disease and epidemiology
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isease andisease and
Epidemiologpidemiolog
y
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What is isease?hat is isease? Any condition that jeopardizes Any condition that jeopardizesthe survival of an organism inthe survival of an organism ina particular environmenta particular environment
What is epidemiology?The study of the causes,
distribution, and control of diseasein populations.
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Some Characteristics ofome Characteristics ofiseaseiseaseChange of normal appearance,Change of normal appearance,behavior, or movementbehavior, or movement
Fever Fever Dull, inflamed eyesDull, inflamed eyesRough soiled hair, fur orRough soiled hair, fur orfeathersfeathersDifficulty !al"ing or runningDifficulty !al"ing or running
Abnormal lumps Abnormal lumpsDiscoloration#lesions of s"inDiscoloration#lesions of s"in
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isease causing entitiesisease causing entities Any agent that may bring abnormal Any agent that may bring abnormalcondition to any or all of the tissues ofcondition to any or all of the tissues ofthe body via eggs, contact, food or athe body via eggs, contact, food or avectorvector
$ Types of disease causing entities%$ Types of disease causing entities%&nfectious agents ' caused by a&nfectious agents ' caused by apathogen (bacteria, virus, parasites etc),pathogen (bacteria, virus, parasites etc),
invade the body and multiply there.invade the body and multiply there.*oninfectious agents 'caused by*oninfectious agents 'caused bysomething other than pathogens.something other than pathogens.(carcinogens, environmental, etc.)(carcinogens, environmental, etc.)
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Infectious Agentsnfectious Agents -pathogen – an infectious-pathogen – an infectious
disease causing agentisease causing agent+acteria+acteria
irusesiruses
-arasites-arasites
-rions ( ad-rions ( adCo! Disease)Co! Disease)
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Noninfectious agentsoninfectious agents
&njuries&njuries
utations, geneticutations, genetic
-oisons and-oisons andchemicalschemicals
-oor nutrition-oor nutrition
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For disease to occur and spreador disease to occur and spreadcertain conditions must e metertain conditions must e met
Chain of infection
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To gro! and spread,To gro! and spread,most microorganismsmost microorganismsprefer prefer
/arm, dar"/arm, dar"environmentenvironment
oistureoisture0ource of food0ource of food1uman body fits the1uman body fits thecriteria2criteria2
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!" #eser$oir" #eser$oir
A place the pathogen A place the pathogencan livecan live1uman body1uman body
Animals Animals3nvironment3nvironmentFomites%Fomites%
contaminatedcontaminatedinanimate objectsinanimate objects
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%"&ortal of E'it"&ortal of E'it/ay of leaving the/ay of leaving thereservoir in !hich itreservoir in !hich ithas been gro!ing%has been gro!ing%+lood+loodTearsTearsFecesFeces4rine4rine0aliva0alivaDraining !oundsDraining !ounds
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(" )eans of" )eans of
*ransmission-ransmission- *eeds to be*eeds to betransported to anothertransported to anotherreservoir reservoir
Direct person to personDirect person to personcontact contaminatedcontact contaminatedhands most commonhands most common
&ndirect contact&ndirect contact
coming in contact !ithcoming in contact !ithcontaminatedcontaminatede5uipment, food,e5uipment, food,insect biteinsect bite
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+" &ortal of Entry" &ortal of Entry
+rea"s in s"in+rea"s in s"in+rea"s in mucous+rea"s in mucousmembranesmembranes
Respiratory tractRespiratory tractDigestive tractDigestive tractCirculatory systemCirculatory system
6enitourinary tract6enitourinary tract
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,o your ody fights off ao your ody fights off acausati$e agentausati$e agent
ucous membranes trapucous membranes trapCilia ' transport.Cilia ' transport.
Coughing and sneezing e7pelCoughing and sneezing e7pel1ydrochloric acid in the stomach destroy1ydrochloric acid in the stomach destroyTears in the eyes bacteriocidalTears in the eyes bacteriocidal
Fever destroyFever destroy&nflammation !hite cells&nflammation !hite cells&mmune response antibodies&mmune response antibodies
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Anti odies and antigensnti odies and antigens
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." Suscepti le host" Suscepti le host
8arge numbers of8arge numbers ofpathogens.pathogens.+ody defenses are+ody defenses are!ea"!ea"
Results in susceptibleResults in susceptiblehost, or a personhost, or a personli"ely to get anli"ely to get aninfection or diseaseinfection or disease
Chain of infection canChain of infection canbe bro"en at anybe bro"en at anypointpoint
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two types o f vectors: mechanical and biological.Microbes do not multiply within mechanical vectors -only p hysically t ransport microbes f rom host to host.In contrast, microbes m ust propagate within abiological vector before it can transmit the microbes.
mosquitomosquito ( malariamalaria , St. Louis encephalitisSt. Louis encephalitis ,dengue feverdengue fever , yellow feveryellow fever , West Nile virusWest Nile virus )
eaea ( bubonic p laguebubonic p lague )
ticktick ( Lyme diseaseLyme disease , rocky m ountain spotted feverrocky m ountain spotted fever ,tick-borne encephalitistick-borne encephalitis )
deer mousedeer mouse ( hantavirushantavirus )
kissing bugkissing bug ( TriatominaeTriatominae ) ( Chagas DiseaseChagas Disease )
batbat (RabiesRabies )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_meningoencephalitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_meningoencephalitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatominaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatominaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_violethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_violethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htmhttp://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htmhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/virusfus.gifhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/virusfus.gifhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/virusfus.gifhttp://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_violethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatominaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_meningoencephalitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virus
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99Typhoid ary: allon !as a coo" in the *e! ;or"Typhoid ary: allon !as a coo" in the *e! ;or"City in the >sCity in the >s she infected $$ people !ith typhoid fever, one of !homshe infected $$ people !ith typhoid fever, one of !homdied. 3ventually estimates ran as high as ?> deathsdied. 3ventually estimates ran as high as ?> deathsattributed to her.attributed to her.Dr. 6eorge 0oper intervie!ed ary, and suggestedDr. 6eorge 0oper intervie!ed ary, and suggestedthere might be a connection bet!een the dishes shethere might be a connection bet!een the dishes sheserved and the outbrea"s of typhoid.served and the outbrea"s of typhoid.
After forcibly obtaining urine and stool samples, it !as After forcibly obtaining urine and stool samples, it !asrevealed she !as an asymptomatic carrier of typhoidrevealed she !as an asymptomatic carrier of typhoidsalmonellasalmonella&n
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Charting the Spread of aharting the Spread of a
iseaseisease
&nvestigator must!or" bac"!ards to try
and determine the inde7 case
The mode oftransmission#vector
The 9!aves: ofinfection
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Incu ation &eriodncu ation &eriod
Time period before signsand symptoms appear
The delay is used for thepathogen to multiply
aries !ith each disease%
Colds about days1& can be years
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Infectious iseasenfectious isease
Causing Agentsausing Agents
-athogen a disease causing agent (e7ample%-athogen a disease causing agent (e7ample%bacteria, viruses)bacteria, viruses)
irulence ' ability of a pathogen to overcome theirulence ' ability of a pathogen to overcome thebodyEs defense produce a diseasebodyEs defense produce a disease1ost ' any organism serving as a residence for a1ost ' any organism serving as a residence for apathogenpathogen
ector ' agent#entity that delivers a pathogen to aector ' agent#entity that delivers a pathogen to ahost, intermittent hosthost, intermittent host
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/acteriaacteria
0mallest simplest0mallest simplestform of lifeform of life
pro"aryoticpro"aryotic
0ingle celled0ingle celled1ave a cell !all1ave a cell !all
ary in size shapeary in size shape
any are beneficialany are beneficialdecompose and recycledecompose and recyclenutrientsnutrientsFoods ' yogurt, !ines,Foods ' yogurt, !ines,cheesecheese
Aid in digestion Aid in digestion
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BacteriaBacteriaCharacteristicsCharacteristics1. Two Domains:
Archaebacteria ) li9e ine tre;e conditions
Eubacteria ) all other bacteria
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istinguishingistinguishingCharacteristicsharacteristicsof /acteriaf /acteria
$. G7ygen need$. G7ygen need*o o7ygen (anaerobic) '*o o7ygen (anaerobic) 'such as botulism,such as botulism,tetanustetanusG7ygen re5uiredG7ygen re5uired(aerobic)(aerobic)
Facultative anaerobic 'Facultative anaerobic 'prefers o7ygen, but canprefers o7ygen, but cansurvive in anaerobicsurvive in anaerobicconditionsconditions
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3. Prokaryotic3. Prokaryotic
Nomembranebound
organellessuch as anucleus or
mitochondria
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4. !ow big are bacteria"
#. $here do they li%e"
-icrosco ic
Archaebacteria live in e7treme harsh environments ' hottemperatures, e7treme salinity for e7ample and include halophiles,methanogens, thermophiles, sulfophilic strainsEubacteria bacteria !e encounter on a daily basis ' 3. coli fore7ample
http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/keen/Gramstainkeen.htmlhttp://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/keen/Gramstainkeen.html
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Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
.
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).). !a%e Cell $alls!a%e Cell $alls
*.*. +orm ,ndos(ores in !arsh+orm ,ndos(ores in !arshConditionsConditions
(($o;e are rigid, $o;e "le ible$o;e are rigid, $o;e "le ible
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istinguishingistinguishing
Characteristics ofharacteristics of
/acteriaacteriaCell !all absorb 9gramEs stain:HCell !all absorb 9gramEs stain:H6ram positive ' retain stain in cell !alls6ram positive ' retain stain in cell !alls
6ram negative ' characteristic of many6ram negative ' characteristic of manypathogenic strains, may not al!ays respondpathogenic strains, may not al!ays respondto anitbioticsto anitbiotics
Ability to release to7ins ' !aste products Ability to release to7ins ' !aste productsfrom metabolismfrom metabolismhttp%##!!!.microbelibrary.org#microbelibrary#files#cchttp%##!!!.microbelibrary.org#microbelibrary#files#cc&mages#Articleimages#"een#6ramstain"een.htm&mages#Articleimages#"een#6ramstain"een.htm
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=N
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/acteria releaseacteria release
to'ins0000not good11o'ins0000not good11
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/acteria e'change genetic information yacteria e'change genetic information ycon2ugationon2ugation-- no ne cells are created- no ne cells are created
-- leads to e'change of anti iotic genes- leads to e'change of anti iotic genes
http%##!!!.hhmi.org#biointeractive#animations#conjugation#conjIframes.htm
http://tm.wc.ask.com/r?t=c&s=p&id=30751&sv=za5cb0db0&uid=&sid=&p=/imagelinks&o=0&u=http://www.armchair.com/store/gourmet/sourdough/sdoughenhtn.jpghttp://tm.wc.ask.com/r?t=c&s=p&id=30751&sv=za5cb0db0&uid=&sid=&p=/imagelinks&o=0&u=http://www.armchair.com/store/gourmet/sourdough/sdoughenhtn.jpg
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/acterial iseasesacterial iseases
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$. Tuberculosis
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. Typhoid fever caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi . Common !orld!ide, it is transmitted by ingestion offood or !ater contaminated !ith feces from an infected person.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamaroneck,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamaroneck,_New_York
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J. Diphtheria anupper respiratory tract illness
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium
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?. +otulism
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K. Tetanus
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. 6onorrhea
STD
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B. 0yphilis
STD
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=. Chlamydia
STD
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a.a. &nhibit gro!th of some bacteria ' may disrupt cell&nhibit gro!th of some bacteria ' may disrupt cell!alls, or other metabolism!alls, or other metabolism
b.b. products of fungus or competing bacteriaproducts of fungus or competing bacteria
37% -enicillin, erythromycin, "anamycin, 37% -enicillin, erythromycin, "anamycin,tetracyclineLLtetracyclineLL
a.a. +acteria can IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIto become+acteria can IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIto becomeresistant to antibioticsresistant to antibiotics
/acterial Disease/acterial Disease*reatments *reatments
AN
T I <I OT I C $
AN
T I <I OT I C $
mutate
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!el(-ul Bacteria!el(-ul Bacteria
Make milk into yogurt!Make milk into yogurt!
Make antibiotics!Make antibiotics!Treat Wastewater!Treat Wastewater!
Aid Digestion!Aid Digestion!
Pesticide Control!Pesticide Control!
M 3ric acDic"en
Also--Also--Decomposers/ NaturalDecomposers/ Natural
Cycle!Cycle!
ioremediation!ioremediation!
ood/Preser"ati"es!ood/Preser"ati"es!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhihttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_05.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhi
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/0 ','/0 ','
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3irusesiruses
icroscopic in size ' smaller than bacteriaicroscopic in size ' smaller than bacteria*ot considered to be living*ot considered to be living
Can cause serious, contagious diseaseCan cause serious, contagious diseaseClassified byClassified by
type of tissue they invade,type of tissue they invade,appearance,appearance,host they normally infecthost they normally infectType of genetic material ' D*A or R*AType of genetic material ' D*A or R*A
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irus Characteristicsirus Characteristics
!uman/n2uen a
0abies irus !/
DNA
inside Chicken Po
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3iruses – Structureiruses – Structure
-rotein coat-rotein coat
geo;etric sha esgeo;etric sha esRece tor roteins to ;atch 9irus withRece tor roteins to ;atch 9irus withs eci"ic host cells eci"ic host cell6enetic element6enetic element
3ither D*A or R*A strand3ither D*A or R*A strand
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Two Ty(es o- iruses Two Ty(es o- iruses
a. 5ytic 6%irulent7a. 5ytic 6%irulent7b. 5ysogenic 6tem(oral7 8b. 5ysogenic 6tem(oral7 8
9dormant9dormanthttp455highered"mcgra -ttp455highered"mcgra -hill"com5sites5667!++.7895student:$ie 65chapter9ill"com5sites5667!++.7895student:$ie 65chapter975animation:;ui
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=>*IC C>C=E>*IC C>C=E
iral genetic element (D*A or R*A)iral genetic element (D*A or R*A)becomes part of host cell D*Abecomes part of host cell D*A
1ost cell produces ne! viruses1ost cell produces ne! virusesCell lyses (is destroyed) therebyCell lyses (is destroyed) therebyreleasing viruses to invade other hostreleasing viruses to invade other host
cellscells
a irulent ((Causes disease i;;ediately((Causes disease i;;ediately
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a. irulent
#ytic Cycle o$ a %irulent %irus
Infectious Diseases:Viral InfectionInfectious Diseases:Viral Infection
((Causes disease i;;ediately((Causes disease i;;ediately
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http://www.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03121/moovies/Lytic.mov
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irus 0e(roduction Processirus 0e(roduction Process
a&a&AbsorptionAbsorption
b&b&'ntry'ntry
c&c&(eplication(eplication
d&d&(elease(elease
b Tem(oral ((Does not cause disease((Does not cause disease
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b. Tem(oral
#ysogenic Cycle o$ a Temperate %irus
"emains in cell Activated to producenew viruses
(( oes ot cause d sease((i;;ediatelyi;;ediately
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http://www.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03121/moovies/Lysogenic.mov
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=>S @ENIC C>C=E>S @ENIC C>C=E
Considered to be 9dormant:Considered to be 9dormant:&s replicated via host cellEs mitotic&s replicated via host cellEs mitoticcyclecycle
ay become lytic if induced by aay become lytic if induced by a
stimulus (such as a chemicalstimulus (such as a chemicalimbalance or environmental stress)imbalance or environmental stress)
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"etrovirus"etrovirus http://www.whfreeman.com/kuby/content/anhttp://www.whfreeman.com/kuby/content/anm/kb03an01.htmm/kb03an01.htm
http%##!!!.pbs.org#!gbh#evolution#libraryhttp%##!!!.pbs.org#!gbh#evolution#library##J#lIJI>?.html##J#lIJI>?.html
Dr. Stephen O'Brien's work with HIV led to a discovery thatcould one day help scientists treat or prevent HIV infection:
People fro so e !uropean populations carry a "eneticutation that prevents HIV fro enterin" their white #lood
cells. O'Brien hypothesi$es that this utation% datin" #ack &years% ay have #een a selective advanta"e durin" the #u#onic
pla"ue% as it is today% with the onslau"ht of HIV. (roEvolution: )!volutionary *r s
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iral Diseasesiral Diseases
.&
< =>> kinds o- iruses
0ymptoms include nasal discharge, obstruction of nasalbreathing, s!elling of the sinus membranes, sneezing, sore
throat, cough, and headache.
Co;;on Cold
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0&
N-oliomyelitis is a crippling disease ofspinal nerve cells caused by poliovirusinfection.
NThe disease can stri"e non immunepersons of any age but affects mainlychildren under the age of three, andcauses paralysis in one case of every$>> to >> infections.
N-reventable by vaccination.
olio
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1&
%ymptoms induced can include mosaic,mottling, necrosis, stunting, leaf curling, and
yellowing of plant tissues.
Tobacco -osaic
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2&
Ac5uired immunodeficiency syndrome, is caused by thehuman immunodeficiency virus, or 1& .
1& destroys the body@s ability to fight infections by
attac"ing cells of the immune system.
STD
AID$
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3&
The vast majority of casesreported to the Centers for
Disease Control andPrevention (CDC) eachyear occur in wild animals
like raccoons skunks!ats and fo"es#
Infects the central nervoussystem causin$
encephalopathy andultimately death#
Rabies
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5&
&t usually occurs during adulthood after e7posure tochic"en po7 in childhood. The chic"en po7 virus
remains dormant in the body.
An acute infectioncaused by a activation ofthe varicella zoster virus,
!hich also causeschic"en po7.
$hingles
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6&
Most in$ected c)ildren will )a"ea ras)7 )ig) $e"er7 coug)7 runny
nose7 and watery eyes&or e"ery .7888 c)ildren w)oget it7 . or 0 will die $rom it
9preads so easily t)at any c)ildw)o is not immuni:ed will
probably get it7 eit)er now orlater in li$e&
-easles
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;&
Non(cancerous s=ingrowths caused by a
9iral in"ection in the tolayer o" the s=in. 2iruses
that cause the; arecalled hu;an papillomavirus 53 26.STD
>arts
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.8& %&V' usually produces only mild
symptoms or si$ns or no symptoms atall#
%owever %&V' can cause recurrentpainful $enital sores in many adults and%&V' infection can !e severe in people
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