digestion i. introduction a. processes. the basic digestive processes ingestion, digestion...
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Digestion
I. Introduction
A. Processes
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The basic digestive processes Ingestion, Digestion (mechanical and chemical), Absorption (extra-cellular and intracellular), and Elimination.
Figure 41.7
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B. Parts Overview
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The basic parts tube (alimentary canal, G-I tract, etc.) and a series of glands (salivary, liver, pancreas, etc.)
Figure 41.8
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II. Development
A. Simplest
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1. Direct to gastrovascular cavity == Poriferans through Platyhelminthes
Poriferans simply absorb molecules gathered from their watery homes. Choanocytes
Figure 33.4
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1. Direct to gastrovascular cavity == Poriferans through Platyhelminthes
Figure 41.7
Figure 33.10
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B. Complex
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1. Alimentary canal == Nemertea through the Chordates
How is food moved through the tube? What forces are involved? Why have the segmentation of the tube?
Figure 41.8
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III. MammalianA.
Tube1. Sections
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Figure 41.9
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2. Functions
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a. Oral cavity = ingestion, chewing, & chemical digestion
teeth, tongue, buccal surfaces, and salivary glands
b. Pharynx = move & lubricating foodmuscular wall and
mucous glandsc. Esophagus = move, lubricating food, & peristalsismuscular wall and
sphincterd. Stomach = churn food & chemical digestionmuscular wall and
gastric glands
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e. Small Intestine = chemical digestion &
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e. Small Intestine = chemical digestion & absorption
Figure 41.12
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e. Small Intestine surface area
Figure 41.13
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f. Large Intestine = water absorption & packing surface area and
muscular wall
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g. Rectal and Anal Canals = packing & eliminationmuscular
wall
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B. Glands & Organs1. Salivary
Glands
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Salivary Glands = mucin, salivary amylase, buffers, & antimicrobial agents
Saliva to coat food, start carbohydrate digestion, control acidity, and prevent infection
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2. Gastric Glands
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Gastric Glands = pepsinogen, HCl, & mucous.
begin protein digestion, activate pepsinogen to pepsin, and buffer
Figure 41.11
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3. Liver & Gall Bladder
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3. Liver and Gall bladder = secrete or store bile
emulsifies fat
Figure 41.19
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4. Pancreas
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Pancreas = secrete numerous digestive enzymes
Figure 41.12
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C. Absorption
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1. What are the molecules and the mechanism of absorption for each of the ingested nutrient molecules?
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D. Regulation1.
Cephalic
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Digestion regulation can be divided into the cephalic and the gastric phases?Cephalic phase == nervous
responseEvents: Stimuli related to food starts?
Salivary secretionsStimulation of the stomach
smooth muscle
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2. Gastric
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Gastric phase == nervous response and endocrine inputEvents: Stimuli is the stretching of the stomach wall?Release of stomach
secretionsPancreatic enzymesLiver/GB bile
releaseSmooth muscle stimulation
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IV. ComparisonsA.
Dentition
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Dentition is adapted to accommodate different diets.Types of teeth = incisors, canines, premolars, & molars
Figure 41.16
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B. Tubular Divisions
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Tubular divisions are adapted to accommodate different diets.
Figure 41.17
Figure 41.18
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Believe to Achieve.