Digestive System

Bellwork

• Define (page 347 and 348):

• Peristalsis

• Chyme

• “hepa”

• “chole”

• Copy the underlined portion of the state

standards on the next slide.

State Standards

11) Outline the gross normal structure and function of all

body systems and summarize appropriate medical texts in

order to relate sign and symptoms of common diseases and

disorders associated with each.

d. The digestive system

12) Relate a therapeutic procedure or treatment to a specific

body system. Create a digital or written artifact explaining

anatomy involved with the treatment, reason for treatment,

health care professionals assisting or performing treatment

and patient education, including precautions that should occur

prior to the treatment or procedure.

Objectives

• Students will label the anatomy of the

digestive system on a diagram and describe

each organ’s function.

• Students will research diseases/disorders of

the digestive system through

comparing/contrasting group activity.

Structures of the Digestive

System

Digestive system

– Also known as:» Alimentary Canal

» Digestive Tract

» Gastrointestinal Tract

• Upper GI (esophagus, stomach, small intestine)

• Lower GI (large intestine, rectum)

• Approximately 30’ in length from mouth to anus

Structures of the Digestive

System

Primary structures– Mouth

– Esophagus

– Stomach

– Small intestines

– Large intestines

Accessory structures

– Tongue

– Teeth

– Salivary glands

– Pancreas

– Liver

– Gall bladder

The Mouth

Mouth

• (buccal cavity)

• Function: physical breakdown of food or (bolus); ingestion and mastication

• accessory organs-

– Tongue (taste)

– Teeth (mastication)

– Salivary Glands

(Produce enzymes)

– Palate (hard and soft)

– Uvula (keeps food from going up our nose)

Pharynx (Throat)

• Pharynx (throat)

– Nasopharynx

– Oropharynx

– Hypopharynx

– When we swallow this

closes off the trachea

– Function: passageway

for food bolus

Esophagus

• Esophagus– Muscular tube, 10”

long

– Connects the pharynx and stomach

– Peristalsis occurs here

• Esophageal wall layers

– Mucosa

– Submucosa

– Muscular

– External serous Is the esophagus anterior or

posterior to the trachea?

Stomach

• Stomach» Upper left quadrant

of the of the abdominal cavity

» Fundus

» Body

» Pylorus

– Cardiac Sphincter (b/t esophagus & stomach)

– Pyloric Sphincter (b/t stomach & small intestine)

– Rugae (folds which expand when stomach

fills)

Function:

Chemical digestion of food to

the end products of fat,

carbohydrates, and protein

Which is the distal sphincter?

Small Intestines (Bowels)

• Small intestines

– Duodenum» First segment

» 12” long

» Common target for

feeding tubes

– Jejunum» Second segment

» 8’ long

– Ileum» Third segment

» 10-12’ long

Function:

Absorption of nutrients into the

blood capillaries

Does the small intestine reside in

lateral or medial portion of the

abdomen?

Large Intestines (Colon)

• Large intestines– Approximately 2” in diameter &

5’ long

– Cecum

– Ascending, Transverse,

Descending Colon

– Sigmoid and Rectum

– Hepatic and Splenic flexures

– Function: eliminates

waste products through

excretion and

defecation Label the parts of the colon listed to the left.

Accessory Organs:

Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder

Based on previous lessons, what is the function of the ducts shown?

Functions of the

Accessory Organs

• The LIVER (prefix hepa) produces bile, removes

poisons from the body, stores vitamins, produces

heparin (a blood thinner which prevents clots), and

produces antibodies

• The PANCREAS helps chemically break down

food, manufactures insulin which regulates the

amount of sugar used by the body

• The GALLBLADDER (prefix chole) stores bile

for the liver and sends it to the duodenum to help

chemically break down chyme.

Diseases and Related Treatments

• Make a graphic

organizer to help you

distinguish between

the following:

• Heartburn

• Cirrhosis

• Appendicitis

• Hemorrhoids• Include description and

treatment if any.

• AKA- Acid Reflux

• Symptoms- burning sensation

• When small quantities of stomach acid are regurgitated into the esophagus

• How might this happen?

• Prevention/Treatment:Avoid chocolate and peppermint, coffee, citrus, fried or fatty foods, tomato products – stop smoking-take antacids – don’t lay down 2-3 hours after eating.

Discussion

• Applying what you

know about gastric

secretions.

• Why do people

who suffer from

heartburn describe

it as a burning

sensation?

• Why would you not

want to lay down

for 2-3 hours after

eating?

• Chronic progressive

disease of the liver

• As the liver is damaged it

tries to heal itself, scarring

and turning into fibrous

tissue

• Bleed and bruise easily,

itchy skin, jaundice,

nausea, and fluid build up

• 75% caused by excessive

alcohol consumption

-Condition associated with Hepatitis B and C

-Also occurs in those with fatty liver disease

**Treated through weight loss, medications,

paracentesis, alcohol cessation.

Discussion

• Applying what you

know about the

way the liver

normally

functions. What

would a liver with

cirrhosis be

impaired doing?

• What color would

these patients skin

be?

What is a paracentesis? (2 min)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9npNQM8ANds

• A sac attached to the cecum and has no known function.

• Appendix can become infected by trapped fecal matter

• If it ruptures, bacteria from appendix can spread to peritoneal cavity.

• Symptoms- RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting

• RX – surgical appendectomy-What does that mean?

Discussion

• Is this an emergency situation?

Why or why not?

• Where would the incision be

made for an appendectomy?

Hemorrhoids

Due to prolonged straining

swollen blood vessels of the

rectum.

Vein walls become stretched

thin, and irritated when you

have bowel movements.

Due to constipation and

sometimes childbirth.Treatments:

Warm baths, Epson salts,

hydrocortisone, witch hazel,

Acetaminophen, ice, eat more fiber,

drink lots of fluids. Quite severe may

require removal.

Feeding Tube Placements

• Patients often require feeding tubes for

various reasons such as difficultly

swallowing due to cancer, oral surgery,

mouth injuries, or stroke.

• Placing a DOBHOFF feeding tube.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DZTTi

9xe9M (3 min)

Group Activity

• Your small group will compare/contrast the following

diseases/disorders related to the digestive system:

• Gastroenteritis vs. Stomach Ulcer

• Hepatitis A vs. Hepatitis B

• Cholelithiasis vs. Cholecystitis

• Describe/Explain in each:

• Signs/symptoms

• Possible treatments

• Prevention methods

• Be able to tell me how they are

similar or different.

Individual Activity

• Research the following feeding tubes.

• PEG tube

• G-tube

• GJ-tube

• What are the differences?

• Where are they placed?

Exit ticket!!!

Knowledge Vomit!!!

Write down everything you remember

from this lesson without looking at

your notes!!!

Work for February 14th

• Complete the Bell Work.

• Add the underlined portion of Standard 10 to your

notes.

• Take notes off the PPT (if you do not know what a

word means, look it up…for example

“hemostasis.”

• Complete the Activity that includes the Directed

Reading, questions, and extended learning.

• Complete the Exit ticket.

• USE AN IPAD. NO CELL PHONES.

Bellwork for Day Two

• “Trace” or list the pathway of a food bolus

through the Alimentary Canal/Digestive

Tract.

• Add the accessory organs that assist along

the way.

State Standards

10) Demonstrate an understanding of basic medical terminology in order

to monitor patient/client status through:

e. Specimen Collection (Urinalysis and Fecal Occult)

11) Outline the gross normal structure and function of all body systems

and summarize appropriate medical texts in order to relate sign and

symptoms of common diseases and disorders associated with each.

d. The digestive system

12) Relate a therapeutic procedure or treatment to a specific body system.

Create a digital or written artifact explaining anatomy involved with the

treatment, reason for treatment, health care professionals assisting or

performing treatment and patient education, including precautions that

should occur prior to the treatment or procedure.

Objectives for Day Two

• Identify common tests, procedures, and

treatments related to the digestive system

• Analyze a professional journal relating

digestive disorders in pediatric patients.

Fecal Occult Blood Sample

• The fecal occult blood test is a lab test used

to check stool samples for hidden blood.

• Occult blood in the stool may indicate colon

cancer or polyps in the colon or rectum or

possibly internal G.I. bleed.

• If blood is detected through a fecal occult

blood test, additional tests may be needed to

determine the source of the bleeding.

Fecal Occult Blood Sample

Fecal Transplant for

Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff.)

• Bacteria found

all around us.

• Remember

normal flora?

• Triggered by

abundant use of

antibiotics.

• Good bacteria

killed off.

Colonoscopy: a diagnostic and

therapeutic procedure.

• This procedure is

done in the G.I. lab

and performed by a

G. I. doctor.

• Recommended

screenings start at

age 50.

Colonoscopy

• The scope has a light,

camera, access port, and

biopsy needle.

• The doctor may extract

foreign bodies, remove

polyps, perform ablations

of malignancies, perform

hemostasis related

procedures.

• They may also be able to

dilate/reduce the size of

the colon.

GI Bleeds

• These bleeds are

not a disease but a

symptom of other

problems.

• Ulcers, polyps,

cancer,

diverticulitis, or

Chron’s disease.

• Signs can include

vomiting blood or

coffee-like

material, tar-like or

bloody stool.

• Why do you think

there might be

differences in

texture or color?

G. I. Bleeds

• Endoscopies (using

tubes or cameras

down the throat)

• Colonoscopies

(tubes or cameras

from the rectum)

• If the bleed is due

to trauma (torn,

ruptured organ or

arteries), then the

patient would need

an embolization.

Often the bleed is due to trauma, the patient will go to Nuclear Medicine

And have a special scan done first, then be referred to Interventional Radiology.

Nuclear Medicine tests

• A radioactive tracer

is injected in your

bloodstream.

• A gamma camera

records to the

energy!!

Embolization

• Interventional

radiologists use

coils, glue, foam, or

plastic particles to

close off or shut

down the source of

bleeding (an

artery).

Coil Embolization for G. I. Bleed

Activity:

(Turn in for a grade)

• Click on the link from the class website titled

Pediatric G. I. Studies

• Complete the questions that follow that journal

article.

• Next choose the class website link titled Directed

Reading Assignments. (This is near the top of the

page near the standards, syllabus, etc)

• Complete the additional activities that correlate

with the article. (Assignment #4)

• If you do not complete this in class, it will be due

tomorrow for a grade.

Exit ticket!!

• Choose one of the procedures we reviewed

today.

• Write down how you would explain this

procedure in “layman’s terms” to a patient

you are taking care of.

• Remember, patients do not always

understand technical jargon.

• Explain the procedure in a way your patient

can understand!