disasters and ecosystem: philippine setting
TRANSCRIPT
Disasters and Ecosystems:A Philippine Setting
KENNETH D. BARRIENTOSInstructor/ResearcherAKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY- IBAJAY CAMPUS
Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Choose One.ppt
1. Define hazard, vulnerability, capacity, risk, elements at risk, disaster, response, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, development, mitigation, preparedness and prevention.
2. Be acquainted with Philippines’ Disaster Risk Profile.
3. Familiarize the mandates regarding Disaster Risk Reduction and Management.
4. Find out inter-linkages between ecosystems, natural hazards and disasters and how did they emerge?
5. What are ecosystems and how do humans interact with them?
6. Determine on how can ecosystem mitigate disaster risk.
7. Identify issues and challenges in Philippine DRRM.
Objectives
hazardIs a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood & services, social & economic disruption or environmental damage.Could be a potentially damaging phenomenonIt could be natural or human-induced.
But not all hazards become disasters !
Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
VULNERABILiTYIt is a condition or sets of conditions that reduces
people’s ability to prepare for, withstand or respond to a hazard.are the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.This may arise from various physical, social, economic & environmental factors.
Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
capacityIs the combination of all strengths and resources
available within the community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster.
Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
RISKThe probability that a community’s structure or
geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area.
Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
R =HAZARD x VULNERABILITY (exposure)CAPACITY
Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
Hazard Vulnerability x Disaster RiskCapacity
=
Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
Hazard Vulnerability x Disaster Risk
Capacity =
Elements at Risk
Exposed Elements
Persons, buildings, crops or other such like societal components exposed to known hazard, which are likely to be adversely affected by the impact of the hazard.
DISASTERThey are serious disruptions on the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources .
~ (RA 10121, Section 3h, 2011)
Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015 MAN-MADE DISASTERS
NATURAL DISASTERS OR
WHY ARE DISASTER IMPACTS INCREASING?
1. Increased in population
2. Climate change
3. Increased vulnerability due to:• Demographic changes• Increased concentration of assets• Environmental degradation• Poverty• Rapid urbanization and unplanned development
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
PHILIPPINES’ DISASTER RISK PROFILE
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
The country is considered one of the most disaster-prone. It ranks 12th among 200 countries most at-risk for tropical cyclones, floods, earthquakes, and landslides in the 2009 Mortality Risk Index of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
Located along the typhoon belt in the Pacific making it vulnerable to typhoons and tsunami.
Average of 20 typhoons yearly (7 are destructive).
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
TD TS 1 2 3 4 5
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale
Tracks and Intensity of Tropical Cyclones, 1851-2006
1851-2006 TYPHOON SEASON
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, between two Tectonic plates (Eurasian and Pacific) which are volcanic and earthquake generators.
22 active volcanoes (5 most active).
The Philippines, given its location on the earth is prone to various types of Natural Disasters.
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Are we prepared?
WHAT IF?!
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
EFFECTS OF DISASTERSTyphoon Ondoy
Trash Slide
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
Typhoon Yolanda
ResponseActions taken immediately following the impact of a disaster when exceptional measures are required to meet the basic needs of the survivors.
ReliefMeasures that are required in search and rescue of survivors, as well to meet the basic needs for shelter, water, food and health care.
RecoveryThe process undertaken by a disaster affected community to fully restore itself to pre-disaster level of functioning.
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Rehabilitation Actions taken in the aftermath of a disaster to:
• assist victims to repair their dwellings;
• re-establish essential services;
• revive key economic and social activities
ReconstructionPermanent measures to repair or replace damaged dwellings and infrastructure and to set the economy back on course.
Development
Sustained efforts intended to improve or maintain the social and economic well-being of a community
PreventionMeasures taken to avert a disaster from occurring, if possible (to impede a hazard so that it does not have any harmful effects).
MitigationMeasures taken prior to the impact of a disaster to minimize its effects (sometimes referred to as structural and non-structural measures).
PreparednessMeasures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath.
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
MANDATES REGARDING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
EO 335 – Civilian Emergency Administration
PD 1566– National Disaster Coordination Council
HYOGO Framework for Action 2005-2015
(Building Resilience of Nations & Communities to Disasters)
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
HFA Priorities for Action Ensure that DRR is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation
Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning systems.
Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels .
Reduce the underlying risk factors
Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
RA 9729– Climate Change Act 2009
MANDATES CONTINUED…
RA 10121– Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management SystemAn Act Strengthening The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework, and Institutionalizing the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds thereof and for other purposes (DRRM Act 2010)
The law which transforms the Philippines’ Disaster Management System from Disaster Relief and Response towards Disaster Risk Reduction.
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
8th Congress(’89-’92)
9th Co2ngress(’92-’95)
10th Congress(’95-’98)
11th Congress(’98-2001)
12th Congress(2001-2004)
13th Congress(2004-2007)
14th Congress(2007-2010)
RA NO. 1012127 May 2010
• 21 years in the making• 7 Congresses• 4 Administration
PD 1566June 11, 1978
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Top-down and centralized disaster management
Disasters as merely a function of physical hazards
Focus on disaster response and anticipation
Bottom-up and participatory disaster risk reduction
Disaster mainly a reflection of people's vulnerability
Integrated approach to genuine social and human development to reduce disaster risk and adoption of IT in DRM
The enactment of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (also known as Republic Act 10121), aims to achieve a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive approach in disaster risk reduction and management.
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
PARADIGM SHIFT
Response
Preparedness
Mitigation:
Risk Reduction / Prevention
Rehabilitation
REACTIVE
Emergency/Disaster Management• Executive/Legislative Agenda • Environmental Management • Comprehensive Land Use Plan • Risk proofing • Financial tools • Hazard identification & • Vulnerability Analysis • Capacity Analysis
• Public awareness• Public commitment• Community actions• Education & Training• Early Warning• SOP & Plans• ICS Development
• Livelihood • Housing • Lifelines • Education • Infrastructure
• DANA• Relief • SAR• Incident Command System • Evacuation• Health
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
PARADIGM SHIFT
PROACTIVE
Emergency/Disaster Risk Management
Mitigation:
Risk Reduction /Prevention
Preparedness
Rehabilitation
Response
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
PARADIGM SHIFTNational Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Framework
Disaster Response
Proactive
Disaster Risk Reduction
Emergency SpecialistsHazard Scientists
Risks SpecialistsEconomic Managers
Development Planners
Reactive
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENTEMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Inter-linkages between ecosystems, natural hazards and disasters and how did they emerge
During the past decades, many efforts have been made to reduce negative impacts on the environment that have led to climate change, biodiversity loss, as well as soil and water degradation.
Ecosystem degradation is a significant factor that can contribute to a hazard becoming a disaster.
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
“Not all storms and other natural hazards need to turn into disasters
~ World Risk Report (2012)
Mangroves, Indonesia
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Ecosystem and Human InteractionEcosystem is a “dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit”
~Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
But what is our place in ecosystems? ANTHROPOCENE
Human Development+Intelligence+Environmental Interaction+Adaptation+Crafting
NEW Ability: FIRENext Level+++Highest Level of Expectancy+++Highest Living Standards
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
How Ecosystem Mitigate DisastersMountain forests and vegetation on hillsides can reduce the risk of landslides, rock fall, avalanches and soil erosion. Moreover, forests store water and can reduce the runoff after rainfall events. Thereby they can reduce the risk of floods and droughts. Photo: Mountain forest in Brazil (Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro) © U. Nehren
Wetlands and riverine ecosystems are important for flood control as they store water and slowly release it, reducing speed and volume of runoff. Coastal wetlands tidal flats, deltas and estuaries can reduce the height and speed of storm surges and tidal waves. Photo: Wetland in Nicaragua © U. Nehren
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs, salt marshes, mangroves, and sand dunes can serve as natural buffers against tropical cyclones, storm surges, flooding, other coastal hazards and to some extent tsunamis. Moreover, coastal wetlands buffer against saltwater intrusion and adapt to sea-level rise. Photo: Coral Reef in Belize © N. Bayani
Dryland ecosystems can reduce the risks of droughts and desertification, as trees, grasses and shrubs conserve soil and retain moisture. Shelterbelts, greenbelts and other types of living fences act as barriers against wind erosion and sand storms. Photo. Dry forest in Kenya © G. Ndegwa
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
NOTE:
1. Healthy ecosystems are effective in protecting against hazards. Moreover, they can reduce exposure and vulnerability of communities.
2. Depending on the magnitude of the hazard there are limitations to how much protection ecosystems can provide, just as there are limitations to engineered structures”
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Issues and Challenges in Philippine DRRM System
Gaps in functional coordination between stakeholders .
Deficient communication and transportation systems
Corruption and Gaps in Accountability
Insufficient medical capacity
Ongoing armed conflict
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Issues and Challenges in Philippine DRRM System
Administration in many schools had not been strict in the implementing drills among students.
Parents put emphasis on academic learning rather than disaster drills.
School-based disaster drills are only conducted every three months.
Poorly built classroom
In School…
Source: Valenia, L. (2014)
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
QUESTION
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Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-
CHARRMIbajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Understanding is the first step to acceptance, and only with acceptance can there be recovery.
~J.K. Rowling
To exist is to change, to change is to mature, to mature is to go on, creating oneself endlessly~Henry Bergson
Life is a series of natural and spontaneous changes. Don’t resist them; that only creates sorrow. Let realty be reality. Let things flow naturally forward in whatever way they like.
~Lao Tzu
Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start today and make a new ending
~Maria Robinson
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!