Disposition Alternatives

Diversion Programs

Community-Based Alternatives

Custodial Alternatives

Review

• Why is Prevention Attractive?

• Why is Prevention Difficult?

• Types of Prevention– Primary– Secondary– Tertiary

• Targets for Change?

Primer in Evaluation

• What are the goals of the program?

• How do you demonstrate these goals?

Basic Experimental Design

Control Group

Experimental Group

RAOr Match

“Traditional”

Intervention

Diversion Programs

• What exactly is “Diversion?”

• What is the theory behind diversion?

• Does Diversion “work?”

Examples of Diversion

• Run by private company or social services

• Youth Bureau Services

• Police Programs

• Teen Courts

• Scared Straight

Research on Scared Straight Type Programs (1968-1992)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

MI IL* MI2* VA* NJ* CA*

Control

Scared Straight

What can we conclude?

• Text Book – “Nothing Works”– Only “perfect society” (economic equality, end

to racism, etc.) will substantially reduce delinquency

– “Radical Non-Intervention”

Dispositional Alternatives

• Nominal

• Conditional– Intermediate Sanctions

• Custodial

History of Probation

• John Augustus

• Emergence of Probation– 1878 MA first to adopt probation (for juveniles

only)– By 1938, 37 states have juvenile and adult

probation– By 1954, all states have juvenile probation

Current Juvenile Probation

• Probation as a “catch basin”

• Authority of Judge

• Functions of Probation

• Process– Deferred Adjudication vs. Sentence of

Probation

Probation II

• Caseloads

• Conditions

• Revocation– Due Process

• Effectiveness– Compared to what?

Intermediate Sanctions

• Emerged in the 1980s—WHY?

• Examples– Boot camps, Intensive Supervision Probation

(ISP), electronic monitoring

• Goals?

• Nature of Intermediate Sanctions– What do they have in common?

• Evidence (Do they “work?”)

Custodial

• Secure vs. Non-Secure

• Temporary vs. Non-temporary

• Private vs. Public

History

• Houses of Refuge (NY in 1825• Reformatory or Training School• Cottage Style • 20th Century Changes

– Abuse Uncovered, Reform Movement

1999 National Confinement Estimates– 22,000 in nonsecure– 84,000 in secure

Private vs. Public

• Long history of privatization in juvenile corrections– Mom and Pop type vs. CCA

• Duluth Area– Public Detention?– Private Detention?

Temporary

• Generally– Little/no programming, confine mix of

juveniles• Shelter Care• Detention Centers• Foster Homes

Non-secure

• What does non-secure mean?

• Examples– Group Homes– Wilderness Programs– Ranches or Forestry Camps

Secure

• Training Schools (or other names)– Large variation in state level populations– Some analogous to state prisons

• Different security levels

– Some treatment oriented• Paint Creek Youth Center (Minimum Security)

– Public versus Private?• Corrections Corporation of America (CCA)

Aftercare (Parole)

• State Variation in Systems– Most states indeterminate x parole board– Others determinate x early release possible