dispersal to the hawaiian islands by: stacey falk
TRANSCRIPT
Dispersal to the Hawaiian Islands
By: Stacey Falk
Facts: 2,500 miles of ocean
separate North America from the Hawaiian Islands.
3,500 miles of ocean between the small Marianas Islands and the Hawaiian chain.
The Hawaiian chain has never been connected to a land mass.
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How then, did plants and animals cross the large oceanic distance to arrive on the Hawaiian islands?
Transportation through the air
Attached to Birds
Fruits eaten by Birds
Drifting in Seawater
Questions:1. What are the two ways in which plants and birds are
able to travel the long-oceanic distance to the Hawaiian islands by drifting through the air?
2. How can plants and animals be dispersed to the Hawaiian islands by attachment to birds?
3. What accounts for the largest means of seed dispersal to the Hawaiian islands than any other mechanism?
4. What adaptations must a plant or seed have for dispersal by flotation in seawater?
5. What advantage does “rafting” play in dispersal?
Drifting in the Air
Plants that reproduce by means of spores such as ferns, mosses, algae, and lichen
Spores so small that a line of a thousand of them end-to-end would be an inch long
Nephrolepis exaltata
1) Organism must be so small, or reproductive structure so small, that it’s dust-like.
Drifting in the Air
Fern spores more successful at reaching Hawaiian island then seeds of flowering plants
1.4% of the 255 hypothetical original flowering plants were dispersed by air flotation
Ohia lehua tree has seeds small enough to suggest dispersal through the air
Metrosideros polymorpha
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Drifting in the Air
Insects. Research by entomologist, J. Lindsey
Gressitt. Sampled air at high attitudes and at sea, resulted in a large amount of insects trapped. Those caught were the same basic groups of insects as those native to Hawaii.
Passive flight and small body size of insects accounts for their dispersal to the island.
Birds. Travel through active flight such as
migratory birds, marine birds, shore birds and waterfowl.
Land birds underrepresented.
2. Organism must be able to fly
Pluvialis dominica fulva
Drifting in the Air Air currents are a crucial factor in the role of air
as a dispersal mechanism. Northern Hemisphere jet stream is a semi-permanent
ultra-high-speed wind which occurs at 30-40 thousand feet and could account for such dispersal.
Attached to Birds Seeds can become
embedded in mud on feet or other parts of birds
Estimated 12.8% of the hypothetical original flowers arrived this way
Possible if seeds are small, plants grow in wet, muddy places, and if migratory birds commonly visit
Lobelia
Attached to Birds Plant and animals
become attached to birds feathers by a viscid substance
Accounts for 10.3% of hypothetical original flowers
When Plantago seeds become wet they develop a slimy covering, which dries and adheres to surfaces, such as feathers of a bird
P. Major seeds
Attached to Birds
Boerhavia diffusa Pisonia umbellifera
Some Seeds are coated with a sticky substances, like rubber cement. This viscid substance makes it very easy to become attached to birds feathers.
Attached to Birds
In the dispersal of some fleshy fruits a viscid substance is involved.
Clermontia have fruits which break open at maturity, revealing tiny seeds which contain a white latex. This latex helps to stick the seeds to the birds feathers.
Clermontia arborescens
Attached to Birds
A mechanical device such as barbs, hooks, bristles, prongs, or stiff hairs can attach seeds to feathers.
Accounts for estimated 12.8% of native flower dispersal.
Bidens, called the beggar tick, have sharp hairs and prongs which are barbed and easily attach to surfaces.
Bidons pilosa
Fruits Eaten by Birds
Vaccinium reticulatum
Cassytha filiformis
Fruits eaten by birds was the most effective means of seed dispersal to the Hawaiian Islands.
Fruit-eating birds ate the seeds, carried them internally, and excreted them on Islands
Accounts for dispersal of an estimated 39% of the 255 original plants
Fruits Eaten by Birds
Large percentage of fruits and seeds attractive to birds in Hawaiian flora.
Fruit color not as important as fruit texture in attracting birds.
Abundance of all colors and textures in the Hawaiian flora.
Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis
Has hairy gray fruits
Fruits Eaten by Birds Fleshy fruits are well
represented on the Hawaiian islands. This is true even among plant families which mostly have dry fruits.
Indicates that fleshy fruits is more successful for long-distance dispersal
Most members of the mint family have dry fruits. The Hawaiian mints, such as Stenogyne, are unusual in that they have fleshy fruits.Stenogyne
Fruits Eaten by Birds Shore bird thought to play
major role in transporting of fruits and seeds to the Hawaiian Islands Migrate all of the Pacific Eat large amounts of fruits and
seeds Capable of retaining fruits and
seeds for days Common migratory shore birds
include the Pacific golden plover and the bristle-thighed curlew
Pluvialis dominica fulca
Numenius tahitensis
Drifting in Seawater
14.3% of native flowering plants adapted to oceanic drift.
Adaptations for dispersal in seawater: Seeds or fruits capable of
floating. Seeds or plant parts must
be able to resist seawater for weeks.
Must arrive alive on beach and be able to grow there.Pandanus tectorius
Drifting in Seawater
The pink-flowered morning glory has seeds cable of floating in seawater
Stems and leaves adapted to float in seawater and establish when they float on the beach, such as the Portulaca
Ipomoea pes-caprae
Portulaca oleracea
Drifting in Seawater
Plants which grow well along the beach and have seeds resistant to seawater, but have seeds and fruits unable to float take advantage of “rafting”
“Rafting” is the flotation of an entire plant, or entire mats of vegetation
Estimated 8.5% of hypothesized original flowering- plants dispersal
Acacia koa
Gossypium sandvicense
Questions Overview
1. What are the two ways in which plants and birds are able to travel the long-oceanic distance to the Hawaiian islands by drifting through the air? Organism must be so small, or
reproductive structure so small, that it’s dust-like.
Organism must be able to fly
Questions Overview:
2. How can plants and animals be dispersed to the Hawaiian islands by attachment to birds? Embedded in mud on feed or other parts of
birds Attached to feathers by a viscid substance Mechanically attached by a device such as
barbs, hooks, bristles, prongs, or stiff hairs
Questions Overview:
3. What accounts for the largest means of seed dispersal to the Hawaiian islands than any other mechanism? Fruits eaten by birds, then carried
internally, and excreted on the islands.
Questions Overview:4. What adaptations must a plant or seed have for
dispersal by flotation in seawater? Floatability Seed or plant part able to resist seawater for
weeks Must arrive alive on the beach and be able to
grow there
5. What advantage does “rafting” play in dispersal? Seeds and fruits unable to float but are
resistant to seawater can arrive through flotation of an entire plant or mats of vegetation
References:
1) Carlquist, Sherwun. “Hawaii: A natural history”. The natural history press. Garden city, new York.
1970. Pg. 81-111.
2) Sohmer, S.H.; Gustafson R. Plants and flowers of Hawai’i. University of Hawaii press. Honolulu. 1987.
3) Images Hawaii. Hawaii: plants and animals. http://imageshawaii.com/general_plants.html
4) Star, Kim. Plants of Hawaii. March 12, 2003. http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/index.html