.15.Reduce OP when liquid solution reaches the second tray from the bottom.16.Once the condensate receiver contains enough liquid to cover the overflow tube, click

on the Reflux_Level_Control box, select the Fields tab, and set Mode to Remote.

17.Select the + drop-down box next to Master and Slave labels, and set Mode toAuto.

18.Under the Master label set the SP to a desired level.19.Click Reflux Level Control Tag, select Mode, and set to Manual. Change OP to

desired level.

20.Turn on feed power switch.21.Turn on feed preheater switch.22.Click FC_Feed, select Fields tab, and set OP to 100.23.Perform experiments with 20% reflux rate at optimum feed tray.24.Use LabView output to record temperatures at each stage, reboiler pressure, feed flow

rate, and reflux flow rate.

25.Use the bucket-and-stopwatch method to calculate distillate flow rate.26.Use the flow rate and temperature values to calculate Enthalpy values in ChemCAD.27.Use fluid samples and the refractometer procedures to determine feed, distillate, and

bottoms composition for each experiment.

Distillation Column Shutdown Procedure

1. Turn the reboiler switch off.2. Turn off the feed and reflux preheaters.3. After allowing the feed an reflux preheaters to cool, turn off the feed and reflux pumps.4. Once vapors are no longer detectable, click on the CW_CONTROL box, select the

Fields tab, and set OP to 0.

5. Turn off power to computer and LabView.

Refractometer Emergency Shutdown

1. Disconnect power from water heater and refractometer.2. Request faculty assistance.


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Refractometer Startup and Operation

1. Connect water heater and refractometer power cords to power supply.2. Flip heater power switch to On position and adjust temperature setting.3. Wait for stable water temperature.

4. Record prism temperature.5. Take a sample from the distillation column by pushing a syringe through one of the

rubber stoppers located at each tray.

6. Open refractometer lens cover.7. Place sample on the refracting prism.8. Distribute sample over entire area of lens.9. Move lever arm close to the sample.10.Use the right hand side dial of the refractometer to bring color to the intersection of the

crosshairs.

11.Use the left hand side switch of the refractometer to view and record the refractiveindex.

12.Wipe sample away with Kimwipe.13.Determine mixture concentration using calibration curve (Figure 3).

Figure (4): Refractometer Calibration Curve3

Refractometer Shutdown

1. Turn off water heater.2. Unplug heater and refractometer.3. Clean refractometer with Kimwipe.4. Dispose of chemicals in proper waste containers.

Tprism = 30 C


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Results

Collecting samples in triplicate from the distillate receiver, the bottoms receiver, and each

individual tray location on the column, weight percentage of methanol was recorded using the

refractive indices, and summarized in Table (2). Temperature data is also shown for each of the

individual tray locations, as well as the distillate and bottoms receivers.

After acquiring experimental data, ChemCad simulation was utilized to match the distillation

system profile presented in the data, and a heat loss calculation was achieved, seen in Table (3).

Location T (C) Weight % Methanol

Distillate 69.11 78.59

Tray 1 69.99 66.96

Tray 2 70.58 64.89

Tray 3 76.12 54.97

Tray 4 80.57 45.34

Tray 5 91.53 31.17

Bottoms 97.60 16.01

Table (2): Tray-by-Tray material composition evaluation at steady-state conditions

Table (3): System heat loss logic and percent loss calculations.

During the experimentation on the distillation column, the percent heat loss calculated was onthe order or nine times the heat loss calculations during simulation under ideal conditions. This

calculation seems extremely high and unlikely, however, from our reference point, the validity

of the percent heat loss is to be considered to be within reasonable bounds.


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Conclusions and Recommendations

This distillation column is thermally inefficient, showing a 902% heat loss compared to

theoretical expectations. This indicates an overall column efficiency of 11.08%. Corrective

measures are needed to ensure future experimentation accuracy.

Further investigation of heat loss from the distillation column is recommended. Determination

of the location of the heat loss would allow for process improvement by insulation or other

adjustments. In addition, percent heat loss could be determined for multiple feed locations

and reflux rates.

Feed flow rates of greater than 100 mL/min are recommended because the control valve does

not maintain a consistent flow rate at low flow rates.


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References

1. Blazek, Byron, Michael Gamble, and Jordan Kidd. Distillation Column Lab Manual.Oklahoma State University Unit Operations Lab, 2006. 29 Aug 2012.

.

2. Refractometer. Mirandamusic.com. 9/19/2012.

3. Castleberry, Steven, Daniel Meysing, and Jason Wells. Distillation Column HeatLoss: Identification and Evaluation. Oklahoma State University Unit Operations Lab,

2008. 29 Aug 2012. .

4. Methyl alcohol MSDS. Sciencelab.com, Inc. 29 Aug 2012. .

5. Water MSDS. Sciencelab.com, Inc. 29 Aug 2012. .


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Appendix A: Heat Loss Calculation/Justification


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Appendix B: Distillation Column Data

Appendix C: Methanol MSDS

Material Safety Data SheetMethyl alcohol MSDSSection 1: Chemical Product and Company IdentificationProduct Name: Methyl alcoholCatalog Codes: SLM3064, SLM3952


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CAS#: 67-56-1RTECS: PC1400000TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Methyl alcoholCI#: Not applicable.Synonym: Wood alcohol, Methanol; Methylol; WoodSpirit; CarbinolChemical Name: MethanolChemical Formula: CH3OHContact Information:Sciencelab.com, Inc.14025 Smith Rd.Houston, Texas 77396US Sales: 1-800-901-7247International Sales: 1-281-441-4400Order Online: ScienceLab.comCHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:1-800-424-9300International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400Section 2: Composition and Information on IngredientsComposition:Name CAS # % by WeightMethyl alcohol 67-56-1 100Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Methyl alcohol: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 5628 mg/kg [Rat]. DERMAL(LD50): Acute: 15800mg/kg [Rabbit]. VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 64000 ppm 4 hours [Rat].Section 3: Hazards IdentificationPotential Acute Health Effects:Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightlyhazardous in case ofskin contact (permeator). Severe over-exposure can result in death.Potential Chronic Health Effects:Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS:ClassifiedPOSSIBLE for human. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is toxic to eyes. Thesubstance may betoxic to blood, kidneys, liver, brain, peripheral nervous system, upper respiratory tract, skin, centralnervous system (CNS),optic nerve. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.Repeated exposure to ahighly toxic material may produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or manyhuman organs.Section 4: First Aid Measuresp. 2Eye Contact:Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at least 15minutes, keeping eyelidsopen. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.Skin Contact:


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In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removingcontaminated clothingand shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing beforereuse. Thoroughly cleanshoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.Serious Skin Contact:Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seekimmediate medicalattention.Inhalation:If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, giveoxygen. Get medicalattention immediately.Serious Inhalation:Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt orwaistband. Ifbreathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouthresuscitation. WARNING: It maybe hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled materialis toxic, infectious or

corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.Ingestion:If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anythingby mouth to anunconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attentionimmediately.Serious Ingestion: Not available.Section 5: Fire and Explosion DataFlammability of the Product: Flammable.Auto-Ignition Temperature: 464C (867.2F)Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 12C (53.6F). OPEN CUP: 16C (60.8F).Flammable Limits: LOWER: 6% UPPER: 36.5%Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).

Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:Highly flammable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat. Non-flammable in presence of shocks.Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Explosive in presenceof open flames andsparks, of heat.Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE:Use alcohol foam,water spray or fog.Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame. Vapor may travel considerable distance tosource of ignition

and flash back. When heated to decomposition, it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. CAUTION: MAYBURN WITH NEARINVISIBLE FLAMESpecial Remarks on Explosion Hazards:Forms an explosive mixture with air due to its low flash point. Explosive when mixed with Choroform +sodium methoxide and


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diethyl zinc. It boils violently and explodes.Section 6: Accidental Release Measuresp. 3Small Spill:Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate wastedisposal container.

Large Spill:Flammable liquid. Poisonous liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leakif without risk.

Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside container. Do nottouch spilledmaterial. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dikeif needed. Callfor assistance on disposal. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV.Check TLV on theMSDS and with local authorities.Section 7: Handling and StoragePrecautions:Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment

containing material. Donot ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case ofinsufficient ventilation, wearsuitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container orthe label. Avoidcontact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, metals, acids.Storage:Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep containertightly closed andsealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame).Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal ProtectionEngineering Controls:Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vaporsbelow their respectivethreshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-stationlocation.Personal Protection:Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent.Gloves.Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus shouldbe used to avoidinhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialistBEFORE handling thisproduct.Exposure Limits:TWA: 200 from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 200 STEL: 250 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United

States] [1999] STEL: 250from NIOSH [United States] TWA: 200 STEL: 250 (ppm) from NIOSH SKIN TWA: 200 STEL: 250 (ppm)[Canada] Consultlocal authorities for acceptable exposure limits.Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties


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Physical state and appearance: Liquid.Odor:Alcohol like. Pungent when crude.Taste: Not available.Molecular Weight: 32.04 g/moleColor: Colorless.pH (1% soln/water): Not available.Boiling Point: 64.5C (148.1F)Melting Point: -97.8C (-144F)Critical Temperature: 240C (464F)p. 4Specific Gravity: 0.7915 (Water = 1)Vapor Pressure: 12.3 kPa (@ 20C)Vapor Density: 1.11 (Air = 1)Volatility: Not available.Odor Threshold: 100 ppmWater/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is more soluble in water; log(oil/water) = -0.8Ionicity (in Water): Non-ionic.Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water.Section 10: Stability and Reactivity DataStability: The product is stable.Instability Temperature: Not available.Conditions of Instability: Heat, ingnition sources, incompatible materialsIncompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, metals, acids.Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.Special Remarks on Reactivity:Can react vigorously with oxidizers. Violent reaction with alkyl aluminum salts, acetyl bromide, chloroform+ sodium methoxide,chromic anhydride, cyanuirc chlorite, lead perchlorate, phosphorous trioxide, nitric acid. Exothermicreaction with sodiumhydroxide + chloroform. Incompatible with beryllium dihydride, metals (potassium and magnesium),oxidants (bariumperchlorate, bromine, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide), potassium tert-butoxide, carbon

tetrachloride, alkalimetals, metals (aluminum, potassium magnesium, zinc), and dichlormethane. Rapid autocatalyticdissolution of aluminum,magnesium or zinc in 9:1 methanol + carbon tetrachloride - sufficiently vigorous to be rated as potentiallyhazardous. Mayattack some plastics, rubber, and coatings.Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.Polymerization: Will not occur.Section 11: Toxicological InformationRoutes of Entry:Absorbed through skin. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.Toxicity to Animals:WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUREXPOSURE. Acute oral

toxicity (LD50): 5628 mg/kg [Rat]. Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): 15800 mg/kg [Rabbit]. Acute toxicity ofthe vapor (LC50):64000 4 hours [Rat].Chronic Effects on Humans:MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast.TERATOGENIC


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EFFECTS: Classified POSSIBLE for human. Causes damage to the following organs: eyes. May causedamage to thefollowing organs: blood, kidneys, liver, brain, peripheral nervous system, upper respiratory tract, skin,central nervous system(CNS), optic nerve.Other Toxic Effects on Humans:Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skincontact (permeator).Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans:p. 5Passes through the placental barrier. May affect genetic material. May cause birth defects and adversereproductiveeffects(paternal and maternal effects and fetotoxicity ) based on animal studies.Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:

Section 12: Ecological InformationEcotoxicity: Ecotoxicity in water (LC50): 29400 mg/l 96 hours [Fathead Minnow].BOD5 and COD: Not available.Products of Biodegradation:Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradationproducts may arise.Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than theproduct itself.Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation:Methanol in water is rapidly biodegraded and volatilized. Aquatic hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis,adsorption to sediment, andbioconcentration are not significant fate processes. The half-life of methanol in surfact water ranges from24 hrs. to 168 hrs.Based on its vapor pressure, methanol exists almost entirely in the vapor phase in the ambientatmosphere. It is degraded byreaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and has an estimated half-life of 17.8 days.Methanol is physicallyremoved from air by rain due to its solubility. Methanol can react with NO2 in pollulted to form methyl

nitrate. The half-life ofmethanol in air ranges from 71 hrs. (3 days) to 713 hrs. (29.7 days) based on photooxidation half-life inair.Section 13: Disposal ConsiderationsWaste Disposal:Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.Section 14: Transport InformationDOT Classification: CLASS 3: Flammable liquid.Identification: : Methyl alcohol UNNA: 1230 PG: IISpecial Provisions for Transport: Not available.Section 15: Other Regulatory InformationFederal and State Regulations:Connecticut hazardous material survey.: Methyl alcohol Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employeeact: Methyl alcoholIllinois chemical safety act: Methyl alcohol New York release reporting list: Methyl alcohol Rhode IslandRTK hazardoussubstances: Methyl alcohol Pennsylvania RTK: Methyl alcohol Minnesota: Methyl alcohol MassachusettsRTK: Methyl


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alcohol Massachusetts spill list: Methyl alcohol New Jersey: Methyl alcohol New Jersey spill list: Methylalcohol Louisianaspill reporting: Methyl alcohol California Directors List of Hazardous Substances (8CCR 339): Methylalcohol TennesseHazardous Right to Know : Methyl alcohol TSCA 8(b) inventory: Methyl alcohol SARA 313 toxic chemicalnotification andrelease reporting: Methyl alcohol CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Methyl alcohol: 5000 lbs. (2268 kg)Other Regulations:OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: Thisproduct is on theEuropean Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.Other Classifications:WHMIS (Canada):CLASS B-2: Flammable liquid with a flash point lower than 37.8C (100F). CLASS D-1B: Materialcausing immediate andserious toxic effects (TOXIC). CLASS D-2A: Material causing other toxic effects (VERY TOXIC). Class D-2B: Material causingother toxic effects (TOXIC).p. 6DSCL (EEC):

R11- Highly flammable. R23/24/25- Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R39-Danger of very seriousirreversible effects. R39/23/24/25- Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, incontact with skin andif swallowed. S7- Keep container tightly closed. S16- Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.S36/37- Wear suitableprotective clothing and gloves. S45- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical adviceimmediately (show the labelwhere possible).HMIS (U.S.A.):Health Hazard: 2Fire Hazard: 3Reactivity: 0

Personal Protection: hNational Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):Health: 1Flammability: 3Reactivity: 0Specific hazard:Protective Equipment:Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wearappropriate respiratorwhen ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.Section 16: Other InformationReferences:-SAX, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Indutrial Materials. Toronto, Van Nostrand Reinold, 6e ed. 1984. -

Material safetydata sheet emitted by: la Commission de la Sant et de la Scurit du Travail du Qubec. -Hawley, G.G.. TheCondensed Chemical Dictionary, 11e ed., New York N.Y., Van Nostrand Reinold, 1987. LOLI, HSDB,RTECS, HAZARDTEXT,REPROTOX databases


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Other Special Considerations: Not available.Created: 10/10/2005 08:23 PMLast Updated: 06/09/2012 12:00 PMThe information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently availableto us. However, wemake no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to suchinformation, and we assumeno liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability ofthe information fortheir particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damagesof any third party or forlost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising,even if ScienceLab.com

has been advised of the possibility of such damages.


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Appendix D: Water MSDS

Material Safety Data SheetWater MSDS

Section 1: Chemical Product and Company IdentificationProduct Name: WaterCatalog Codes: SLW1063CAS#: 7732-18-5RTECS: ZC0110000TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: WaterCI#: Not available.Synonym: Dihydrogen oxideChemical Name: WaterChemical Formula: H2OContact Information:Sciencelab.com, Inc.14025 Smith Rd.Houston, Texas 77396US Sales: 1-800-901-7247International Sales: 1-281-441-4400Order Online: ScienceLab.comCHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:1-800-424-9300International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400Section 2: Composition and Information on IngredientsComposition:Name CAS # % by WeightWater 7732-18-5 100Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Not applicable.Section 3: Hazards IdentificationPotential Acute Health Effects:Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-irritatingto the eyes. Nonhazardousin case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs.Noncorrosiveto the eyes. Non-corrosive for lungs.Potential Chronic Health Effects:Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-irritatingto the eyes.Non-hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs.CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENICEFFECTS: Not available.

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available.Section 4: First Aid MeasuresEye Contact: Not applicable.p. 2Skin Contact: Not applicable.Serious Skin Contact: Not available.


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Inhalation: Not applicable.Serious Inhalation: Not available.Ingestion: Not ApplicableSerious Ingestion: Not available.Section 5: Fire and Explosion DataFlammability of the Product: Non-flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.Flash Points: Not applicable.Flammable Limits: Not applicable.Products of Combustion: Not available.Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not ApplicableFire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.Section 6: Accidental Release MeasuresSmall Spill: Mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposalcontainer.Large Spill:Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal.

Section 7: Handling and StoragePrecautions: No specific safety phrase has been found applicable for this product.Storage: Not applicable.Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal ProtectionEngineering Controls: Not ApplicablePersonal Protection: Safety glasses. Lab coat.Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Not ApplicableExposure Limits: Not available.Section 9: Physical and Chemical PropertiesPhysical state and appearance: Liquid.p. 3Odor: Odorless.Taste: Not available.

Molecular Weight: 18.02 g/moleColor: Colorless.pH (1% soln/water): 7 [Neutral.]Boiling Point: 100C (212F)Melting Point: Not available.Critical Temperature: Not available.Specific Gravity: 1 (Water = 1)Vapor Pressure: 2.3 kPa (@ 20C)Vapor Density: 0.62 (Air = 1)Volatility: Not available.Odor Threshold: Not available.Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.Ionicity (in Water): Not available.

Dispersion Properties: Not applicableSolubility: Not ApplicableSection 10: Stability and Reactivity DataStability: The product is stable.Instability Temperature: Not available.Conditions of Instability: Not available.


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Incompatibility with various substances: Not available.Corrosivity: Not available.Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.Polymerization: Will not occur.Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry:Absorbed through skin. Eye contact.Toxicity to Animals:LD50: [Rat] - Route: oral; Dose: > 90 ml/kg LC50: Not available.Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.Other Toxic Effects on Humans:Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-hazardous in case ofingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs. Non-corrosive to the eyes. Noncorrosivefor lungs.Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.p. 4Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available.Section 12: Ecological InformationEcotoxicity: Not available.BOD5 and COD: Not available.Products of Biodegradation:Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradationproducts may arise.Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are nottoxic.Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.Section 13: Disposal ConsiderationsWaste Disposal:Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

Section 14: Transport InformationDOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).Identification: Not applicable.Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.Section 15: Other Regulatory InformationFederal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: WaterOther Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing CommercialChemical Substances.Other Classifications:WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).DSCL (EEC):This product is not classified according to the EU regulations. Not applicable.HMIS (U.S.A.):

Health Hazard: 0Fire Hazard: 0Reactivity: 0Personal Protection: aNational Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):Health: 0


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Flammability: 0Reactivity: 0Specific hazard:p. 5Protective Equipment:Not applicable. Lab coat. Not applicable. Safety glasses.

Section 16: Other InformationReferences: Not available.Other Special Considerations: Not available.Created: 10/10/2005 08:33 PMLast Updated: 06/09/2012 12:00 PMThe information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently availableto us. However, wemake no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to suchinformation, and we assumeno liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability ofthe information fortheir particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damagesof any third party or forlost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising,even if ScienceLab.comhas been advised of the possibility of such damages.

distillation - dixon, haning, miskelly

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