development through the decades a journey through 50 years of development theory, policy and...
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Development through the decades
A journey through 50 years of development theory, policy and practice
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What is ‘development’
Economic growth
Social progress
Improved quality of life
Helping communities help themselves
When was the term first used?
1949
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World contextDevelopment
Theory, Policy and Practice
Events
War and conflict
Leaders
Zeitgeist
Beliefs
Theory
Approaches
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World context Development Theory, Policy and Practice
1950s
Post-war Europe
Marshall Plan
Cold War
‘never had it so good’
Independence movements in former colonies
Churchill
StalinChairman Mao
US emerges as dominant world power
‘Development’ = economic growth by modernisation and industrialization
Follow the example of USA
Progress measured by GNP
National planning
Invention of ‘development’
Indian independence
NATO
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World context Development Theory, Policy and Practice
1960s
Moon landing
Student uprisings in Europe and US
Decolonisation across Africa
Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War
Kennedy & Johnson
Krushchev
Postwar economic boom
Development = economic growth and modernisation through technology
Rostow (1960) Stages of Economic Growth
Sectoral and regional planning
Top-down centralised and structured approach
‘Development Decade’
OPEC founded
American consumerism
Berlin Wall builtGreen Revolution
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World context Development Theory, Policy and Practice
1970s
Oil shortages - period of austerity American loses
Vietnam WarLiberation movements in Africa
Labour government - Wilson & Callahagn
Flower powerPeace movements
Student movements
Acute poverty and inequitable growth in Third World
Dependency theory
Neo-colonialism
Calls for New International Economic Order
Redistribution with growth
Basic needs
Nixon - Watergate scandal
Middle East peace process starts
Year 2000 targets set
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World context Development Theory, Policy and Practice
1980s
Debt crisis
Ethiopian famine
Miners strike
Chernobyl
Tiananmen Square massacre
Falklands War
Hostage crisis in Middle East
Berlin Wall down
Thatcher & Reagan
Yuppies
Development = economic restructuring
Neo-liberalism
Structural adjustment programmes
Trade not aid
Impasse in development theory
‘Lost decade for development’
Growing environmental concerns
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World context Development Theory, Policy and Practice
1990s
End of Communism in Europe
EU born
End of apartheid in South Africa
Hong Kong handover
Rio Earth Summit
Jubilee 2000 debt campaign
GlobalisationBlair and Clinton
Ethnic conflict - Somalia, Rwanda, ex-Yugoslavia
New policy agenda
Development through new civil society
Structural adjustment with a human face
Human Development Index
Rise of NGOs
Participatory development
Environment on agenda
Anti development
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World context Development Theory, Policy and Practice
2000s
Millennium Euro currency
Environmental disasters
Mugabe re-elected
Sept 11th
Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Rise of fundamentalist Islam
Anti-globalisation movements
Fear of global terrorism
Postmodern development
Post development
Postmodernism irrelevant
Dominance of NGOs
‘Capacity building’ Millennuim
goals
Liberal economist viewpoint still dominates international institutions and governments
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Despite 50 years of ‘development’ the problem of poverty is as great as it ever was
Will be saying the same in another 50 years?