Internal medicineLectures for students, 7th semester

Digestive diseases of ruminants I.Diseases of the buccal cavity and esophagus

Dr. Vörös Károly/ Dr. Abonyi TamásBelgyógyászati Tanszék és Klinika

Classification of stomatitis I.

Morphological classification

1. Simple stomatitis (stomatitis simplex, s. catarrhalis), e.g. mild physical - chemical causes

2. Ulcerative st. (s. ulcerosa, s. erosiva), e.g. satratoxicosis3. Necrotic st. (s. necroticans, s. gangraenosa; noma),

e.g. necrobacillosis4. Purulent st. (s. purulenta, s. phlegmonosa, s. apostematosa),

e.g. bacterial stomatitis (actinobacillosis)5. Membranous st. (s. pseudomembranacea, s. crouposa, s.

diphteroides), e.g. soor (candidiasis)6. Papular st. (s. papulosa), e.g. bovine papular stomatitis 7. Vesicular st. (s. vesiculosa), e.g. FMD, soremouth

Classification of stomatitis II.

Course of disease

acute

subacute

chronic

bovine papular stomatitis

Classification of stomatitis III.

Etiological classification 1. (noninfectious agents)

Physical causes:sharp plants, tooth abnormalities, foreign bodies

Chemical causes:irritant chemicals (e.g. fertilizers), drugs (e.g. chloral hydrate), acids, alkalis

Toxicoses:e.g. chronic mercury or furazolidone toxicosis, satratoxicosis(Stachybotris atra)

Etiological classification 2. (infectious agents)Bacteria:e.g. necrobacillosis (Fusobacterium necrophorum ssp. n.)

actinobacillosis (Actinobacillus lignieresii), tongueactinomycosis (Actinomyces /C. bovis, A/C/. israeli), gum, bone

Víruses:BOVINE: FMD (aphthovírus), BVD (pestivírus), BPS (parapox-vírus), BMC (herpesvírus), infectious rhinotracheitis (herpesvírus), vesicular stomatitis (vesiculovírus), rinderpest(morbillivírus)

SHEEP, GOAT: FMD, soremouth=contagious ecthyma (parapoxvírus), blue tongue (orbivírus), peste de petits ruminantes(morbillivirus)

Fungi: moniliasis, candidiasis = soor (C. albicans)

Classification of stomatitis IV.

Clinical signs of stomatitis

A) General symptoms (in severe stomatitis)

anorexia, depression, fever

B) Local symptoms

• halitosis (foetor ex ore)• salivation• disorders of eating (drinking, sucking, chewing)• morphological alterations (see at the morphological classification)

Diagnosis of stomatitis

Symptomatic diagnosis: type of stomatitis

Etiological diagnosis: * history, typical morphological lesions* general and other organic symptoms* additional laboratory examinations

ATTENTION ! - fever, drooling, endemic onset: FMD!!!

- drooling, CNS signs: RABIES!DO NOT MANIPULATE IN THE MOUTH!

Watching this picture, what comes into your mind?

Footh-and-mouth disease(FMD); cattle, tongue

(Soós, 1992)

Footh-and-mouth disease;cattle

(Soós, 1992)

Hoof Udder

Footh-and-mouth disease(Soós, 1992)

goat

sheep

Rinderpest(Soós, 1992)

Malignant catarrhalfever, bovine malignant

catarrh (BMC)(Soós, 1992)

Bovine virus diarrhoea(BVD); Mucosal disease

(MD)

Mixed viral stomatitis (BVD, IBR), calf

Bovine papular stomatitis(BPS)

Bovine papular stomatitis(Blowey and Weaver, 1991)

Contagious ecthyma, soremouth

BluetongueBluetongue

Etiology:

orbivirus

Treatment of stomatitis

1. Treatment and elimination of the cause if possible

2. Diet (good quality hay, molasses, bran), peroral/intravenous fluid

3. Local therapy: 0,1 % AgNO3 solution, 2 % borax, polividon

iodide, mild oxidative disinfectants, camomile tea

4. Increasing of general resistance and protection of the epithelium:Vitamin A

5. Local or parenteral antimicrobial treatment for 5-10 days

Traumatic rupture of the tongue

Actinomycosis

Actinobacillosis

Wooden tongue

Actinobacillosis

Mechanism of misswallowingand regurgitation(after Mócsy, 1965)

I.: respiration

II.: swallowing

III.: misswallowing

HP: hard palate, Ch: choanae,

SP: soft palate, Lx: larynx,

Es: esophagus.

Es

tongue

HP

SPLx

HP

tongue

tongue

HP

SP

SP

Es

Lx

Lx

Esophageal obstruction; choke(obturatio oesophagi) I.

Etiology:

feeding history : solid (piece) of food, getting rid of the animal, hunger

Pathogenesis:

obturation (anatomical predilections) spasm pain

regurgitation, drooling, (wall necrosis) + bloat (suffocation)

perioesophagitis, perforation

Clinical signs:

peracute, acute course restlessness (colic like behaviour !!! )retching, salivation, regurgitationvisible, palpable mass in the jugular grooverapid bloat (within hours), enlargement of the flanks (left side!)

Diagnosis:

history, solid mass in the jugular groove, esophageal tubing, (endoscopy)

Differential diagnosis: diseases with salivation, dysphagia, acute bloat

see next table

Esophageal obstruction II.

Esophageal obstruction

Differential diagnosis of diseases that cause dysphagia in cattleDiseases Cause DifferentiationEsophagealobstruction

Large, solid piecesof feed

feeding history, ± visible, palpable mass in the jugulargroove, diagnostic probing ( nasogastric tube)

Esophagealcompression

tumor,actinobacillosis,tuberculosis

chronic illness, diagnostic probing, endoscopy, contrastradiography

Hoflund-disease complete vagalindigestion(reticuloperitonitis)

positive tests for pain, ruminal atony, ferroscopy,diagnostic rumenotomy

Rabies Lyssavirus first: colic-like symptoms, restlessness, hypersexualitylater: increased reactivity, central nervous signs, alteredsound, medullar paralysis, ascending paralysis of thelimbs; brain: Negri bodies; fluorescent antibody test

Aujeszky-disease Herpesvirus history: contact with pigstachypnoe, increased reactivity, central nervous signs,paraesthesia, 36-48 hours course of the disease;histological examination of the brain

Botulism Clostridiumbotulinum toxin

intact sensorium, flaccid paralysis of the striated musclesdemonstration of toxin in blood, ruminal content, feed

Cerebrocorticalnecrosis

Thiaminhypovitaminosis

feeding history, decreased reactivity, involuntarymovements, blindness, blood: decreased transketolase andhigh piruate acid level

Cerebral abscess bacterial metastasis decreased reactivity, sagging jaw, involuntary movement(no specific signs)

Treatment:

• Spasmolytics, analgesics (metamizol = dipyrone, flunixin meglumine)

• Sedation (xylazine)• Trocarization if necessary• Removal of the foreign body:

* by hand* by using a rubber tube

or a special tube (+ oil, water)

* via surgery

Esophageal obstruction III.

Bárány probang

equivalent: Thygesen’s probang

Literature sourcesSoós T.: A ragadós száj- és körömfájás elleni védekezés kérdései. About the control of fouth-and-mouth disease. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja, 1992. 47. (7.) 326-341.

Blowey, R.W.; Weaver, A.D.: A colour atlas of diseases anddisorders of cattle. Wolfe Publishing Ltd, Aylesbury, 1991.