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1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT & ACCESSORY ORGANS Mar 1610:34 PM

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Page 1: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Weeblybadgeranatomy.weebly.com/.../digestive_system_notes_10.pdfI. Digestive System Functions >Ingestion >Propulsion >Digestion breakdown of food stuff –Mechanical

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT     &    ACCESSORY ORGANS

Mar 16­10:34 PM

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I. Digestive System Functions

> Ingestion ­

> Propulsion ­

> Digestion ­ breakdown of food stuff

– Mechanical ­

– Chemical ­

> Absorption ­

> Defecation ­

the taking in of food

movement caused by force

intake of nutrients from food

elimination of indigestible waste

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• Oral Cavity: Mechanical & Chemical Digestion> Tongue ­ mixes food with saliva & initiates swallowing

– contains taste buds

> Salivary Glands ­ saliva is mixture of mucus & serous fluids (containing salivary amylase) moistens food and helps create a bolus, helps dissolve food so can taste it

> Teeth ­ mastication/chew food (mechanical digestion)

> Epiglottis ­ blocks opening to trachea to allow food to enter into esophagus instead of air passageway

> Hard & Soft Palate ­ separates oral cavity & nasal cavity, when you swallow soft palate rises to close nasal passage

• Pharynx:  this is subdivided into three parts: > nasopharynx ­ respiratory passageway> oropharynx ­ most posterior part of oral cavity> laryngopharynx ­ most superior part of esophagus

II. Organs of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract)

Mar 21­8:05 AM

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4Mar 16­8:07 AM

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• Esophagus: muscular tube for transport (peristalsis)

• Stomach: Mechanical & Chemical digestion

> Regions:

– Cardia

– Fundus

– Body

– Pylorus

> Rugae ­ folds in the walls of the stomach

> Mucosa ­ line with simple columnar epithelium with millions of gastric pits creating gastric juice

– chief cells ­ produce pepsinogens– parietal cells ­ produce HCl– mucous neck cells ­ produce alkaline mucus

> Sphincter muscles ­ on both ends of the stomach regulate entry and exit of food stuffs

> Stomach does aid in small amount of fat soluble substances (aspirin, alcohol)

II. Organs of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract) cont'd

Mar 18­10:31 AM

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Mar 16­10:33 PM

• Small Intestine­> Functions:

– chemical digestion– absorption of nutrients

> Regions:– duodenum– jejunum– ileum

> Pancreatic juices and bile enter small intestine (duodenum)> help with complete break down of food particles

> Structural modifications:– Microvilli­

– Villi­

– Plicae circulares­

II. Organs of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract) cont'd

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Mar 19­9:51 PM

Mar 19­9:53 PM

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• Large Intestine:> Functions:

– water absorption– elimination of indigestible 

material

> Regions:  – cecum (appendix)– colon

« ascending« transverse« descending« sigmoid

– rectum– anal canal

II. Organs of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract) cont'd

Mar 19­9:58 PM

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> Mucosa ­ innermost layer–  epithelial tissue lined with 

goblet cells that produce mucus

> Submucosa ­ connective tissue containing...–  blood vessels, nerves, & 

lymphatic tissue

> Muscularis externa ­ layers of smooth muscle

> Serosa ­ outermost layer– peritoneum & mesentery

• From the esophagus            large intestine the wall of the GI tract is composed of the following tissues:

III. Layers of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract)

• Pancreas ­ flat gland that extends from the spleen to the duodenum

> produces pancreatic juice, consists of enzymes that aid in chemical  digestion of all categories of food:

– Proteases

– Pancreatic Amylase

– Lipases

– Nucleases

> secreted in an alkaline solution

> emptied into duodenum ­ (vagus nerve & hormones:  secretin, CCK)

Proteins -> smaller peptides

Complex Sugars -> Dissacharides

Fats -> Glycerol & Fatty Acids

Cleaves nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

IV. Accessory Digestive Organs

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Mar 23­7:35 PM

• Liver ­ large organ with 4­lobes / located just under diaphragm

> produces bile– a yellow­green substance containing bile salts, bile 

pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, & electrolytes

> bile salts help break large fat globules into smaller ones– helps increase surface area so lipases can break fat 

down at faster rate

> exits the liver via hepatic ductEmulsification

IV. Accessory Digestive Organs cont'd

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• Gallbladder ­ small sac­like organ embedded on underside of liver

> bile leaving liver backs up into gallbladder via cystic duct

> bile is concentrated in gallbladder– secreted into duodenum via 

common bile duct (when fatty foods are present)

• Salivary glands ­ Parotid, Sublingual, Submandibular

> contains mucus which helps moisten food

> contains salivary amylase which starts starch digestion

> contains lysozyme and antibodies (protective function)

> dissolves food chemicals (can taste food)

• Teeth ­ mechanical breakdown by mastication

IV. Accessory Digestive Organs cont'd

Oral Cavity

Stomach

Lumen of Small Intestine

Epithelium ofSmall Intestine

Carbohydrates

Proteins

NucleicAcids Fats/lipids

Salivary AmylaseStarch

PancreaticAmylase

disaccharides

brush borderenzymes

monosaccharides

Pepsin

Pancreatic Proteases

brush borderenzymes

amino acids

smallpeptides

Proteins

brush borderenzymes

PancreaticNucleases

DNA/RNA

nucleotides

PancreaticLipases

glycerol & fatty acids

Triglycerides/Fats

*all (except some lipids) absorbed in blood...to liver...to rest of body

*some lipid breakdown products absorbed in blood, some in lymph...all end up in liver...then to rest of body

CHEMICAL DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

large polypeptides

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V. Metabolism: all chemical reactions that help maintain  life

A. Anabolism ­

B. Catabolism ­

1. Carbohydrate metabolism:

2. Fat Metabolism:

3. Protein Metabolism:

reaction building molecules

reaction that breaks down molecules > digestion = catabolic process> enzymatic breakdown of food via

hydrolysis

Apr 8­2:48 PM