digitally preserving african heritage - university of cape...
TRANSCRIPT
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Hussein [email protected]
University of Cape TownDepartment of Computer ScienceCentre for ICT for Development
Digital Libraries Laboratory
April 2016
Digitally Preserving AfricanHeritage
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Why am I here? To talk about Digital Libraries/Preservation. To share some research findings. To collaborate and develop research links. To inspire you to think differently. To convince you to preserve our heritage!
Pre-Intro
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What is the Digital Libraries Lab? Research in technologies for research and
education, specifically digital libraries: African language search engines, machine translation cultural heritage preservation technology for education
Teaching 2 staff supervising about 20 MSc and PhD students
Advocacy a little wherever we can
Collaboration industry, academic, (govt?)
Pre-Intro
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What Should We Preserve?
Mapungubwe Collection University of Pretoria
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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What Should We Preserve?
Timbuktu Manuscriptshttp://www.timbuktufoundation.org/Manuscripts/index.htm
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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What Should We Preserve?
Kirby Collectionhttp://web.uct.ac.za/depts/sacm/kirby.html
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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What Should We Preserve?
Digital Imaging South Africahttp://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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What Should We Preserve?
Bleek and Lloyd Collectionhttp://www.lloydbleekcollection.uct.ac.za/
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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What Should We Preserve?
UPSpaceUniversity of Pretoria
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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What Should We Preserve?
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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Why An African Perspective?Urgency
Some documents and storage media arerapidly deteriorating.
Some storytellers are the last in theirgenerations.
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Why An African Perspective?Rewriting History
We now know there were powerful ancientcivilizations all over Africa. Colonial governments suppressed this information
for centuries!
History must be preserved – what littleevidence we have left.
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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Why An African Perspective?Skills and Education
Typical archivists are not as highly skilled ascounterparts elsewhere.
Digital media is still not the norm. Education levels of general population hinders
preservation – end-user data curation is verydifficult.
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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Why An African Perspective?Funding
Typically, there is little. Many preservation projects are funded by
external agencies, but with restrictions on dataaccessibility.
There is a desperate need to do more withless.
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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Why An African Perspective?Internet Bandwidth(Digital Divide)
Non-existent in some places and pooreverywhere else.
Preservation projects designed for highbandwidth are not suitable.
All online solutions must be bandwidth-friendly.
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Is Africa Special? Definitely NOT!
The same problems are faced by some othercommunities.
Many communities face some of the problems. Most communities can benefit from solutions to
these problems.
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Solutions: Lightweight and Reusable Systems Simplicity
XML
Minimalist Archives.
Metadata management using office suite.
Multi-purpose software tools (repositories).
Shared skills in common tools, e.g., DSpace
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Solutions: Bandwidth Collections accessible over CD/DVD-ROM, local
drives, network, etc. Preservation by copying.
Static collections rather than dynamic. Preserve files instead of services.
Minimal bandwidth use e.g., using AJAX
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Solutions: Experience Recreation Storytelling in virtual environments.
Low-cost virtual environments.
Virtual recreation of historical districts.
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Solutions: Basic Digitization Scan documents. Take photographs. Take 3D laser scans. Record audio.
Build digital libraries / archives to preserve.
Share and reuse information.
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What is a Digital Library: Example 1/3
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What is a Digital Library: Example 2/3
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What is a Digital Library: Example 3/3
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Typical DL Services User Management: accounts, auth, profile Searching: info retrieval, Google, indexing Browsing: categories, classification, subsets Submission: explicit/harvested/crawled Review: quality, workflow Annotation: reviews, ratings, discussions Recommendation: suggestions, collab
filtering
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Case Study: Bleek and Lloyd Collection 1/2 Books and drawings
documenting now-extinct culture of|xam and !kun(Khoi-San?) groups.
Documented byWilhelm Bleek, LucyLloyd and others inlate 1800s in CapeTown.
~20000 pageimages
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Case Study: Bleek and Lloyd Collection 2/2 ~800 drawings
On UNESCO Memoryof the World register.
Curated byUCT/NLSA/Iziko-SAM/UNISA/…
Digital preservationfunded by Mellon, ledby Michaelis School ofFine Arts, UCT
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Bleek and Lloyd Core Requirements Make the collection accessible as widely as
possible: Over the Web, Off a CDROM, Off a network-shared drive, Etc.
Platform independence (Mac/XP/Linux/etc.). Low barrier to use. Standards-compliance.
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Option 1: Greenstone Greenstone, a digital
library tool, createsstandalone CDROMcollections.
It still requires softwareinstallation.
It does not work on ALLplatforms.
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Option 2: XSL-FO XSL-FO can be used to
create hyper-linked staticPDFs, like books.
Does not work for largebooks. PDF file sizes increase
dramatically…
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Solution 1: XML + XSLT XHTML Encode all descriptive information using XML.
Write XSL transformations to convert the XMLinto multiple formats, each corresponding to anHTML page view.
Needs advanced XSLT techniques to deal withsize of data.
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Solution 2: in-Browser Services
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Principles of DL for African Heritage Efficient bandwidth use Advanced technology Appropriate technology Local relevance Modernization instead of Africanization Global applicability of solutions Minimalism of staff/money Multicultural/multilingual inclusivity
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More Case Studies in Heritage DLs
alternative archive infrastructures cloud computing multilingual IR heritage preservation visual dictionaries rock-art exploration using mobile device mobile |Xam input
recent research at UCT
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Cloud-based Archives individual services and whole
archives in private clouds
install locally reduces need for skilled staff instant archives shared resources automatic scalability
acceptable performance, aftercache priming
user studies in progressLebeko Poulo, LesothoMushashu Lumpa, Zambia
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MultilingualInformationRetrieval
search queries withmultiple languages
current systems biased toone language
rerank documents byunderstanding query andreweightinglanguages/results
better quality resultsfound, higher up inresultsMohammed Mustafa Ali, Sudan
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DocumentTranscription:Bleek and LloydStories
crowdsourcedtranscription application
volunteers to convertimages to text
automated algorithms tocheck and assess quality
interactive Web interfacefor users to enter text
10% better than AIapproaches!
Ngoni Munyaradzi, Zimbabwe
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LanguagePreservation:Online |Xamdictionary
visual dictionary of |Xamlanguage
simple archive foundation client-side processing as
far as possible linked into Bleek and
Lloyd
Kyle Williams, South Africa
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simplyCT simple archive
architecture
performance understandability flexibility applicability
good performance forsmall to mediumcollections
easy to use andexpandPhiri Lighton, Zambia
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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What We Have Learnt Digital preservation in Africa has special
problems.
But all problems can be addressed adequatelywith appropriate and innovative use of currenttechnology.
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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Future Challenges Scalability of preservation efforts.
How to create similar collections easily? A national heritage archive?
Tools for management and dissemination? Extend Greenstone?
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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Future Challenges Standard tools to manage metadata/data?
Usability Scalability Extensibility System independence
Many current repository tools better suited topapers and not heritage collections.
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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The Future – Past Preserved
What Why How Case Study Open Issues
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That’s all Folks!
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