Naval Research LaboratoryStennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004

NRL/MRI7440--03-8716

Digital Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy

Analysis Program (DMAP)

Review of Technical Initiativesfor FY03

JOHN L. BRECKENRIDGE

KEvlN B. SHAwHILLARY C. MESICKRUTH ANNE WILSON

FRANK P. MCCREEDY

Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy BranchMarine Geosciences Division

November 10, 2003

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 20031216 117

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

Digital Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Analysis Program (DMAP) 5b. GRANT NUMBER

Review of Technical Initiatives for FY035c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

0603704N6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER

5e. TASK NUMBERJohn L. Breckenridge, Kevin B. Shaw, Hillary C. Mesick, Ruth Anne Wilson,and Frank P. McCreedy 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

74-7441-B3

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORTNUMBER

Naval Research LaboratoryMarine Geosciences Division NRLIMR/7440--03-8716Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004

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13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT

The Naval DMAP serves as a technical representative for the Oceanographer of the Navy, N096 to address significant issues relevant to theNavy's use and development of digital Mapping, Charting & Geodesy (MC&G) data. These efforts may include: (1) Technical Evaluations,(2) Advanced Techniques/Demonstrations, (3) Final quality control for Digital Nautical Chart (DNC) data, and (4) MC&G Standards Develop-ment. This report describes the extent of FY03 efforts relevant to each of these major DMAP tasks.

15. SUBJECT TERMS

Digital Mapping, Charting & Geodesy (MC&G) data; Digital Nautical Chart (DNC)

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSONOF ABSTRACT OF PAGES John L. Breckenridge

a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE UL 45 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area

Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified code) (228) 688-5224

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

DMAP Review of FY03 Technical Initiatives

Table of Contents1.0 Abstract 12.0 Discussion/Areas of Focus 13.0 Technical Evaluations 1

3.1 Vector Data Update 13.1.1 Disk Requirements for Binary Update Method 13.1.2 Updates Need to be Cumulative and Sequential 13.1.3 Improving User Awareness of Updates 23.1.4 Local or Remote Update Capability 23.1.5 More Descriptive Information on the CD-ROM Jewel Case 23.1.6 Additional Text Output for the 'patch' Command 2

3.2 Tactical Ocean Data - Level 3 (TOD3) 23.2.1 Value Adding TOD3 Data 23.2.2 Addition of Currents and Tidal Information 33.2.3 Metadata Inclusion 33.2.4 Addition of a Water Clarity Feature 33.2.5 Editorial Comments and Additions 3

3.3 Additional Military Layers 334 Reference Documents for Technical Reviews 4

4.0 Advanced Techniques/ Demonstrations 44.1 Final Quality Control for Digital Nautical Chart 44.2 Demonstrated Enhancements to the

Geospatial Information Data Base (GIDBTM ) 54.2.1 Cartographic Functions Recommended by DMAP 54.2.2 Spatial Analysis Functions Recommended by DMAP 5

5.0 Final Quality Control for Digital Nautical Chart and Tactical Oceanographic Data 76.0 Standards Development 7

6.1 National Center for Geospatial and Intelligence Standards 76.1.1 Table of DMAP Summary Comments for NCGIS Roadmap Document 7

6.2 Open GIS Consortium® Technical Committee 126.2.1 OpenGIS® Reference Model (ORM) 126.2.2 Geospatial One-Stop Portal Initiative (GOS) 126.2.3 Geographic Objects Initiative (GO-l) 13

6.3 FGDC Geospatial Applications and Interoperability Working Group 136.4 CADD/GIS Technology Center 136.5 Navy GeoReadiness Initiative 136.6 NIMA Pathfinder Crosswalk for Airborne Imaging Tools 146.7 International Standards Organization 15

7.0 Conclusions 158.0 Recommendations 169.0 Acknowledgments 1610.0 References 1611.0 Distribution List 1812.0 Appendix A - Definitions 19

iii

DMAP Review of FY03 Technical Initiatives

1.0 AbstractThe Naval DMAP serves as a technical representative for the Oceanographer of the Navy, N096 to addresssignificant issues relevant to the Navy's use and development of digital Mapping, Charting & Geodesy(MC&G) data. These efforts may include: 1) Technical Evaluations, 2) Advanced Techniques/Demonstrations,3) Final quality control for Digital Nautical Chart (DNC) data, and 4) MC&G Standards Development. Thisreport describes the extent of FY03 efforts relevant to each of these major DMAP tasks.

2.0 Discussion/Areas of FocusDMAP has an unusual funding perspective in that many of the individual work tasks are identified throughoutthe course of the fiscal year. Direct tasking is provided by the Oceanographer of the Navy's TechnicalRepresentative for GI&S (N962), currently LCDR William H. Nisley. As NIMA delivers productspecifications and standards to the Tri-Services for review, N096 directly tasks the DMAP at NRLSSC toconduct technical evaluations, advanced demonstrations and/or to participate in ongoing development efforts asa technical representative of the Navy. A definition of DMAP's response to each area of tasking, and theparticular FY03 efforts are presented in the following sections of this report.

3.0 Technical EvaluationsDMAP conducts technical evaluations on Product or Format Specifications and technical papers/memoranda toexamine their relevance to the Navy's use of a particular type of digital MC&G product, technique or systemused to support Naval warfare missions. Since 1991, DMAP has conducted over 125 technical evaluationsproviding numerous technical briefs to the Oceanographer of the Navy and NIMA. Each evaluation reportdescribes the technical approach used, research findings and any recommendations concerning the productsusefulness to the Navy and Marine Corps. The following sections detail the results of FY03 TechnicalEvaluations conducted by the DMAP staff.

3.1 Vector Data UpdateNIMA's Vector Data Update (VDU) is a standard digital GI&S product used by NIMA to transmit DNC dataupdates to Naval Operational Forces, including Navy ships at sea (Mesick, et. al., 2003). In its evaluation ofthis product, Naval DMAP concluded " the binary update method chosen by NIMA for distribution of the VDUto DNC users offers a viable approach to executing VPF data updates at the user level". Although this methodcan impose some large disk storage requirements, it is viewed as the better method overall for updating DNC.NRL also pointed out that the VDU production process does not seem to support all the validation stepscurrently taken to ensure the quality of DNC. Recommendations concerning the VDU product were as follows:

3.1.1 Disk Requirements for Binary Update MethodNIMA should provide the user with estimates of the hard disk space, file copy time and execution time neededfor completing an update patch.

3.1.2 Updates Need to be Cumulative and SequentialNIMA should consider offering two types of update files: 1) cumulative files containing all previous updates,and 2) sequential files offering only the latest update files.

Manuscript approved October 27, 2003.

3.1.3 Improving User Awareness of UpdatesNIMA should consider providing users with an output text file similar to Notices to Mariners (NtM) to provideusers with a quick reference to the most recent updates.

3.1A Local or Remote Update CapabilityThis option is recommended to provide the navigator with "near real-time" warnings and weekly notices to beshown directly on the chart.

3.1.5 More Descriptive Information on the CD-ROM Jewel CaseNIMA should post the DNC and Edition # clearly on the CD-ROM and jewel case to avoid difficultiesidentifying the proper coverage areas.

3.1.6 Additional Text Output for the 'patch' CommandA 'text file output' command should be added to the 'patch' command sequence to store the full results of thecommand process. This would provide a history log that could be used to develop post-processing scripts forexpanded data processing (i.e., spatial analysis).

3.2 Tactical Ocean Data - Level 3 (TOD3)The Tactical Ocean Data - Level 3 (TOD3) Performance Specification provided the content definition andformat for this emerging vector-type standard Mapping, Charting & Geodesy (MC&G) product. TOD3 isdesigned to portray seafloor configuration, particularly in shallow water areas between 20 meters and 200meters, along with non-submarine contacts data in a manner suitable for subsurface navigation in conjunctionwith the Digital Nautical Chart (DNC).

In conclusion to DMAP's evaluation of this emerging product, NRL found that the TOD3 Specificationadequately supports the representation of data content needed to assist in storing non-submarine contacts andother computerized navigation information. This data appeared to be consistent with geographic areas withassociated water depths of between 20 meters and 200 meters. Although this range of data does not fullysupport the entire littoral zone, it does adequate represent most areas where small to medium size vessels wouldbe operating in conjunction with submerged naval operations. The lack of a Water Clarity Feature in the TOD3data greatly limits the war fighter's ability to understand the operational environment of the littoral zone.Recommendations offered in the TOD3 Technical Review include the items listed in the following sections.

3.2.1 Value Adding TOD3 DataNRL recommends that further investigations be conducted into the concept of value- adding TOD3 and otherstandard products. Suggested approaches to value-adding TOD3 include simply adding a "ValueAdd" field tothe specification or by developing a totally separate specification directed toward the storage of supplementaldata for DoD Standard Products. Thus, any dynamic data field added to the existing specification would beassociated with each of the five TOD3 data coverages. This would allow direct integration of new data with anydata already stored in the product format. The primary format for such a value-added feature would need to beapproved by NIMA to insure compatibility with the DNC production line. It could assume the form of bothfeature/entity descriptions and feature attribute descriptions that complement point; line and area featuresalready stored in each of the TOD3 coverages (i.e., ecr valueadd, hydvalueadd, etc.). More examination isneeded to determine the overall effects of adding such a dynamic feature to the TOD3 Specification vs.addressing this issue on a broader scale for all DoD Standard products.

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3.2.2 Addition of Currents and Tidal InformationNRL recommends the addition of data feature definitions for storing currents and tidal information; includingfields for dynamic links that can be accessed to provide near real-time update of these data.

3.2.3 Metadata InclusionThe inclusion of the International Standards Organization(ISO) and FGDC Metadata Standard as part of the TOD3 Specification would insure an adequate submission ofdescriptive information concerning data distributed in this product format. In the case of value-adding data, theMetadata Standards could be used to insure that new data added to any existing TOD3 product would beadequately documented with reference to its creation date, life expectancy, originator and other crucialinformation.

3.2.4 Addition of a Water Clarity FeatureNRL recommends the addition of data features for storing water clarity information. This could also includedata fields that store dynamic links to data collection processors that could be accessed to provide near real-timeupdate of these data.

3.2.5 Editorial Comments and AdditionsOn Pg3, Sec. 3.2.2 Absolute Vertical Accuracy (A VA) of the product specification, no A VA is given because all

data is at or below MSL. However, A VA can also apply to the accuracy offeatures below MSL and should beincluded in this spec. Vertical column data (i.e., sound speed, salinity, temperature, or visibility) can all have avertical accuracy statement.

On Pgl3, Sec. 3.16.2.2, the description indicates the product is valid for "data in waters shallower that 200Meters". It should also indicate that values fewer than 20 Meters are not represented in the product.

3.3 Additional Military LayerNaval DMAP did not complete a formal technical review of the United Kingdom Additional Military Layers(AML) during FY03. However, a preliminary consideration of this international product and its impact uponU.S. Forces was considered. Although AML is a UK-based product, it bares significance to U.S. operations inthat the AML can serve as a means for data transfer between international forces. As a North American TreatyOrganization (NATO) initiative, AML is designed to support the transfer of supplemental navigationinformation (Nelson and Tamul, 2003). Since DoD already supports the Tactical Ocean Data (TOD) for thispurpose, the primary benefit of AML to U.S. Forces remains in its ability to communicate Marine InformationObjects (MIO) among international forces. Many factors make this mission a difficult one. Namely, therecurrently exist no U.S. DoD GOTS or COTS GIS solutions that offer direct import/export functions for AMLdata. Several prototype systems are being developed and some GIS do read and export S57 formatted data, butto our knowledge none offer a direct read of AML data.

NRL did not investigate the individual data content issues of this product, although this is highly recommendedfor future investigations. In fact, the obvious conclusion is that FY03 efforts to examine AML fell short of whatis needed to make a formal recommendation of the Navy's use of AML for information exchange amonginternational forces. Therefore, additional investigation may be warranted at a later date.

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3.4 Reference Documents for Technical ReviewsThe following documents were either produced as a result of these technical reviews or used as references inconducting these investigations.

* NRL/MR/7440--02-8291 DMAP Technical Review of Vector Data Update (VDU) Layer"* NRLJMR/7440--01-8269 DMAP Technical Review of Proposed Ice Objects for AML"* NRIJMR/7440--02-8276 DMAP Technical Review of Additional Military Layers Product Specifications,

Ed. 4.0"* NRLJMR/7440--03-8299 A Computationally Efficient Technique for the Improvement of the Display of

Geospatial Information Stored in Geographic Coordinates"* NRL/MRI7440--03-8713 DMAP Technical Review of NATO Standardization Agreement 1059-Letter

Codes for Geographic Entities"* NRIJMR7440--03-8706 DMAP Technical Review of Tactical Ocean Data-Level 3 (TOD3)"* NRLJMR/7440--02-8281 DMAP Technical Review of Tactical Ocean Data (TOD) Levels 0, 1, 2

4.0 Advanced Techniques/ DemonstrationsDMAP's concentrates much of its technical efforts on providing advanced techniques development anddemonstrations of the current capabilities of the geospatial information technology (GIT) industry. Theseefforts help to ensure that Navy can adequately evaluate and implement emerging techniques and standards forGI&S in a way that is most beneficial to naval forces. During FY03, DMAP took a preliminary look at theissues involved with quality control for the Digital Nautical Chart data. The following section highlights someof the issues considered.

4.1 Final Quality Control for Digital Nautical ChartThe DNC is a general-purpose global database of oceanographic and navigation features data designed tosupport surface navigation for DoD forces. DNC data contents are divided into four basic types, Harbor,Approach, Coastal and General. These types directly replicate DoD Standard planimetric charts correspondingto the same focal areas. The data content of these charts are digitized and reconciled to a point that they can berepresented in the Vector Product Format (VPF) structure as points, lines and polygon areas. In doing so, apotentially improved and more intelligent version of the chart data is provided to the user. However, since theoriginal products are designed for visual interpretation in a hardcopy media, some difficulties can be introducedin the digitizing process. In fact, unless the data content of the original chart is improved, the potential existsfor significant misrepresentation of data in the digital format. One example of this type of problem is the

digitizing of bathymetric contours that havedepth labels entered in gaps within the

"K " isopleths. These gaps become data breaks inthe digitized version and make it impossiblewithout some type of intervention to

"j' -"" "properly close these lines to form polygon,. - , (areas of continuous depth.

The illustration demonstrates this potential"for digitizing artifacts to occur in the final

" • . DNC product. The illustration shows the.- '•I IT presence of data breaks in the contours at the

. - point where attribute tags resided in the hard

4

copy product. Although this would cause some difficulties in portraying this data as a polygon area ofcontinuous depth, it must be mentioned that the original intention of the first level DNC is to replicate the datacontent available in the planimetric chart. Since even the hard copy chart requires the visual interpretation ofsuch a feature, it is not viewed as a discrepancy in the current DNC product. Future DNC products will,however, need to address the intelligence of the data represented on the hard copy charts to compensate forthese types of situations.

The current DNC product does adequately represent the data content of the original hard copy navigationcharts. However, it is not able to totally represent the topological intelligence of this product. Many featurescontained on the hard copy chart depend upon the intuitive interpretation of the user. This intelligence cannotbe easily captured through a simple graphic digitizing process. New versions of DNC should address the needfor navigation data from a full top-down data design that includes examining the data content in relation to the

user requirements and developing the data accordingly. This would include providing a means for adequatelyrepresenting polygon areas of continuous water depth, navigation hazard, and other areas with significantapplication to navigation.

4.2 Demonstrated Enhancements to the Geospatial Information Data Base (GIDBTM)The GIDBTM Portal System at NRL represents the latest GIT capabilities for providing seamless distributedconnectivity to countless numbers of disparate geospatial databases. The GIDBTM Portal System today connects200+ disparate (ESRI, Autodesk, etc.) geospatial servers (re: of which geography network counts as one singleserver) and over 1000 geospatial services. Data access through these connections is driven by area-of-interestand theme-of-interest with no licensing required. Connectivity to the GIDBTM Portal System can be gainedthrough accessing the DMAP Team Web-Page at http://dmap.nrlssc.navy.mil. Both a Web Browser version anddownloadable GIDB Application are available at this site. During FY03, DMAP supported the examination ofthe GIDB for use in Naval applications and determined that enhancement functions were needed in two majorareas: 1) Cartographic Editing, and 2) Spatial Analysis.

4.2.1 Cartographic Editing Functions Recommended by DMAPThe advancement of the GIDBTM Portal System as a viable tool for operational forces requires it include basicand applied utilities for cartographic representation. In response to this need, DMAP recommended the additionof a Cartographic Editor to the GIDB API version and cartographic templates that could be used for the WebBrowser version of the GIDBTM Portal System. Cartographic templates take the form of map layouts or startingblocks for designing map output. They can include utilities for importing many of the cartographic elements(i.e., north arrow, neatline, scale bar, etc.) that are used in producing output products. Templates proposed byDMAP included: 1) the map body, 2) title block, 3) neatline, 4) scale bar, 5) north arrow or compass rose, 6)marginalia, and 7) logo and/or other by-line information, 8) map legend, and 9) ancillary graphics. Partially asa result of DMAP's recommendations, the majority of these enhancements to GIDB were made prior to the endof FY03. Thus improving GIDB's ability to directly serve Navy and Marine Corps applications.

4.2.2 Spatial Analysis Functions Recommended by DMAPSpatial Analysis functions comprise much of the utility available today in commercial and public domain GIS.In 1984, Marble, Calkins and Peuquet offered a more commonly used definition of GIS as being a componentbased system to address: 1) data input, 2) data storage and retrieval, 3) data manipulation and analysis, and 4)data reporting. Recent advancements in Geospatial Information Technology (GIT) and related peripheraldevices have helped to insure that each of these components directly support the bigger process of DataIntegration. Traditional GIS support data integration in the analysis phase by using techniques like overlay,

5

intersection and union to conflate (i.e., combine) two or more data layers to produce a new data layer. 00techniques, like those used in GIDB, include encapsulation; inheritance and polymorphism (Jacobson, 1992),which seem to more directly support data integration and spatial analysis at the feature level. Thus, thesetechniques can provide improved methods for investigating the inherent relationships of geospatial featuresstored in the GIS. At present, the GIDB supports some level of each of the components presented by Marble,et. al., but is very limited in its ability to offer advanced geospatial analysis techniques needed for morecomplex geographic data modeling. In FY03, DMAP examined the potential needs for adding spatial analysisfunctions to the GIDB and developed the illustration below to offer a first glimpse at possible requirements forGIDB. It was recommended that further attention be given to determining which of the functions listed in thetable should be added to provide GIDB with a substantial analysis framework comparable to most COTS GIS.To date, GIDB users have identified an immediate need for two basic analysis functions within the GIDB.These include 1) buffering spatial features and 2) clipping to a spatial feature. Documenting these types ofspatial analysis functions in a manner that can readily be developed by programmers can be a cumbersome task.Therefore, DMAP also recommended that the NRL adopt a standard format for cataloging requirements foranalysis tools. Such a form would help to state the basic functionality required of any add-on analysis function.Sample forms were provided to the DMAP Team for both the buffer and clip functions.

SGIDB Analysis Component

Spatial Non-Spatial

AttributeManipulation

Measurement Cn Transformations and Statistical Surfaces

Enumeration/Count - Statistics by Attribute - Projection/Datum - Kriging

Distance to Points - Classify by Value Range - Sampling/Generalization - Viewshed/Line of Sight

SProximity - SpatialAggregation I Raster to Vector

Buffer/Network Dissolve Overlat Vector to Raster

Density/Centroid Overlay/Neighborhood - Datum/ProjectionL Area/Perimeter Filtering/Trend - Gridding/Contouring - Dilation of Point/Line/Area

Surface/EdgeDetection Feature Reduction and

Inverse Distance Weighting Generalization

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5.0 Final Quality Control for Digital Nautical Chart and Tactical Oceanographic DataThe Naval DMAP Team has supported NIMA's final quality control of new edition DNC since 2001. In FY03Naval DMAP evaluated 49 new edition DNC-Production CD-ROM and identified 200 potential VPF structuralerrors. These errors were reported back the Mr. Mark Nueslein, NuesleinM@nima.mi at NIMA for furtherinvestigation by the DNC production team there at NIMA. Due to the fact that portions of the productionprocess are duplicated for each new edition DNC, there is a potential for re-occurring errors to show up in thisprocess. Appendix A provides hardcopy of a database table maintain by NRL to track these errors for FY03.To date, since May 2001, DMAP has completed the VPF validation process on approximately 187 new editionDNC-Production CD-ROM and has identified 722 potential VPF structural errors. DMAP expects to continuethis process of supporting NIMA's DNC production process throughout FY04.

6.0 Standards DevelopmentThe application of geospatial standards ensures that data, tools and application models are developed in amanner that is easily understood and shared throughout the GIT industry. The development cycle for thesestandards usually involves a committee of Subject Matter Experts (SME) collaborating to define data content,structure and application methods that mutually serves the committee members' collective interests forgeospatial processing. A recent shift in focus by NIMA from the DoD Standard Product Specifications toIndustry Geospatial Standards emphasizes the need for DMAP to be directly involved in the design of thesestandards.

During FY03, Naval DMAP was involved in tracking several standards efforts for Naval interests, and directlyparticipated as SME on two major efforts. The following sections communicate the primary interests andachievements of DMAP's participation in these ongoing standards development programs.

6.1 National Center for Geospatial and Intelligence StandardsOn 18 September 2002, the Director of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), General James G.Clapper, (Ret.) established the National Center for Geospatial Intelligence Standards (NCGIS). The Center is

being developed to "address standards issuesCalculating planar distance between two points relevant to enabling technologies, data architecture

(Davis, 2001) and software tools" (Clapper, 2002) supportive of- Distance Theorem - NIMA moving toward a comprehensive,

enterprise-wide standards management policy ford = '(X2 - X1)2 + (Y 2 - YI) 2 the National System for Geospatial Intelligence

where (NSGI). As a means of approach to standing-upX2 - X, = difference in the X direction or longitude this new Center, NIMA organized the NCGISY2 - Y, = difference in the Y direction or latitude Tiger Team to develop a long-range strategy ord = distance between the two points "Roadmap" for the NCGIS. The Naval DMAP

served as a technical representative for the Navyon the Tiger Team during FY03. DMAP'spresence at NCGIS Plenary Meetings andparticipation in the Roadmap review Cycle helped

to insure that Navy had an active voice in the design of the NCGIS Management program. The following tablepresents DMAP's summary of comments returned to NIMA during this review cycle.

6.1.1 Table of DMAP Summary Comments for NCGIS Roadmap Document

7

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6.2 Open GIS Consortium@ Technical CommitteeThe Open GIS Consortium represents a community of Federal, State, and Local Government, as well as PrivateIndustry participants focused upon developing standards and technical approaches to improving thedevelopment and use of digital geospatial data and processing resources. Further explanation can be found onthe OGC Official Web Page at www.opengis.org. It states, "OGC is an international industry consortium of 258companies, government agencies and universities participating in a consensus process to develop publicly availablegeoprocessing specifications. Open interfaces and protocols defined by OpenGIS® Specifications support interoperablesolutions that "geo-enable" the Web, wireless and location-based services, and mainstream IT, and empower technologydevelopers to make complex spatial information and services accessible and useful with all kinds of applications." (OGC, 2003)Significant OGC events in FY04 that were deemed to be relevant to DoD GI&S included 1) the release of theOpenGIS® Reference Model, 2) the implementation of the One-Stop Geospatial Portal Initiative, and 3) thestart of the Geographic Objects Initiative (GO-i). With NIMA's announcement that they will move towardutilizing Industry Standards to support the development of GI&S, each of these initiatives have particularrelevance to Navy and Marine Corps operational use of GI&S. A review of each initiative follows:

6.2.1 OpenGIS® Reference Model (ORM)The ORM serves as the baseline document describing OGC's ongoing geospatial standards initiatives. Theobjectives of ORM have been stated as:

9 Providing an understanding of the ongoing OGC activities and their Technical Baseline; Update andreplacement to the 1998 Open GIS Guide;

* Describes the OGC requirements baseline for geospatial interoperability;* Describes the OGC architectural framework through a series of non-overlapping viewpoints; including

existing and future elements; and to* Regularize the development of domain-specific interoperability architectures by providing examples.

(OGC, 2003)The ORM offers a technical perspective needed for anyone attempting to implement an OCG standard.Therefore, the potential use of OGC standards within Navy and Marine Corps make it necessary to understandthis document. In particular, when utilizing web-based architectures for geospatial interoperability amongmany disparate data servers and services, the ORM offers examples of ways to implement interoperabilitystandards like GML, WFS and WMS in a way that others can understand and expect.

6.2.2 Geospatial One-Stop Portal Initiative (GOS)In July 2003, the FGDC initialized the One-Stop Geospatial Portal as an active mapping portal system forconnecting numerous data servers hosting data from clearinghouses within the National Spatial DataInfrastructure (NSDI). The Geospatial One-Stop Initiative represents one of 24 electronic-governmentinitiatives sponsored by the Office of Budget and Management (OMB). GOS is designed to enhancegovernment efficiency by making government more citizens centered and results oriented. GOS is in fact thatmethod by which geospatial data will be made available for government-to-government and government-to-public operations, especially during times of crisis. This makes it imperative that naval systems required toshare data with the NSDI, be familiar with the GOS operations. Of particular importance may be the sharing ofFacilities, Infrastructure and Environmental (FIE) data with the NSDI. The purpose statement of GOS, asrelated by the Federal Geographic Data Committee, (2003) states a two-fold purpose of the Geospatial One-Stop as being to support:

* The businesses of government - including but not limited to; disaster management, recreation, planning,homeland security, public health, environmental protection, etc. has a geographic component; and

12

* Decision-making - by providing geospatial information to allow decisions to be viewed in a communitycontext; and to facilitate cross-agency coordination.

It is believed that the greatest potential for overlap of naval systems to the GOS initiative is in the sharing ofinformation in support of Homeland Defense initiatives.

6.2.3 Geographic Objects Initiative (GO-i)OGC denotes the vision for the Geographic Objects Initiative as "to define platform-independent andimplementation-neutral interface models of specific geographic services or component objects. The specificGeographic Object interfaces to be modeled relate to mapping processes (render or query, for example) or aninput or output of those processes (a coordinate or a map, for example). Creating high-level interface models togiven Geographic Objects in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) will allow developers to take advantage ofthe valuable components on any development platform required. GO-I sponsors and supporters, includinggovernment organizations in the United States, are seeking these models because they allow straightforwardreuse of existing capabilities for new projects, an important goal of software systems development" (FGDC,2003). The specific relevance of the GO-I to Naval systems will be in offering a means of sharing data andprogramming models supportive of geospatial interoperability across multiple platforms. This holds greatpromise in coordinating such sharing within multi-service initiatives like the Commercial/Joint Mapping ToolKit (C/JMTK). GO-I will need to be examined further for its potential in defining interface models for a libraryof geographic services and spatial analysis components that could be readily shared as foundation layers of dataand tools within the C/JMTK architecture. DMAP will continue to monitor these efforts in FY04.

6.3 FGDC Geospatial Applications and Interoperability Working GroupDMAP has also been monitoring the ongoing efforts of the FGDC GAI Working Group during FY03. The GAIWG, as described by the FGDC is "part of the US Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). Its purpose isto increase the scope and adoption of geospatial interoperability standards in order to facilitate access to and useof geographic information by a broad range of users". In May 2003, the GAI WG released the GeospatialInteroperability Reference Model (GIRM) to reference geospatial standards and specifications within a highlystructured model. GIRM is designed to help decision makers choose standards to facilitate interoperablegeoprocessing (FGDC, 2003). DMAP will conduct a preliminary review of the GIRM in the first quarter ofFY04 and expect to participate in GAI WG meetings throughout the year.

6.4 CADD/GIS Technology CenterAccording to the official CADD/GIS Technology Center Web Page, "the CADD/GIS TC for Facilities,Infrastructure, and Environment (formerly the Tri-Service CADD/GIS Technology Center) was established topromote CADD/GIS and FM technology applications. The "Center" is located at the U.S. Army EngineerResearch and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi. The missionfocus is on functioning as a coordination center relying on other capabilities throughout DoD and the federal,state, and local governments for the accomplishment of specific tasks and application developments whereappropriate" (WES, 2003). DMAP will continue to monitor the CADD/GIS Technology Center's efforts tocoordinate GIT within the region and will participate in training, symposia and technical meetings throughoutFY04 as they are deemed appropriate for Navy interests.

6.5 Navy GeoReadiness InitiativeIn October 2002, Rear Admiral Johnson, CEC, U.S. Navy signed The GEOREADINESS Vision: ATransformation Initiative. This ushered in a new Strategic Plan for Naval Facilities, Infrastructure and

13

Environment (FIE) management. Navy's GeoReadiness Initiative establishes focal areas for FIE managementthat include:

* A Dedicated Geospatial Systems Integration Function within DoD* A DoN-wide Geospatial Information Integrated Product Team* A Strategic Repository of Relevant Geospatial Information* Accessible, Authoritative Standardized Data* Identifying Data Gaps and Potential Funding Sources

Though the GeoReadiness Initiative has been slow to be accepted by the Navy as a one-step approach toaddressing all geospatial initiatives within the Navy, it has proved to be successful to some degree at pullingtogether the Naval Facilities Community by establishing an architecture that addresses making standardizeddata, tools and services readily available to individual commands and their contractors.

Through a technical forum called the Navy Mapping Team, Rear Admiral Larry Baucom (USN, Ret.) hassuccessfully brought together FIE representatives in a manner that facilitates technical discussion andagreement on an overall data architecture for FIE data. DMAP participated in the FY03 Navy Mapping Teammeeting held at Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek, VA 10-12 June 03. Of particular interest to DMAP wasthe discussion concerning standards for FIE data. The forum identified the Facilities Management Standard forTri-Services, and specifically the Spatial Data Standard for FIE (SDSFIE) as playing a significant role in thefuture of standardizing the use of spatial data for FIE operations on Naval facilities.

One ultimate goal of the GeoReadiness Initiative in relation to these standards is to insure the population andmaintenance of a Navy-wide Common Operating Picture (COP) which represents a thematically precise and up-to-date database for FIE supportive of Sea Power 21. A U. S. Air Force GeoBase Initiative, similar toGeoReadiness, is already well underway and has served as a prototype for the GeoReadiness model. DMAPattended the annual GeoBase Compass Conference held 18-22 May 2003. GeoBase is a major across-the-boardAir Force "Enterprise" solution to managing geospatial information for installation resources. It is highlyrecommended that this model be examined further as a "strawman" for further development of a Navy-wideEnterprise Solution to GI&S Standardization. Likewise, the Naval Research Community could benefit greatlyby considering applying the "Enterprise GIT" model to ensuring that Navy Scientists have the geospatial dataneeded to support the operational forces, while minimizing the cost of establishing and maintaining that data.

DMAP will continue to participate in the Navy Mapping Team during FY04 and recommends that N096 andNRL host a future meeting at the Naval Research Laboratory to open it up as a true Navy-wide forum for GI&Sissues.

6.6 NIMA Pathfinder Crosswalk for Airborne Imaging ToolsNaval DMAP also participated in the NIMA Pathfinder Process Crosswalk for the second year. This Tri-Service initiative serves as a technical committee for identifying review and selection criteria forhardware/software solutions supportive of the Common Operating Environment (COE). FY03 efforts wereconcentrated upon the examination of software tools for Airborne Information Library Tools (AILT). ThePathfinder 2004 Process Crosswalk was held 25-27 Mar 03 at NIMA, Washington Navy Yard Facility. ThePathfinder Program Manager is Dale Lewis and Project Manager is Paul Lebahn (NIMA/IDI). DMAP greatlyappreciates their support and encouragement concerning Navy participation in this valuable effort.

The Pathfinder process culminates in a Technical Crosswalk that includes a "round-robin" excursion typetouring of commercial facilities to obtain first-hand demonstrations of their products, prior to the Pathfinder

14

Team making its final recommendations. DMAP's participation in the Process Crosswalk help to insure thatN096 and Navy had adequate representation during the identification/design of the selection criteria to beutilized by the Pathfinder Team during the Technical Crosswalk. Ms. Stephanie Edwards, NRLSSC Code7440.3 also attended the Process Crosswalk, as well as the Technical Crosswalk. Thus, DMAP was able to stayinformed throughout the entire FY03 Pathfinder Program. Follow-on efforts of the Pathfinder Program will bemonitored closely by DMAP during FY04.

6.7 International Standards OrganizationDMAP has monitored the efforts of the International geospatial standards community through examining theongoing efforts of the International Standards Organization (ISO) Technical Committee 211 (ISO TC/21 1).TC/211 is the ISO Working Group for Geospatial Information and Geomatics. A quick examination of theTC/211 online catalog (re: http://www.isotc2l .org/publications.htm) demonstrates the need for monitoring thisextremely active international coordination program. The following list of published standards is excerptedfrom the ISO TC/21 1 Web Page located at http://www.isotc2l1 .org:

International Standards and Technical ReportsISO 6709:1983 Standard representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for geographic point locationsISO 19101:2002 Geographic information - Reference modelISO 19105:2000 Geographic information - Conformance and testingISO 19107:2003 Geographic information - Spatial schemaISO 19108:2002 Geographic information - Temporal schemaISO 19111:2003 Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinatesISO 19113:2002 Geographic information - Quality principlesISO 19114:2003 Geographic information - Quality evaluation proceduresISO 19115:2003 Geographic information - MetadataISO/TR 19120:2001 Geographic information - Functional standardsISO/TR 19121:2000 Geographic information - Imagery and gridded data

The standards developed by this organization are highly recognized and accepted by the internationalcommunities and can often serve as prototype DoD, UN and NATO standards. Therefore, DMAP will continueto monitor these efforts closely in FY04 by attempting to enroll as a member in the TC/21 1 to represent N096on a technical basis in geospatial related matters.

7.0 ConclusionsThe Naval DMAP has continued to effectively offer technical coordination for the Navy's development and useof digital MC&G data throughout FY03. Based on its active participation in the areas of Technical Reviews,Advanced Techniques/Demonstrations, Final Quality Control for DNC/TOD, and Standards Development, theNavy continues to have an active voice in the ongoing development of standards, products and systems thatenhance and geospatially enable our Naval Forces. As a technical Representative of the Oceanographer of theNavy, DMAP participated in numerous geospatial related Research, Development, Test and Evaluation(RDT&E) and operational initiatives in FY03 to improve the Navy's ability to respond to worldwide eventsusing the latest Geospatial Information and Services (GI&S) available. DMAP's continued presence in theGeospatial Standards community and in ongoing DoD GI&S activities will provide a much needed balancetoward ensuring that Navy and Marine Corps needs for GI&S are adequately addressed throughout thedevelopment and application cycle. Although significant budget constraints have been identified in FY04,DMAP will continue to focus its efforts on maintaining this Navy presence in the four areas of Technical

15

Reviews, Advanced Techniques/Demonstrations, Final Quality Control for DNC/TOD, and StandardsDevelopment for GI&S.

8.0 Recommendations

DMAP makes the following recommendations for its continued efforts in FY04:

"* Continue to respond on an individual task-basis to N096 and NIMA requests for Technical Review ofGI&S Specifications, Standards and Memorandum as allowed under current budget constraints.

"* Continue to participate in the Navy Mapping Team during FY04 and recommends that N096 and NRLconsider hosting a FY04 meeting at the Naval Research Laboratory to open this initiative up as a trueNavy-wide forum for GI&S issues.

"* Participate more directly in the International Standards community by establishing N096/NRLrepresentation in the ISO TC/2 11 forum. Also continue active participation in the OpenGIS® andFGDC communities.

"* Conduct a prototype design initiative for the development of a Common Spatial User Interface to theCommercial/Joint Mapping Tool Kit (C/JMTK) that utilizes latest advancements in GI&S portaltechnology, including the GIDBTM Portal System. Pursue additional funding sources to conduct follow-on demonstrations of this design.

"* Maintain an active presence in the NIMA GI&S community to ensure adequate Navy/Marine Corpsrepresentation in ongoing development activities.

9.0 AcknowledgmentsThe Oceanographer of the Navy (N096) funded FY03 technical initiatives for the Naval DMAP. LCDRWilliam H. Nisley, N962, provided program tasking and guidance. DMAP funding is provided under ProgramElement 0603704N, and is a part of the Oceanographer of the Navy's long-term focus for enhancing the Navy'suse and development of digital MC&G in support of Sea Power 21. DMAP greatly appreciates LCDR Nisley'stechnical input and leadership throughout the year, as well as that of Dr. Edward Mozley, Space and WarfareSystems Command (PMW 150) program manager for DMAP.

10.0 References

Bonham-Carter, Graeme F. Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modeling with GIS, Tarrytown,New York, Pergamon, 1994.

Burrough, Peter A. Principals of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment, NewYork, NY,*Clarendon Press Oxford, 1987.

Burrough, Peter A. and McDonnell, Rachael A. Principals of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford, GreatBritain, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Chrisman, Nicholas. Exploring Geographic Information Systems, New York, NY, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2002.

16

Clapper, J., Geospatial Intelligence Capstone Concept, National Imagery and Mapping Agency, Washington, D.C., 2002.

Davis, Bruce E., GIS: A Visual Approach, 2 nd Edition, Canada, Onword Press, 2001.

DeMers, Michael N. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, New York, NY, John Wiley & Sons,Inc., 2000.

ESRI, GIS Day 2003 Web Page, http://www.gisday.com/geography.html , Environmental Sciences ResearchInstitute, Redlands, CA, 2003.

ESRI, Proprietary Rights Acknowledgement, http://www.gis.com/site/copyright.html, Environmental SciencesResearch Institute, Redlands, CA, 2001.

Flanagan, David. JAVATM A Desktop Quick Reference, Cambridge, England, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.,1997.

Federal Geographic Data Committee, Official FGDC GAI Web Page, http://gai.fgdc.gov/ , FGDC, Washington,D. C., 2003.

Jacobson, Ivar. Object-Oriented Software Engineering, A Use Case Driven Approach, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1992.

Marble, Duane F., Calkins, Hugh W. and Peuquet, Donna J. Basic Readings in Geographic InformationSystems, Williamsville, NY, SPAD Systems, Ltd., 1984.

McCoy, Jill and Johnston, Kevin. Using ArcGISTM Spatial Analyst, Redlands, CA, Environmental SciencesResearch Institute, Inc., 2002.

Mesick, H., Carter, S., Breckenridge, J., et. al., DMAP Technical Review of Vector Data Update (VDU) Layer,NRJYMR/7440-02-8291, 2002.

Michell, Andy. The ESRI® Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1: Geograhic Patterns and Relationships,Redlands, CA, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Inc., 1999.

Nan's Computer Graphics Page, http://www.cc.gatech.edu/grads/h/Hao-wei.Hsieh/Haowei.Hsieh/code2.html,Professor, Rochester Institute of Technology, Computer Science Department, 2001.

Nelson, K. A. and Tamul, J. J., Adding Oceanographic Marine Information Objects to the Electronic Chart Display andInformation System, 2003 HYDRO Conference, Biloxi, MS, 2003.

OGC Technical Committee Web Page, http://www.opengis.org, Open GIS Consortium, Washington, D. C.,2003.

Pascolo, P. and Brebbia, C.A. GIS Technologies and their Environmental Applications, Boston, MA, WITPress, 1999.

17

Robinson, A. H., Sale, R., Morrison, J., "Elements of Cartography", John Wiley & Sons, 1978.

Star, Jeffrey and Estes, John. Geographic Information Systems, An Introduction, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,Prentice Hall, 1990.

Waterways Experiment Station, CADD/GIS Technology Center Web Page, http://tsc.wes.armn.mil/ , ArmyCorps of Engineers WES, 2002.

Zeiler, Michael. Modeling Our World, The ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design, Redlands, CA, EnvironmentalSciences Research Institute, Inc., 1999.

11.0 Distribution ListOceanographer of the NavyChief of Naval OperationsU.S. Naval Observatory34th & Mass. Ave., NWWashington, DC 20390-1800Attn: Surface, Strike Warfare/Gl&S Requirements

LCDR William H. Nisley, 962C6 (5)

Deputy Navigator of the Navy, N096U.S. Naval Observatory34th & Mass. Ave., NWWashington, DC 20390-1800

CommanderNaval Meteorology and Oceanography CommandStennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004Attn: LCDR James Waddell

Dr. Karen HeffnerMr. Robert Starek

Commanding OfficerNaval Research LaboratoryStennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004Attn: Michael Harris, Code 7440

Dr. Herb Eppert, Code 7400Dr. Phil Valent, Code 7401DMAP Library, Code 7440.2 (10)Kevin Shaw, Code 7440.2John Breckenridge, Code 7440.2 (10)B. Rotundo, Code 7030.3

Naval Research LaboratoryLibrary, M. Templeman (5)Washington, DC 20375

National Imagery and Mapping Agency4600 Sangamore Rd.Bethesda, MD 20816-5003

18

Attn: Jerry LenczowskiSteve HallWalt KozakMichael W. Bechberger, PTNMB

National Imagery and Mapping Agency12310 Sunrise Valley Dr.Reston, VA 20191-3449Attn: Chung Hye Read

Jon Dale

Naval Oceanographic OfficeLibrary (8)Stennis Space Center, MS 39522-5004

CommanderSPAWARSYSCOM4301 Pacific HwySan Diego, CA 92110-3127

SPAWARSYSCOMAttn: Mr. Ed Mozley (5)4301 Pacific HwySan Diego, CA 92110-3127

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