diagnostics student edition

8/10/2019 Diagnostics Student Edition

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11/12/2014 1Deductive Pharm Chem Handout, Diagnostics Tutorial, Prof. M Eldawy

Deductive Pharmaceutical Chemistry

First Semester2014-2015

Diagnostics

Contrast agents

x-ray & CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Organ Function testing


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Water insoluble

www.delmarlearning.com

Deductive Pharm Chem Handout, Diagnostics Tutorial, Prof. M Eldawy


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11/12/20144



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V08A X-ray contrast media, iodinated :

1.1 V08AA Water-soluble, nephrotropic, high osmolar X-ray contrast

media

1.2 V08AB Water-soluble, nephrotropic, low osmolar X-ray contrast media

1.3 V08AC Water-soluble, hepatotropic X-ray contrast media1.4 V08AD Non-watersoluble X-ray contrast

a) Water soluble contrast media:



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Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure

of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L)

of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L).

The osmolarity of a solution is usually expressed as Osm/L(pronounced "osmolar"), in

the same way that the molarity of a solution is expressed as "M" (pronounced "molar").

Whereas molarity measures the number of moles of solute per unit volume of solution,

osmolarity measures the number of osmoles of solute particlesper unit volume of

solution



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Tonicityis a measure of the effective osmotic pressuregradient (as defined by the water

potential of the two solutions) of two solutionsseparated by asemipermeable membrane.

There are three classifications of tonicity that one solution can have relative to another. The

three are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic

Solutes able to freely cross the membrane do not affect tonicity because they will always be

in equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane.

A hypertonic solution is

used in osmotherapy to

treat cerebral hemorrhage

For example: Mannitol

injection

Hypotonic refers to a

lesser concentration. Inbiology, a hypotonic

solution has a lower

concentration of solutes

outside the cell than

inside the cell.

An isotonic solution is one in which

its effective osmoleconcentration is

the same as the solute concentrationof a cell.

Thus, normal saline is almost isotonic

to blood plasma. Both sodium and

chloride ions cannot freely pass

through the plasma membrane as

opposed to urea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmole_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmole_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure


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V08AA01

It is given intravenously(under brand name Hypaque, GE

Healthcare) to enhance contrast in computed tomography, to imagethe kidneysand related structures, and to image blood vessels.

It is given orally or by enema(Gastrografin, Gastrovist, Gastrovision,

MD-Gastroview) to image the gastrointestinal tract.

It is given by Foley catheter(Cystografin) to image the urinary tract.

High osmolar

EML

Iodine ratio is 1.5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AA01http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenouslyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Healthcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Healthcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foley_catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foley_catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Healthcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Healthcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenouslyhttp://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AA01http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AA01http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08


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V08AA01High osmolar

EML

Iodine ratio is 3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AA01http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AA01http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AA01http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08


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V08AA04

High osmolar

EML: not included

Iodine ratio is 3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AA04http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AA04http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AA04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08


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V08AB02

It is available in various concentrations, from

140 to 350 milligramsof iodineper milliliter.

is commonly used as a contrast agent during

coronary angiography.

The osmolalityof iohexol ranges from 322

mOsm/kgapproximately 1.1 times that of

blood plasmato 844 mOsm/kg, almost three

times that of blood.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB02http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milligramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_angiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmole_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmole_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_angiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milligramshttp://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB02http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB02http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iohexol.svg


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V08AB04

Only Isovue-M 200 and Isovue-M 300 are used

administered by intrathocal injection for myelography,

(lumbar, thoracic, cervical, total columnar, and contrast

enhancement of CT cisternography and ventriculography.

They are nonionic contrast agent that have

osmolalities greater than plasma and cerebrospinal fluid

and are more hypertonic than plasma and cerebrospinal

fluid.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB04http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB04http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lopamidol.png


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A dimeric , isomolar and nonionicViscosity 8.7 cP @ 37

Osmolality 290mOsmikg water, pH 7.2-7.6.

EML: not included

Iodine ratio is 3

Visipaque is commonly used as a contrastagentduring coronary angiography

V08AB09

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocontrasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocontrasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_angiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB09http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB09http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB09http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_angiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocontrasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocontrasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iodixanol-2D-skeletal.svg


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Propyliodone

V08AD03

Iophendylate

V08AD04

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AD03http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AD04http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AD04http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AD04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AD03http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AD03http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08


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V08BA01

Preparation: BaS + H2SO4 BaSO4+ H2S

Barium sulfate in suspensionis frequently used clinically as aradiocontrastagent for X-rayimagingand other diagnostic

procedures.

It is most often used in imaging of the GI tractduring what is

colloquially known as a 'barium meal'. It is administered orally, or by

enema, as a suspensionof fine particles in a thick milklike solution

(often with sweetening and flavoring agents added).

Although barium is a heavy metal, and its water-soluble

compounds are often highly toxic, the low solubility of barium

sulfate protects the patient from absorbing harmful amounts of the

metal. Barium sulfate is also readily removed from the body

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08BA01http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfate_suspensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocontrasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_mealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfate_suspensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfate_suspensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_mealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocontrasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfate_suspensionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Barium-sulfate-2D.pnghttp://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08BA01http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08BA01http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08


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Ult d CONTRAST


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Ultrasound CONTRAST

AGENTS

contrast mediaUltrasoundD08V

V08DA Ultrasound contrast media

01Microspheresofhuman albumin 03Perflenapent

02Micro particlesofgalactose 04 Microspheres ofphospholipids

05Sulfur hexafluoride

PERFLUTREN LIPID

MICROSPHERES

A sterile, clear, colorless, non-pyrogenic liquid that after

activation in a specialized vial results in an opaque, milky

white suspension of perflutren lipid microspheres.

It is used in echocardiography to enhance imaging of the left

ventricular endocardial borders The microspheres range in size from 1.1 to 43.3

micrometers. Perflutren gas diffuses out of the microspheres

after it is injected and is not metabolized in the body.

Perflenapent V08DA03

Perflenapent that is used in echocardiography to enhance

imaging of the left ventricular endocardial borders The microspheres ranges in size from 3.0 to 4.5

micrometers.

It diffuses out of the microspheres after it is injected,

producing an acoustic impedance lower than blood.

O F ti T ti
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08DA03http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08DA03http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound


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Organ Function Testing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indocyanine_green.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dipyridamole.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dobutamine_skeletal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenosin.svg


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone.svg


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bentiromide.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xylose.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone.svg


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