different names for similar technologies. world system (world system theory) a concept developed by...
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DIFFERENT NAMES FOR
SIMILAR TECHNOLOGIES
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world system (world system theory) A concept developed by the American historian Immanuel Wallerstein to refer to an economic unit extending beyond the boundaries of an individual nation-state by virtue of trade networks and economic alliances.
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Iranian Plateau:
1.Fairly high
2.Surrounded with mountains
3.Bridge between Central Asia and the Mediterranean Basin world systems
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Iranian Plateau:
4.Similar mountain ranges with Anatolia
5.Slightly cooler winters…
6.And relatively warmer summers than Anatolia
7.Significantly different agricultural production
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Iranian Plateau:
7.Significantly different agricultural production
WHY?
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Iranian Plateau:
8.Significantly less year-long precipitation than Anatolia
9.Mostly warm and arid soil
10.Significant regional differences between north west and southeast
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Iranian Plateau:
• Mostly arid & not good for agriculture
• On significant commercial routes
• Significant regional differences
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Pre-Islamic Iran
Sasanian Empire:
• Zoroastrianism as the religion of the imperial family
• Religious tolerance against Jews, Christians and other belief systems
Why?
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Practical reasons for tolerance:
• War with the Byzantine Empire
• Agricultural production
Pre-Islamic Iran
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681-745 CE
• Umayyad caliphate and “Arab elitism”
Islam in the Plateau
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Islam in the Plateau• Loose control by notables and Persian
and other ethnic mercenaries
• Development of a judicial structure
• Central Asian influence and Sufi networks
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Islam in the Plateau• Autonomous kingdoms by 9th century
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Islam in the Plateau• Turkic tribes come in as mercenaries
in the 10th century
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Islam in the Plateau
• From mercenaries to kings: Ghaznavids of 11th century
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Islam in the Plateau• The expansion of the “Great Saljuqs”
in the 11th and 12th centuries
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The Ilkhanid Empire of the Mongols
• A “Khanate” of the Mongols
• Settled in the plateau in the 13th century
• Centralized their administration in 14th century
• Allied themselves with urban bureaucrats, merchants and the ‘ulama
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The Timurid Empire of the Mongols
• Emphasized Islam as a unifying factor in the plateau. Samarkand, Bukhara and Herat became important centers
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Empires of Mercenaries:
Tribal alliances and adaptation
Military power and taxation
An age of Mercenaries
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The Safavid Empire
• Safavid movement (founded by Shaykh Safi al-Din in the 14th century) was a Sunni Sufi movement
• It became particularly powerful in northwest plateau and Anatolia in the 15th century
• Shah Junayd (1447-60) and Shah Isma’il (1487-1524): birth of a Shi‛i Iran
• Shah Abbas: Expansion of the Safavid Empire—Isfahan
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Do you notice anything peculiar in the way these empires changed over the time?
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