DiffusionDiffusion

DiffusionDiffusion: process by which an idea : process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from or innovation is transmitted from one group or individual to anotherone group or individual to another

Cultural HearthCultural Hearth: point of origin: point of origin CarriersCarriers: those conditions that : those conditions that assist the transmission of ideasassist the transmission of ideas

BarriersBarriers: any conditions that hinder : any conditions that hinder the flow of people or informationthe flow of people or information

Types of DiffusionTypes of Diffusion

Relocation DiffusionRelocation Diffusion• Group of people move and take their Group of people move and take their

culture with themculture with them• Examples?Examples?

Expansion DiffusionExpansion Diffusion• Information about an innovation or Information about an innovation or

idea may spread throughout society idea may spread throughout society • Things being diffused remain, and Things being diffused remain, and

often intensify, in the originating often intensify, in the originating regionregion

Types of Diffusion cont.Types of Diffusion cont.

Contagious DiffusionContagious Diffusion• Depends on direct contactDepends on direct contact• Strongly influenced by distanceStrongly influenced by distance• Distance decay – intensity of an Distance decay – intensity of an

idea or innovation decreases as idea or innovation decreases as distance increasesdistance increases

• Examples?Examples? Hierarchical DiffusionHierarchical Diffusion

• Transferring ideas first between Transferring ideas first between larger places or prominent people larger places or prominent people and only later to smaller or less and only later to smaller or less important points or peopleimportant points or people

• Examples?Examples?

CORNA

Now, it’s your turn….Now, it’s your turn….

In a group, come up with at In a group, come up with at least 2 examples of each type least 2 examples of each type of diffusion that your group of diffusion that your group can share with the class. can share with the class. • Examples are all around you in our Examples are all around you in our culture. culture.

Overview of the History and Overview of the History and Teachings of IslamTeachings of Islam

**Identify FIVE examples  of diffusion (at least **Identify FIVE examples  of diffusion (at least one of the  three  different types) covered in one of the  three  different types) covered in class.  For each example include:  class.  For each example include:  • the paragraph # where the example can be the paragraph # where the example can be

foundfound• a brief description illustrating how the example a brief description illustrating how the example

illustrates a specific illustrates a specific type of diffusiontype of diffusion• at least two at least two carriers carriers and two and two barriersbarriers for each  for each

exampleexample

HW: HW: Text Reading p. 188-191 and answer section Text Reading p. 188-191 and answer section review questions #1-7 - review questions #1-7 - DUE TOMORROWDUE TOMORROW

Arabia Before Arabia Before MuhammadMuhammad

THE ARABS:THE ARABS: During ancient times, the During ancient times, the Arabs inhabited much of the area from the Arabs inhabited much of the area from the Arabian peninsula to the Euphrates River.Arabian peninsula to the Euphrates River.

POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS FEATURES:POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS FEATURES: The Arab world in the early 7th The Arab world in the early 7th century had no stable, large-scale century had no stable, large-scale political entities. People belonged political entities. People belonged to close-knit clans, or extended to close-knit clans, or extended families, that formed tribes. Most families, that formed tribes. Most Arabs were pagans, but small Arabs were pagans, but small minorities were Jewish and Christian.minorities were Jewish and Christian.

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC COMPONENTS:COMPONENTS:• BedouinsBedouins• FarmersFarmers• TradersTraders

• BEDOUINSBEDOUINS (nomadic (nomadic pastoralists) pastoralists) provided for their provided for their own needs with:own needs with:

Herds of sheep & Herds of sheep & goatsgoats

Small-scale trading Small-scale trading in townsin towns

Regular raids on one Regular raids on one another and on another and on caravans.caravans.

Bedouins

FARMERS:FARMERS: Some Some farmers worked the farmers worked the land, but in many land, but in many areas soils were areas soils were too poor and rain too poor and rain was too infrequent was too infrequent to support to support agriculture.agriculture.

TRADERS:TRADERS: Cities supported traders who Cities supported traders who carried luxury goods (spices, incense, carried luxury goods (spices, incense, perfumes) from the Indian Ocean region perfumes) from the Indian Ocean region and southern Arabia along caravan routes and southern Arabia along caravan routes to the cities of the eastern Mediterranean. to the cities of the eastern Mediterranean. These traders formed the economic and These traders formed the economic and political elite of Arabia, and they led the political elite of Arabia, and they led the tribes.tribes.

Pre-Islamic Trade Routes

MECCAMECCA was the was the most important most important trade center in trade center in Arabia. It wasArabia. It was dominated by the dominated by the powerful tribe of powerful tribe of the Quraysh the Quraysh (KOOR-aysh).(KOOR-aysh).

THE KAABA:THE KAABA: Mecca Mecca was also the location of was also the location of the shrine known as the shrine known as the Kaaba, founded the Kaaba, founded according to Arab according to Arab tradition by Abraham. tradition by Abraham. For centuries people For centuries people from all over Arabia from all over Arabia had made pilgrimages had made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit the to Mecca to visit the Kaaba, site of a huge Kaaba, site of a huge black meteorite.black meteorite.

EARLY LIFE:EARLY LIFE: Muhammad was born in Muhammad was born in 570 to a respectable 570 to a respectable though not wealthy though not wealthy or powerful clan of or powerful clan of the Quraysh tribe. the Quraysh tribe. His father died His father died before he was born, before he was born, his mother shortly his mother shortly afterward, leaving afterward, leaving Muhammad under the Muhammad under the care of his care of his grandparents and grandparents and uncle.uncle.

Muhammad (570-632)Muhammad (570-632)

CARAVAN TRADE:CARAVAN TRADE: Like many young Like many young Meccans, he entered the caravan trade. By Meccans, he entered the caravan trade. By the time he was 30, he had a reputation for the time he was 30, he had a reputation for competence and honesty, and so became competence and honesty, and so became financial adviser to a wealthy Quraysh financial adviser to a wealthy Quraysh widow, Kahdija (KAH-dee-ah).widow, Kahdija (KAH-dee-ah).

MARRIAGE:MARRIAGE: Although Although older than Muhammad, older than Muhammad, Khadija became his Khadija became his wife in 596, and they wife in 596, and they had a loving marriage had a loving marriage until her death. She until her death. She bore him three sons bore him three sons (all died in childhood) (all died in childhood) and four girls (all and four girls (all survived). Only one survived). Only one daughter, Fatima, lived daughter, Fatima, lived after him. after him.

THE REVELATIONS:THE REVELATIONS: A man of spiritual A man of spiritual insight, Muhammad insight, Muhammad received in 610 the received in 610 the first of many first of many revelations that revelations that commanded him to commanded him to teach all people a teach all people a new faith that new faith that called for: called for: • An unquestioned An unquestioned belief in one God, belief in one God, AllahAllah

• A deep commitment A deep commitment to social justiceto social justice

TEACHING IN MECCA:TEACHING IN MECCA: Muhammad began Muhammad began teaching in Mecca, but he teaching in Mecca, but he converted few people converted few people outside his own circle.outside his own circle.

Meccans feared that his Meccans feared that his new faith might call into new faith might call into question the legitimacy of question the legitimacy of the shrines in Mecca and the shrines in Mecca and jeopardize the traditional jeopardize the traditional pilgrimages to the Kaaba pilgrimages to the Kaaba with their accompanying with their accompanying trade.trade.

FLIGHT TO MEDINA:FLIGHT TO MEDINA: At this point, citizens At this point, citizens from Medina, a smaller from Medina, a smaller trading community trading community troubled by dissension, troubled by dissension, asked Muhammad to asked Muhammad to become their leader. The become their leader. The journey from Mecca to journey from Mecca to Medina is called the Medina is called the HijraHijra (HEEZH-rah) and the (HEEZH-rah) and the event was seen as so event was seen as so important that 622 is the important that 622 is the year in which the Islamic year in which the Islamic calendar begins.calendar begins.

UNITY:UNITY: In Medina, In Medina, Muhammad Muhammad gathered around gathered around him a large him a large community of community of believers. This group believers. This group was to become the was to become the foundation of the foundation of the Islamic state. The Islamic state. The substitution of faith substitution of faith for blood ties was for blood ties was able to unite rival able to unite rival Arab tribes and Arab tribes and bring about political bring about political unity. unity.

RETURN TO MECCA:RETURN TO MECCA: Although Muhammad Although Muhammad was fully in control in was fully in control in Medina, Mecca Medina, Mecca remained the focus of remained the focus of his attention. Its his attention. Its political and economic political and economic importance were importance were critical to his desire to critical to his desire to convert all of Arabia.convert all of Arabia.

ATTACKS ON MECCAN ATTACKS ON MECCAN CARAVANS:CARAVANS: Therefore, Therefore, his followers began his followers began attacking Meccan attacking Meccan caravans and battled with caravans and battled with the Meccans several the Meccans several times in the 620s. In 630, times in the 620s. In 630, Muhammad and many of Muhammad and many of his followers returned to his followers returned to Mecca in triumph.Mecca in triumph.

UNITED ARAB UNITED ARAB WORLD:WORLD: After After making local making local arrangements, he arrangements, he returned to Medina returned to Medina and set about and set about winning over the winning over the Bedouins of the Bedouins of the Arabian desert. Arabian desert. When Muhammad When Muhammad died in 632, he had died in 632, he had converted most of converted most of the Arab world.the Arab world.

MUHAMMAD’S MUHAMMAD’S TEACHING TEACHING People were People were asked to surrender asked to surrender completely to Allah, the completely to Allah, the one true God. The one true God. The surrender is known as surrender is known as al-al-IslamIslam.).)

Those who surrendered Those who surrendered became Muslims and became Muslims and joined the joined the umma umma muslima – muslima – a new kind of a new kind of community.community.

The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of IslamFA

ITH

PR

AYER

ALM

SG

IVIN

G

FASTIN

G

PIL

GR

IMA

GE

1. PROFESSION 1. PROFESSION OF FAITH OF FAITH (SHAHADAH): (SHAHADAH): Muslims bear Muslims bear witness to the witness to the oneness of God by oneness of God by reciting the creed reciting the creed "There is no God "There is no God but God and but God and Muhammad is the Muhammad is the Messenger of God."Messenger of God."

2. PRAYER 2. PRAYER (SALAH):(SALAH): The The world's Muslims world's Muslims turn individually turn individually and collectively to and collectively to Mecca to offer five Mecca to offer five daily prayers at daily prayers at dawn, noon, mid-dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset afternoon, sunset and evening. In and evening. In addition, Friday addition, Friday congregational congregational service is also service is also required. required.

3. ALMSGIVING 3. ALMSGIVING (ZAKAH):(ZAKAH):

Social Social responsibility is responsibility is considered part of considered part of one's service to one's service to God; so almsgiving God; so almsgiving is obligatory. is obligatory.

4. FASTING DURING 4. FASTING DURING

RAMADAN (SAWM)RAMADAN (SAWM) : : The fast is an act of The fast is an act of personal worship in personal worship in which Muslims seek which Muslims seek a richer perception a richer perception of God. It is also an of God. It is also an exercise in self exercise in self control. control.

5. PILGRIMAGE TO 5. PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (HAJI): MECCA (HAJI):

The pilgrimage is The pilgrimage is an expression of an expression of Islamic faith and Islamic faith and unity. unity.

Abbasid DynastyAbbasid Dynasty In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the

Umayyad dynasty & founded Abbasid Umayyad dynasty & founded Abbasid which lasted until 1258which lasted until 1258

In 762, Abbasid built new capital of In 762, Abbasid built new capital of Baghdad on the Tigris river/ location took Baghdad on the Tigris river/ location took advantage of river & caravan trafficadvantage of river & caravan traffic

Harun al-Rashid led dynasty through Harun al-Rashid led dynasty through golden age/ known for charity and golden age/ known for charity and patronagepatronage

Vizier (Prime Minister) advises the caliphVizier (Prime Minister) advises the caliph

CULTURAL CULTURAL INTEGRATION:INTEGRATION: In the In the 88thth and 9 and 9thth centuries, centuries, under the Abbasid under the Abbasid caliphs, Muslim caliphs, Muslim civilization entered its civilization entered its golden age. – dramatic golden age. – dramatic growth in arts and growth in arts and sciences.sciences.

Abbasid Dynasty FallsAbbasid Dynasty Falls Abbasid experienced problems; Abbasid experienced problems;

fighting over succession of caliphfighting over succession of caliph

Rulers of provinces began to break Rulers of provinces began to break awayaway

Spain, Morocco, Egypt = Spain, Morocco, Egypt = independent with own caliphateindependent with own caliphate

Seljuk Turks & CrusadesSeljuk Turks & Crusades Seljuk Turks = nomadic people from Seljuk Turks = nomadic people from

central Asia, converted to Islamcentral Asia, converted to Islam Took over much of Abbasid empire & Took over much of Abbasid empire &

captured Baghdad; held political and captured Baghdad; held political and military powermilitary power

Turks took over Anatolian plateau, Turks took over Anatolian plateau, Byzantine empire turned west for helpByzantine empire turned west for help

CrusadesCrusades 1169, Saladin took control of Egypt & 1169, Saladin took control of Egypt &

ended Fatimid dynasty, took offensive @ ended Fatimid dynasty, took offensive @ ChristiansChristians

1187, Saladin’s army destroyed the 1187, Saladin’s army destroyed the Christian forces in the kingdom of Christian forces in the kingdom of JerusalemJerusalem

Main effect of Crusades = centuries of Main effect of Crusades = centuries of mistrust between Muslims & Christiansmistrust between Muslims & Christians

MongolsMongols Pastoral people who came out of the Gobi Pastoral people who came out of the Gobi

desert in early 13desert in early 13thth century century

Were highly destructive conquerors whose goal Were highly destructive conquerors whose goal was to create such a terror that people would was to create such a terror that people would not fight backnot fight back

Mongol leaders began to convert to Islam & Mongol leaders began to convert to Islam & intermarried with local peoplesintermarried with local peoples

Because Mongols had destroyed Baghdad, Because Mongols had destroyed Baghdad, Cairo became center of Islamic civilizationCairo became center of Islamic civilization

Mongols

Genghis Khan United

Mongol Cavalry

Islamic CivilizationIslamic Civilization Islamic cities had their own physical Islamic cities had their own physical

appearanceappearance• Palace & mosques = most impressive Palace & mosques = most impressive

buildingsbuildings• Fountains, public baths, bazaarsFountains, public baths, bazaars

Islamic SocietyIslamic Society Muslims live their lives in accordance with Muslims live their lives in accordance with

Allah’s teachings revealed in the QuranAllah’s teachings revealed in the Quran

Islam claims that all people are equal in the Islam claims that all people are equal in the eyes of Allah/ was not always the case in the eyes of Allah/ was not always the case in the Arab empire = well defined upper class of ruling Arab empire = well defined upper class of ruling families & wealthy merchantsfamilies & wealthy merchants

Oppressive customs towards women are more Oppressive customs towards women are more connected with Arab practice than to the connected with Arab practice than to the teachings of the Quranteachings of the Quran

ADVANCES IN ADVANCES IN LEARNING:LEARNING: The The synthesis of Eastern synthesis of Eastern and Western ideas and Western ideas and of new thought and of new thought with old, brought with old, brought about great advances about great advances in medicine, in medicine, mathematics, physics, mathematics, physics, astronomy, astronomy, geography, geography, architecture, art, architecture, art, literature, and history.literature, and history.

TRANSMISSION OF TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE:KNOWLEDGE: Many Many crucial systems such as crucial systems such as algebra, the Arabic algebra, the Arabic numerals, and the numerals, and the concept of the zero, concept of the zero, were transmitted to were transmitted to medieval Europe from medieval Europe from Islam.Islam.

THE MUSLIM THE MUSLIM EMPIREEMPIRE, stretching , stretching from Spain to India, from Spain to India, was unified by a was unified by a common language common language (Arabic), a common (Arabic), a common faith, and a common faith, and a common culture.culture.• Government run Government run

by religious by religious leadersleaders

Islamic AchievementsIslamic Achievements Al-Ma’mun’s House of Wisdom = Baghdad, Arab Al-Ma’mun’s House of Wisdom = Baghdad, Arab

scholars translated Greek works by Plato, scholars translated Greek works by Plato, Aristotle, etc./ Mathematics texts were includedAristotle, etc./ Mathematics texts were included

Ibn-Rushd = scholar, wrote commentaries on Ibn-Rushd = scholar, wrote commentaries on Aristotle’s worksAristotle’s works

Math = created algebra & passed on India’s Math = created algebra & passed on India’s numbering system known as “Arabic” in numbering system known as “Arabic” in Europe; used zeroEurope; used zero

Science = perfected astrolabe-used by sailors Science = perfected astrolabe-used by sailors to determine location by looking at position of to determine location by looking at position of planets & starsplanets & stars/ observatory in Baghdad where / observatory in Baghdad where scientists studied and named many starsscientists studied and named many stars

Islamic AchievementsIslamic Achievements Literature = Quran was main book/ Omar Literature = Quran was main book/ Omar

Khayyam wrote Khayyam wrote RubaiyatRubaiyat/ / Arabian Nights (1001 Arabian Nights (1001 Nights)Nights) collection of folktales & fables that were collection of folktales & fables that were first told orally & then written down over many first told orally & then written down over many yearsyears

Art/Architecture = blends together Arabic, Art/Architecture = blends together Arabic, Turkish, & Persian traditionsTurkish, & Persian traditions

SPREAD OF ISLAM:SPREAD OF ISLAM: Among the Among the reasons for the rapid and peaceful reasons for the rapid and peaceful spread of Islam was the simplicity of spread of Islam was the simplicity of its doctrine. Islam calls for faith in its doctrine. Islam calls for faith in only one God worthy of worship.only one God worthy of worship.