did prophet muhammad ordered 900 jews killed.rtf

8/12/2019 Did Prophet Muhammad ordered 900 Jews killed.rtf

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Did Prophet Muhammad ordered 900 Jews killed ?

FromJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,

(1976), pp. 100-107.

IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT at the a!e"t o# I$%am there &ere three 'e&$h tre$ &ho %!e

" *athr (%ater +e"a), a$ &e%% a$ other 'e&$h $ett%eme"t$ #rther to the "orth, the mo$t

mporta"t o# &hh &ere Khaar a" Faa/. It $ a%$o e"era%% aepte that at #r$t the

rophet +hamma hope that the 'e&$ o# *athr, a$ #o%%o&er$ o# a !"e re%o", &o%

$ho& "er$ta"" o# the "e& mo"othe$t re%o", I$%am. Ho&e!er, a$ $oo" a$ the$e tre$

rea%2e that I$%am &a$ e" #rm% e$ta%$he a" a"" po&er, the aopte a" at!e%

ho$t%e attte, a" the #"a% re$%t o# the $tr%e &a$ the $appeara"e o# the$e 'e&$h

omm"te$ #rom Araa proper.

The orapher$ o# the rophet, #o%%o&e %ater h$tora"$, te%% $ that 3a" 4a"5a.,1 a"%ater 3a" a%-Nar,pro!o/e the +$%m$, &ere e$ee, a" " tr" aree to $rre"er

a" &ere a%%o&e to epart, ta/" &th them a%% ther tra"$porta%e po$$e$$o"$. Later o"

Khaar a" Faa/8 &ere e!aate. Aor" to I" I$ha5 " the Sira, the thr o# the

'e&$h tre$, 3a" 4ra2a, $e &th the 4ra$hte$ a" ther a%%e$, &ho mae a"

"$e$$#% atta/ o" +e"a " a" attempt to e$tro I$%am. Th$, the mo$t $ero$

ha%%e"e to I$%am, #a%e, a" the 3a" 4ra2a &ere " tr" e$ee the rophet. L/e

3a" a%-Nar, " tme the $rre"ere, t "%/e the 3a" a%-Nar, the &ere $:ete to

the artrato" o# Sa; . +;ah, a memer o# the A&$ tre, a%%e$ o# 4ra2a. He r%e that

the ro&"-p ma%e$ $ho% e pt to eath a" the &ome" a" h%re" $:ete to $%a!er.

3t I" I$ha5 e " 11 A.H., .e. 18 ear$ a#ter

the e!e"t " 5e$to". Later h$tora"$ $mp% ta/e h$ !er$o" o# the $tor, omtt" more or

%e$$ o# the eta%, a" o!er%oo/" h$ "erta" %$t o# athorte$. The e"era%% are!ate

the $tor, &hh appear$ :$t a$ o"e more e!e"t to report. I" mo$t a$e$ ther "tere$t $eem$ to

e" there. Some o# them "ate that the are "ot rea%% o"!"e, t the are "ot prepare

to ta/e #rther tro%e. O"e athort, I" Ha:ar, ho&e!er, e"o"e$ th$ $tor a" the other

re%ate o"e$ a$ @o ta%[email protected] A o"temporar o# I" I$ha5, +a%/,10 the :r$t, e"o"e$ I"

I$ha5 otrht a$ @a %ar@11 a" @a" mpo$tor@1:$t #or tra"$mtt" $h $tore$.

It m$t e rememere that h$tora"$ a" athor$ o# the rophet;$ oraph "ot app%

the $trt r%e$ o# the @trato"$t$@. The "ot a%&a$ pro!e a ha" o# athorte$, eaho# &hom ha to e !er#e a$ tr$t&orth a" a$ erta" or %/e% to ha!e tra"$mtte h$


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report ret% #rom h$ "#orma"t, a" $o o". The attte to&ar$ orapha% eta%$ a"

to&ar$ the ear% e!e"t$ o# I$%am &a$ #ar %e$$ met%o$ tha" ther attte to the rophet;$

trato"$, or "ee to a" matera% re%e!a"t to :r$pre"e. I"ee I" I$ha5;$ ao"t o#

the $ee o# +e"a a" the #a%% o# the 3a" 4ra2a $ pee toether hm #rom

"#ormato" !e" a !aret o# per$o"$ he "ame$, "%" +$%m e$e"a"t$ o# the

'e&$ o# 4ra2a.Aa"$t the$e %ate a" "erta" $ore$ m$t e p%ae the o"% o"temporar a" e"tre%

athe"t $ore, the 4r;a". There, the re#ere"e " Sra III, 6 $ !er re#B

@He a$e tho$e o# the eop%e o# the 3oo/ &ho he%pe them (.e. the 4ra$h) to ome ot

o# ther #ort$. Some o /%%e, $ome o too/ pr$o"er.@ There $ "o re#ere"e to "mer$.

I" I$ha5 $et$ ot h$ ret $ore$ a$ he ope"$ the re%e!a"t hapter o" the $ee o# +e"a.

The$e &ereB a %e"t o# the #am% o# a%-Car a" other$ &hom he @ "ot $$pet@. The

to% part$ o# the $tor o" the athort o# ;A%%ah . Ka; . +a%/, a% Chr, ;A$m . ;Dmar

. 4ataa, ;A%%a . A 3a/r, +hamma . Ka; o# 4ra2a, a" @other$ amo" or

me" o# %ear""@, a$ he pt t. Eah o# the$e o"trte to the $tor, $o that I" I$ha5;$

!er$o" $ the $m tota% o# the o%%et!e report$, pee toether. At a %ater $tae I" I$ha55ote$ a"other e$e"a"t o# 4ra2a, ;Atta1 "ame, &ho ha ee" $pare, a", ret%,

a erta" e$e"a"t o# a%-Car . 3ata, a prom"e"t memer o# the tre o# 4ra2a &ho

#re$ " the "arrat!e.

The $tor ope"$ &th a e$rpto" o# the e##ort o# "ame 'e&$h %eaer$ to ora"2e aa"$t

the +$%m$ a" a%%a"e o# the ho$t%e #ore$. The %eaer$ "ame "%e three #rom the 3a"

a%-Nar a" t&o o# the tre o# Wa;%, a"other 'e&$h tre? toether &th other 'e&$h #e%%o&-

tre$me" ""ame. Ha!" per$ae the "ehor" 3eo" tre$ o# hata#a", +rra,

Fa2ara, S%am, a" A$h:a; to ta/e p arm$, the "o& proeee to +ea &here the

$eee " per$a" the 4ra$h. Ha!" athere toether a e$e" #ore, o"e o# the

Nar %eaer$, Ha . A/hta, " e##et #ore hm$e%# o" the thr 'e&$h tre $t%% "+e"a, the 3a" 4ra2a, a", aa"$t the etter :eme"t o# ther %eaer, Ka; . A$a, he

per$ae them to rea/ #ath &th the rophet " the hope, pre$e"te a$ a erta"t, that the

+$%m$ &o% "ot $ta" p to the om"e atta/" #ore$ a" that 4ra2a a" the other

'e&$ &o% e re$tore to "epe"e"t $prema. The $ee o# +e"a #a%e a" the 'e&$h

tre$ $##ere #or ther part " the &ho%e operato".

The attte o# $ho%ar$ a" h$tora"$ to I" %$ha5;$ !er$o" o# the $tor ha$ ee" ether o"e

o# omp%ae", $ometme$ m"%e &th "erta"t, or at %ea$t " t&o mporta"t a$e$, o"e

o# o"em"at%o" a" otrht re:eto".

The omp%ae"t attte $ o"e o# aept" the oraph o# the rophet a" the $tore$ o# the

ampa"$ at the &ere ree!e %ater e"erato"$ &thot the met%o$ are or theapp%ato" o# the rta% rtera &hh o%%etor$ o# trato"$ or :r$t$ emp%oe. It &a$ "ot

"ee$$ar to he/ the !erat o# athorte$ &he" tra"$mtt" or reor" part$ o# the $tor

o# the rophet;$ %#e.18 It &a$ "ot e$$e"ta% to pro!e a o"t"o$ ha" o# athorte$ or e!e"

to !e athorte$ at a%%. That $ o!o$ " I" I$ha5;$ Sira. O" the other ha" re%a%e

athort a" a o"t"o$ %"e o# tra"$m$$o" &ere e$$e"ta% &he" %a& &a$ the $$e. That $

&h +a%/ the :r$t ha "o rear #or I" I$ha5.1

O"e #"$, there#ore, that %ater h$tora"$ a" e!e" e=eete$ ether repeat the !er &or$ o# I"

I$ha5 or e%$e are!ate the &ho%e $tor. H$tora"$ a!e t, a$ t &ere, a o% reepto". E!e"

Taar, "ear% 10 ear$ a#ter I" I$ha5, oe$ "ot tr to #" other !er$o"$ o# the $tor a$ he

$a%% oe$. He a$t$ ot h$ $e o# the &or$, @Wa5 a%%ee (za'ama) that the

rophet a$e tre"he$ to e .@ I" a-4am "Zad al-ma'ad ma/e$ o"% the re#e$t

re#ere"e a" he "ore$ a%toether the ra% 5e$to" o# "mer$. I" Kathr e!e" $eem$ to


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ha!e e"era% ot " h$ m" ea$e he ta/e$ the tro%e to po"t ot that the $tor &a$ to%

o" $h @oo athort@ a$ that o# ;A;$ha.16

Apart #rom m% omp%ae" or ot#% aepta"e o# the $tor t$e%#, I" I$ha5 a$ a"

athor &a$ " #at $:ete to e!a$tat" atta/$ $ho%ar$, o"temporar or %ater, o" t&o

part%ar ao"t$. O"e &a$ h$ "rta% "%$o" " h$ Sirao# $o mh $pro$ or #ore

poetr?17 the other h$ "5e$to"" aepta"e o# :$t $h a $tor a$ that o# the $%ahter o#3a" 4ra2a.

H$ o"temporar, the ear% trato"$t a" :r$t +a%/, a%%e hm "e5!oa%% @a %ar@ a"

@a" mpo$tor@1> @&ho tra"$mt$ h$ $tore$ #rom the 'e&[email protected] I" other &or$, app%" h$ o&"

rtera, +a%/ mp"e the !erat o# I" I$ha5;$ $ore$ a" re:ete h$ approah. I"ee,

"ether I" I$ha5;$ %$t o# "#orma"t$ "or h$ metho o# o%%et" a" pe" toether $h a

$tor &o% he aepta%e to +a%/ the :r$t.

I" a %ater ae I" Ha:ar #rther e=p%a"e the po"t o# +a%/;$ o"em"ato" o# I" I$ha5.

+a%/, he $a,0 o"em"e I" I$ha5 ea$e he mae a po"t o# $ee/" ot e$e"a"t$ o#

the 'e&$ o# +e"a " orer to ota" #rom them ao"t$ o# the rophet;$ ampa"$ a$

ha"e o&" ther #ore#ather$. I" Ha:ar1 the" re:ete the $tore$ " 5e$to" " the$tro"e$t term$B @$h o ta%e$ a$ the $tor o# 4ra2a a" a%-Nar@. Noth" o% e more

am"" tha" th$ otrht re:eto".

Aa"$t the %ate a" "erta" $ore$ o" the o"e ha", a" the o"em"" athorte$ o" the

other, m$t e $et the o"% o"temporar a" e"tre% athe"t $ore, the 4r;a". There the

re#ere"e " Sra III, 6 $ !er re#B @He a$e tho$e o# the eop%e o# the 3oo/ &ho

he%pe them (.e. the 4ra$h) to ome ot o# ther #ort$. Some o /%%e, $ome o too/

pr$o"er.@

E=eete$ a" trato"$t$ te" $mp% to repeat I" I$ha5;$ ta%e, t " the 4r;a" the

re#ere"e a" o"% e to tho$e &ho &ere ata%% " the #ht". Th$ $ a $tateme"t aot the

att%e. It o"er"$ tho$e &ho #oht. Some o# the$e &ere /%%e. other$ &ere ta/e" pr$o"er.

O"e &o% th"/ that # 600 or 900 peop%e &ere /%%e " th$ ma""er the $"#a"e o# the

e!e"t &o% ha!e ee" reater. There &o% ha!e ee" a %earer re#ere"e " the 4r;a", a

o"%$o" to e ra&", a" a %e$$o" to e %ear"t. 3t &he" o"% the %t %eaer$ &ere

e=ete, t &o% e "orma% to e=pet o"% a re# re#ere"e.

So mh #or the $ore$B the &ere "ether ""tere$te "or tr$t&orth? a" the report &a$

!er %ate " tme. No& #or the $tor. The rea$o"$ #or re:et" the $tor are the #o%%o&"B

() A$ a%rea $tate ao!e, the re#ere"e to the $tor " the 4r;a" $ e=treme% re#, a"

there $ "o "ato" &hate!er o# the /%%" o# a %are "mer. I" a att%e o"te=t the

re#ere"e $ to tho$e &ho &ere ata%% #ht". The 4r;a" $ the o"% athort &hh the

h$tora" &o% aept &thot he$tato" or ot. It $ a o"temporar te=t, a", #or the mo$t

oe"t rea$o"$, &hat &e ha!e $ the athe"t !er$o".

() The r%e " I$%am $ to p"$h o"% tho$e &ho &ere re$po"$%e #or the $eto".

() To /%% $h a %are "mer $ ametra%% oppo$e to the I$%am $e"$e o# :$te a" to

the a$ pr"p%e$ %a o&" " the 4r;a" - part%ar% the !er$e. @No $o% $ha%% ear

a"other;$ re".@ It $ o!o$ " the $tor that the %eaer$ &ere "mere a" &ere &e%%

/"o&". The &ere "ame.

(!) It t a%$o aa"$t the 4r;a" r%e rear" pr$o"er$ o# &ar, &hh $B ether the are to

e ra"te ther #reeom or e%$e the are to e a%%o&e to e ra"$ome.

(!) It $ "%/e% that the 3a" 4ra2a $ho% e $%ahtere &he" the other 'e&$h rop$&ho $rre"ere before 3a" 4ra2a a" after them &ere treate %e"e"t% a" a%%o&e to


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o. I"ee A ;Da . Sa%%am re%ate$ " h$Kitab al-amwal8that &he" Khaar #e%t to the

+$%m$ there &ere amo" the re$e"t$ a part%ar #am% or %a" &ho ha $t"$he

them$e%!e$ e=ee$!e "$eem% a$e o# the rophet. *et " that hor the rophet

are$$e them " &or$ &hh are "o more tha" a re/eB @So"$ o# A a%-H5a5 (he $a

to them) I ha!e /"o&" the e=te"t o# or ho$t%t to o a" to H$ apo$t%e, et that oe$ "ot

pre!e"t me #rom treat" o a$ I treate or rethre".@ That &a$ after the $rre"er o# 3a"4ra2a.

(!) I# "ee $o ma" h"re$ o# peop%e ha ata%% ee" pt to eath " the mar/et-p%ae,

a" tre"he$ &ere #or the operato", t $ !er $tra"e that there $ho% e "o trae

&hate!er o# a%% that - "o $" or &or to po"t to the p%ae, a" "o re#ere"e to a !$%e

mar/.

(!) Ha th$ $%ahter ata%% happe"e, :r$t$ &o% ha!e aopte t a$ a preee"t. I" #at

e=at% the oppo$te ha$ ee" the a$e. The attte o# :r$t$, a" ther r%"$, ha!e ee"

more aor" to the 4r;a" r%e " the !er$e, @No $o% $ha%% ear a"other;$ re".@

I"ee, A ;Da . Sa%%am re%ate$ a !er $"#a"t "e"t " h$ oo/Kifab al-amwal,6

&hh, t m$t e "ote, $ a oo/ o# :r$pre"e, o# %a&, "ot asira or a oraph. He te%%$$ that " the tme o# the Imam a%-A&2a;7 there &a$ a a$e o# tro%e amo" a rop o# the

eop%e o# the 3oo/ " the Lea"o" &he" ;A%%a . ;A%% &a$ reo"a% o!er"or. He pt

o&" the $eto" a" orere the omm"t " 5e$to" to e mo!e e%$e&here. A%-A&2a;

" h$ apat a$ the %ea" :r$t mmeate% o:ete. H$ arme"t &a$ that the "e"t

&a$ "ot the re$%t o# the ormm"t;$ "a"mo$ areeme"t. @At #ar a$ I /"o& (he are) t

$ "ot a r%e o# o that o $ho% p"$h the ma" #or the #a%t o# the #e& t p"$h the

#e& #or the #a%t o# the ma".@

No&, ha the Imam a%-A&2a; aepte the $tor o# the $%ahter o# 3a" 4ra2a, he &o%

ha!e treate t a$ a preee"t, a" &o% "ot ha!e ome ot &th a" arme"t aa"$t

Athort, repre$e"te " ;A%%ah . ;A%. A%-A&2a;, t $ho% e rememere, &a$ ao"er o"temporar o# I" I$ha5.

(!) I" the $tor o# 4ra2a a #e& $pe# per$o"$ &ere "ame a$ ha!" ee" pt to eath,

$ome o# &hom &ere e$re a$ part%ar% at!e " ther ho$t%t. It $ the rea$o"a%e

o"%$o" that tho$e &ere the o"e$ &ho %e the $eto" a" &ho &ere o"$e5e"t% p"$he

- "ot the &ho%e tre.

(=) The eta%$ !e" " the $tor %ear% a" o# "ee$$t mp% "$e /"o&%ee, .e. #rom

amo" the 'e&$ them$e%!e$. Sh are the eta%$ o# ther o"$%tato" &he" the &ere

e$ee, the hara"e o# Ka; . A$a a$ ther %eaer? a" the $e$to" that the $ho% /%%

ther &ome" a" h%re" a" the" ma/e a %a$t e$perate atta/ aa"$t the +$%m$.

(=) '$t a$ the e$e"a"t$ o# 4ra2a &o% &a"t to %or# ther a"e$tor$, $o thee$e"a"t$ o# the +aa"e$e o""ete &th the e!e"t. O"e "ote$ that that part o# the $tor

&hh o"er"e the :eme"t o# Sa; . +;ah aa"$t 4ra2a, &a$ tra"$mtte #rom o"e

o# h$ ret e$e"a"t$. Aor" to th$ part the rophet $a to +;ahB @*o ha!e

pro"o"e o;$ :eme"t po" them a$ "$preG throh Se!e" e%$.@>

No& t $ &e%% /"o&" that #or the prpo$e$ o# %or#" ther a"e$tor$ or &hte &a$h"

tho$e &ho &ere "ma% to I$%am at the e""", ma" $tore$ &ere "!e"te %ater

e"erato"$ a" a !a$t amo"t o# !er$e &a$ #ore, mh o# &hh &a$ tra"$mtte I"

I$ha5. The $tor a" the $tateme"t o"er"" Sa; are o"e $h eta%.

(=) Other eta%$ are ##%t to aept. Ho& o% $o ma" h"re$ o# per$o"$ he

"arerate " the ho$e e%o"" to a &oma" o# 3a" a%-Na::ar9


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(=) The h$tor o# the 'e&$h tre$ a#ter the e$ta%$hme"t o# I$%am $ "ot rea%% %ear at a%%.

The ea that the a%% eparte o" the $pot $eem$ to e " "ee o# re!$o", a$ a" e $ee" o"

e=am"" the $ore$. For e=amp%e, " h$Jamharat al-ansab,0 I" Ha2m oa$o"a%% re#er$

to 'e&$ $t%% %!" " +e"a. I" t&o p%ae$ a%-Wa51 me"to"$ 'e&$ &ho &ere $t%% "

+e"a &he" the rophet prepare to marh aa"$t Khaar - .e. a#ter the $ppo$e

%5ato" o# a%% three tre$, "%" 4ra2a. I" o"e a$e te" +aa"e$e 'e&$ ata%%:o"e the rophet " a" e=r$o" to Khaar, a" " the other the 'e&$ &ho ha mae ther

peae &th hm " +e"a &ere e=treme% &orre &he" he prepare to atta/ Khaar. A%-

Wa5a e=p%a"$ that the tre to pre!e"t the epartre o# a" +$%m &ho o&e them

mo"e.

I"ee I" Kathr ta/e$ the tro%e to po"t ot that ;Dmar e=pe%%e o"% tho$e 'e&$ o#

Khaar &ho ha "ot mae a peae areeme"t &th the rophet. I" Kathr the" proee$ to

e=p%a" that at a mh %ater ate, .e. a#ter the ear 00 A.H., the 'e&$ o# Khaar %ame that

the ha " ther po$$e$$o" a ome"t a%%ee% !e" them the rophet &hh e=empte

them #rom po%%-ta=. He $a that $ome $ho%ar$ &ere ta/e" " th$ ome"t $o that the

r%e that the 'e&$ o# Khaar $ho% e e=empte. Ho&e!er, that &a$ a #ore %etter a" ha

ee" re#te " eta%. It 5ote per$o"$ &ho &ere a%rea ea, t $e teh"a% term$ &hh

ame "to e" at a %ater tme, t %ame that +;a&a . A S#a" &t"e$$e t, &he" "

#at he ha "ot e!e" ee" o"!erte to I$%am at that tme, a" $o o".

So the" the rea% $ore o# th$ "aepta%e $tor o# $%ahter &a$ the e$e"a"t$ o# the 'e&$

o# +e"a, #rom &hom I" I$ha5 too/ the$e @o ta%e$@. For o" $o I" I$ha5 &a$ $e!ere%

rt2e other $ho%ar$ a" h$tora"$ a" &a$ a%%e +a%/ a" mpo$tor.

The $ore$ o# the $tor are, there#ore, e=treme% ot#% a" the eta%$ are ametra%%

oppo$e to the $prt o# I$%am a" the r%e$ o# the 4r;a" to ma/e the $tor re%e. 00 'e&$h apt!e$, a" $%ahtere ther &!e$ a" h%re" e#ore ther ee$.

() Sm%ar%, %are "mer$ &ere /%%e other$.

() Importa"t eta%$ o# the t&o $tore$ are remar/a% $m%ar, part%ar% the "mer$ o#tho$e /%%e. At +a$aa the "mer o# tho$e &ho e at the e" &a$ 960. The hot-heae


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sicarii &ho &ere e!e"ta%% a%$o /%%e "mere 600.6 We a%$o rea that &he" the reahe

the po"t o# e$par the &ere are$$e ther %eaer E%ea2ar (pre$e% a$ Ka; . A$a

are$$e the 3a" 4ra2a),7 &ho $e$te to them the /%%" o# ther &ome" a"

h%re". At the %tmate po"t o# omp%ete e$par the p%a" o# /%%" eah other to the %a$t

ma" &a$ propo$e.

-, 6, et. +ore o" Khaar #o%%o&$ e%o&.

8. ., 776MII, -8.

. ., 66>->8MII, 18-.

6. ., 6>8-700MII, -8.

7. ., 6>9MII, 80? #$yun al-athar(


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18. I" Sa a%-Na$ (op. t., I, 11) ma/e$ pre$e% th$ po"t " re%ato" to the $tor o# the

3a" 4a"5a; a" the $pro$ !er$e &hh &a$ $a to ha!e appeare " Sra LIII o# the

4r;a" a" at the tme &a$ ta/e" po%the$t +ea"$ a$ a reo"to" o# ther ete$. The

athor e=p%a"$ ho& !aro$ $ho%ar$ $po$e o# the pro%em a" the" $m$ p $tat"

that " h$ !e&, th$ $tor $ to e treate o" the $ame %e!e% a$ ta%e$ o# the mahazia"

ao"t$ o# the Sira(.e. "ot to e aore "5a%#e aepta"e). +o$t $ho%ar$, hea$$ert$, $a%% treate more %era%% 5e$to"$ o# m"or mporta"e a" a" matera% &hh

"ot "!o%!e a po"t o# %a&, $h a$ $tore$ o# the mahazia" $m%ar report$. I" $h a$e$

ata &o% e aepte &hh &o% "ot e aepta%e a$ a a$$ o# e" &hat $ %a% or

"%a%.

1. See ". 1> e%o&.

16. Taar, &arih, I, 1899 (&here the re#ere"e $ to a%-Wa5,(ahazi, II, 1)?Zad al-

ma#ad(e. T. A. Taha, ? I" Kathr, op. t., I, 11>.

17. O" th$ $ee W. Ara#at, @Ear% rt$ o# the poetr o# the Sra@, 3SOAS, I, , 19>,

8-6.

1>.Kadhdhaba")a**al min al-da*a*ila.

19. #$yun al-athar, I, 16-7. I" h$ !a%a%e "troto" I" Sa a%-Na$ pro!e$ a &e-

ra"" $r!e o# the o"tro!er$a% !e&$ o" I" I$ha5. I" h$ #%% "troto" to the

ott"e" eto" o# the Sra, W$te"#e% " tr" ra&$ e=te"$!e% o" I" Sa a%-Na$.

0. &ahdhib al-&ahdhib, I, 8. See a%$o #$yun al-athar, I, 16-7.

1. .

. 4r;a", , 1>.

. 4r;a", LI, 8.

8. e. Kha%% +hamma Harra$, >M196>, 81.

. S"#a"t%, %tt%e or "o "#ormato" $ to e #o" " e"era% or $pea% eorapha%

to"are$, $h a$ a%-3a/r;$,(u#*am ma'sta#*am? a%-Far2aa;$ al-(ahanim al-mutaba

fi ma#alim taba(e. Hama a%-'a$r, ar a%-*amama, 1>9M1969)? Si+ treatises(Rasa'il fi

tarih al-(adinae. Hama a%-'a$r, ar a%-*amama, 19M197)? a%-Samh, ,afa' al-

wafa' bi-ahbar dar al-(ustafa(. Sira, 6>9MII, 80? a%-Wa5, op. t., 1.

9. Sira, 6>9MII, 80? I" Kathr, op. t., III, >.

0. e..,"asab 0uraysh(e. A. S. Har", 8.

. op. t., III, 81.

. A. %%ame,Islam(Harmo"$&orth, 196), 10-11.


8/8

8.)e bello Judaico, I, 8, 6.

. ., II, 9, 1.

6. ., II, 10, 1.

7. Sira, 6>-6MII, -6.

>. Sira, , 96MI, 18, 67.

9. &he &imes, 1> A$t 197? a" &he Guardian, 0 A$t 197.

did prophet muhammad ordered 900 jews killed.rtf

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