development planning and its critics pia 2501 development policy and management
TRANSCRIPT
Development Planning and Its Critics
PIA 2501 Development Policy and Management
Development Planning Under the Microscope
Next Two Weeks
“Going Operational- What that means”
The “What is to be Done Syndrome”
Theory vs. Policy vs. Management
Overview Review of Themes
Limitations of Planning
Review of Structural Changes
Planning Assumptions
The Blue Print Model Problem
The History and Logic of Planning
Definitions of Development Planning: Overview
Planning is the application of rational ordered choice to social and economic affairs.
An Oxymoron?
Question
Is this an oxymoron?
Review of the Debate- 5 Perspectives
Neo-Orthodox View of Planning
The Oxymoron Theory
Review-1: To what extent is the state planning approach necessary?
Expanded government meant specialized planning organizations and the rise of development economics as a discipline
Physical and Social Changes Require Strategic Planning
Remains Mandated by technical assistance and Donors
Review-2: To what extent is the state planning approach necessary?
There was rhetoric of a command economy as opposed to a market economy with two extremes and the soft state in-between
The issue of grass roots participation was raised
The Reality is in-between: Public Private Partnerships
Review 3: Limitations of Planning
To what extent is the state planning approach possible?
Issue of growth vs. distribution
Issue of planning vs. ways in which budget priorities are set
Debate about the coordination of planning voluntary vs. hierarchical authority
Structural Reforms- Review- 4:
The Change: Overemphasized the Anti-State theme
Result Since 1985, privatization, public sector
reform and structural adjustment New Theories
Neo-orthodoxy based upon Public and Social (Rational Choice) ideas
What was “Developmental” in the 1990s?
Rational Choice?
Contemporary Themes of Development- Review 5:
Except for the Newly Industrializing Countries(NICs), the failure of Development Management as a method
Question: does failure occur as a result of state collapse? (Goran Hyden)
What is the future of Development Planning
The Problematic Goal
Level of Analysis Issue & Planning
Public Policy Overall decisions to take action
Programs Ongoing areas of activity within a
policy area, a nucleus to carry out program
Projects Discrete time-bound, often sector
or spatially based activity
Contemporary Themes of Development Problem of government as a
negative; a state centric vs. society centric view
How does that translate into public private partnerships? (Robert Bates, Elinor Ostrom)
Issue of "implementation," the neglected component of development policy (Pressman)
Contemporary Themes of Development
• Conflict Mediation
• Institution building is a pre-requisite
• Development Policy is environmentally bound;
• Importance of micro-macro linkages (Kathleen Staudt)
• Gender
Haryana Community Forestry Institution Building Project (India)
Development Planning
The Blue Print Approach
Triumph of the Donor
Need for the "Blueprint" approach- Donors
Donors vs. the Learning Process
The Blue Print problem and Project Management
Blue Prints- Six Perspectives
Blueprint Planning Requires Broad Consensus within Society
The Blueprint Approach-1Identification of available resources and setting of financial priorities
Need to distinguish incremental budgeting from capital or development budgets
Capital or Development Budgets are one time investments
Key: Built-in (sunken) costs and problem of maintenance and recurrent implications
The Blueprint Approach-2
Defined by a series of steps:
Identification of or selection of appropriate means (Funding)
Formulation of specific activities
Provision for plan's implementation
Blue Print-3
Secure coordinated action and cooperation
especially in problem of communications
Seek funding for projects Make Go/No Go Decision
Implementation:
Monitoring and Evaluation
Location, Location, Location-4
Location of planning Center: Manager of the Blueprints
Ultimately a political question- Central Control
President or Prime Minister’s Office Ministry of Finance and
Development Planning
Location, Location, Location-5
Location of planning Center: Manager of the Blueprints Separate Departments or
Commissions for Development and Planning Exercises
Depends upon International Technical Assistance
Private or NGO Contractor Regional and local government Social Funds
Location, Location, Location-6
Location of planning Center: Manager of the Blueprint
Use and overuse of inter-departmental committees
Afghanistan, 2005- Office of President
Central to Project
Or The Concept of the Pork Barrel
Intermission
Ten Minute Break
Development Planning: Origins
Prologue: The European and Colonial Origins of Planning
Soviet Union--New Economic Period in the 1920s and the use of the five-year plan
British India--1930s. National planning and industrialization
Development Planning
GOALS
Prologue: Planning (Cont.)
Eastern vs. Western Europe after WWII
Britain in the 1950s--Labour Party flirts with plans
Two varieties: Command vs. Keynesianism
John Maynard Keynes, (1883-1946)
Extreme Planning: Command Economies
Soviet Union Under Stalin
Mao’s China
Albania before 1989
Cuba
North Korea
Symbols of Industrialization
Development Planning: An Overview- Four Themes
Planning Defined
Planning Goals
Anti-Planning
Post-Planning
Definitions of Development Planning: Government Function
Development planners and development administrators are action-oriented and goal-oriented civil servants striving to promote economic and social development
Definitions of Development Planning
Development planning is the setting of priorities for the use of scarce resources
Goals of Development Planning
Foster economic growth
Strengthen human and organizational capacities
Plan and develop physical infrastructure (roads, dams, railways, buildings, etc.)
Goals of Development Planning, continued
Promotion of greater equality in distribution of opportunities
Provide framework for wider participation in the economic system
Support social capital development in the form of stronger families, communities, interest associations and grass-root institutions
Social Capital?
Development Planning as a Process
Goal is to change societal behavior:
At the center: original goal planning the National Plan
monitoring and managing the economy
includes setting targets and achievement of goals
Russian FiveYear Plan
Development Planning and Organization
At the center, overall goals are set through National Plan (the wish list) and through monitoring and “managing” the economy
planners set targets and measure goals
Key emphasis placed on local government authorities, extension services, and district administrations for service delivery
Integrated Rural Development Schemes
Rural Planning in Bangladesh
Development Planning: Local Level In regions and districts, planner has a
coordination responsibility that includes in some cases social mobilization (Forced Labor?)
At regional and local level, goals are regional planning, coordination and mobilization
Overall--government agents or their contractors act as change agents, and provide “stimulus” to society
Forced Labour Convention ILO Poster
Controversy over the nature of planning
Cadre of Economists, budget specialists and project analysts
Informal ties with planner/economists in other ministries and Departments
Special issue of foreign international expatriate planners
Planning as shopping list for donors (pork barrel projects)
Politicos emphasis on physical planning infrastructure--problem of maintenance
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and Carlos Fuentes
Discussion: Case Studies of the Week
Carlos Fuentes, “The Cost of Living”
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, “The Interview”
Kushwant Singh
1950s Contemporary
Kurban Said- The Controversy
Lev Nussimbaum (Baku, 1905- (Positano, 1942) was a prolific writer, journalist and orientalist, an Azerbaijani Jew from Baku, who successfully reinvented himself as a Muslim prince.
Books of the Week Kushwant Singh, Train to Pakistan
Kurban Said, Ali and Nino
1. What do these books warn us about?
2. What are the strengths and weaknesses?
3. What do they tell us about development issues?
Discussion
Discussion- Next Week
What Does the Reading (Thus Far) Tell Us About Development Policy and Management?
John Seitz
Michael Edwards
John Rapley
Next Week Phd : What Is Worth Reading?
Goran Hyden, No Shortcuts to Progress
Jennifer M. Brinkerhoff, Partnership for International Development
Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development
Author of the Week: Arturo Escobar
What Does Escobar say about the concepts Development Economics and Planning?
How does he "Deconstruct" development?
What does that mean?
Question of Next Week: PhD level
"What Is To Be Done?" according to Escobar.