development of the world wide web

Development of the World Wide Web (WWW) The World Wide Web (or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, as e-mail does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web. 1979–1991: Development of the World Wide Web - 1980. Tim Berners-Lee, an independent contractor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN ), Switzerland, bui lt ENQUIR E, as a per sonal database of people and software models, but also as a way to play with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page. - 1984. Berners-Lee wrote a proposal in March 1989 for "a large hypertext database with typed links", but it generated little interest. His boss, Mike Sendall, encouraged Berners- Le e to be gi n impl ement ing his system on a newly ac qui re d NeXT workst ation. He conside red several names, including Infor mation Mesh, The Informatio n Mine (turned down as it abbreviates to TIM, the WWW's creator's name) or Mine of Information (turned down because it abbreviates to MOI which is "Me" in French), but settl ed on World Wide Web. - 1990. Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a Web editor), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the first web server (http://info.cern.ch), and the fir st We b pa ge s tha t de sc ri bed the pr oje ct it se lf . The br owser cou ld access Us ene t news gro ups and FTP file s as well. Howev er, it coul d run only on the NeXT; Nicola Pellow, therefore, created a simple text browser that could run on almost any computer called the Line Mode Browser. - August 6, 1991. Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet. 1992–1995: Growth of the WWW In keeping with its birth at CERN, early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily univ ersity-based scie nti fic departmen ts or phy sic s laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then- pop ula r Gop her pro toc ol, whi ch pro vide d acc ess to cont ent thro ugh hype rtext men us presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. - April 1992. With the release of Erwise, an application developed at Helsinki University of Technology, and in May by Viola WWW, created by Pei-Yuan Wei, which included advanced features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation. Early browsers

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Page 1: Development of the World Wide Web

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- November 1992. The NCSA at the University of Illinois (UIUC) established a website.

December 1992. Andreessen and Eric Bina, students attending UIUC and working at the

NCSA, began work on Mosaic. They released an X Window browser in February 1993.

- 1993. The first Microsoft Windows browser was Cello, written by Thomas R. Bruce for

the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School to provide legal information, since

more lawyers had more access to Windows than to Unix.

- 1994. The browser was developed further as Netscape Navigator.

Web organization

- In May 1994 the first International WWW Conference, organized by Robert Cailliau,was held at CERN; the conference has been held every year since.

- In September 1994, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with support from the Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the European Commission. The W3C decidedthat their standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be easily adopted

by anyone.- By the end of 1994, while the total number of websites was still minute compared to

present standards, quite a number of notable websites were already active, many of whomare the precursors or inspiring examples of today's most popular services.

1996–1998: Commercialization of the WWW

- By 1996 it became obvious to most publicly traded companies that a public Web presence

was no longer optional. Though at first people saw mainly the possibilities of free

publishing and instant worldwide information, increasing familiarity with two-waycommunication over the "Web" led to the possibility of direct Web-based commerce (e-

commerce) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. More dotcoms,

displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web.

1999–2001: "Dot-com" boom and bust

- In 2001 the bubble burst, and many dot-com startups went out of business after burning

through their venture capital and failing to become profitable.

- 2002–present: The Web becomes ubiquitous

In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble, telecommunications companies had a great deal of

overcapacity as many Internet business clients went bust. During this time, a handful of companies found success developing business models that helped make the World Wide

Web a more compelling experience. These include airline booking sites, Google's search

engine and its profitable approach to simplified, keyword-based advertising, as well asebay's do-it-yourself auction site and Amazon.com's online department store.

This new era also begot social networking websites, such as MySpace and Facebook ,

which, though unpopular at first, very rapidly gained acceptance in becoming a major part

of youth culture.

Web 2.0