development of industries for ppt

8/7/2019 Development of Industries for Ppt

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Development of Industries

Textiles:-

Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts ofGreat

Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animalbased economy towards machine-

based manufacturing.

the textile industries

the development ofiron-making techniques

the increased use of refined coal.

canals

roads and railways

The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th

century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continuIndustrialization.

The only surviving example of a Spinning Mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton.

In the textile sector, such mills became the model for the organisation of human labour in

factories, epitomised by Cottonopolis, the name given to the vast collection ofcotton

mills, factories and administration offices based in Manchester.

The spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution.

The major steps in the manufacture of textiles and clothes are:

1. first to harvest and clean the fiber or wool

2. second, to card it and spin it into threads

3. third, to weave the threads into cloth

4. and, finally to fashion and sew the cloth into clothes.
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Flying shuttle

Cotton gave stronger fibers

Invention of Spinning Jenny

Demand for skilled weavers

Mechanical looms (flying shuttle)

Jacquard looms

Richard Arkwright 1771 Invents the spinning water frame

Constructs the first spinning factory

Realized that several machines could be linked to create a factory Needed water power to turn the machines (water wheel expert)

Needed gears (watchmaker)

The creation of the first spinning factory was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

The major inventions of the Industrial Revolution - American - British and European -

the Industrial Revolution was defined the widespread replacement of manual labor bynew inventions or machinery.


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Metallurgy:-

Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801.

The Reverberatory Furnace could produce wrought iron using mined coal. The burning

coal remained separate from the iron ore and so did not contaminate the iron with

impurities like sulphur. This opened the way to increased iron production.

The major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution wasthe replacement of organic fuels based on wood with fossil fuelbased on coal. Thistechnology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copperfrom 1687.

Since iron was becoming cheaper and more plentiful, it also became a major structural

material following the building of the innovative The Iron Bridgein 1778 by AbrahamDarby III., Shropshire, England.

The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided the development of boilers and steam engines,and eventually railways. Improvements inmachine tools allowed better working of iron

and steel and further boosted the industrial growth of Britain.

Puddling (metallurgy):-

Schematic drawing of a puddling furnace.
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Puddling was one of several processes developed in the second half of the 18th century in

Great Britain for producing bar iron from pig iron without the use of charcoal. It

gradually replaced the earlier charcoal-fuelled process.

Puddling was an Industrial Revolution means of making iron and steel. In the original

puddling technique, molten iron in a reverberatory furnace was stirred with rods, whichwere consumed in the process. Later, it was also used to produce a good-quality steel

with the correct amount ofcarbon; this was a highly skilled art, but both high-carbon andlow-carbon steels were successfully produced on a small scale, particularly forswords,

knives and otherweapons.

Mechanical and civil engineering:-

Watt steam engine, the steam engine fuelled primarily by coal that propelled theIndustrial Revolution in Great Britain and the world.

Steam power The improved steam engine invented by James Watt and patented

in 1775 was initially mainly used for pumping out mines, but from the 1780s was

applied to power machines. This enabled rapid development of efficient semi-automated factories on a previously unimaginable scale in places w

waterpowerwas not available.

The 1698 Savery Engine the world's first engine built by Thomas Savery

The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the

Industrial Revolution; however, for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution, the

majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse and man-power for driving small machines.
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The first real attempt at industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in

1698. He constructed and patented in London a low-lift combined vacuum and

pressure water pump, that generated about onehorsepower (hp) and was usedas in numerous water works and tried in a few mines (hence its "brand name",

The miner's Friend), but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping

height and prone to boiler explosions.

The development ofmachine tools, such as the lathe, planing and shaping machinespowered by these engines, enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and

accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines.

This allowed an engine and boiler to be combined into a single unit compact enough to be

used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats.

In the early 19th century after the expiration of Watt's patent, the steam engine underwent

many improvements by a host of inventors and engineers.

Railways:-

Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were

often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal.

Steam-hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825

and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830. Construction of major railways

connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum atthe very end of the first Industrial Revolution.

After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rurallifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories.

Railways helped Britain's trade enormously, providing a quick and easy way of transport

and an easy way to transport mail and news.
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The railroads, built during the 1830s and 1840s:

Enabled people to leave the place of their birth and migrate easily to the

cities.

Allowed cheaper and more rapid transport of raw materials and finished

products.

Created an increased demand for iron and steel and a skilled labor force.

Canals:-

Canals began to be built in the late eighteenth century to link the major manufacturing

centres in the Midlands and north with seaports and with London, at that time itself the

largest manufacturing centre in the country. Canals were the first technology to allowbulk materials to be easily transported across country. A single canal horse could pull a

load dozens of times larger than a cart at a faster pace. By the 1820s, a national network

was in existence. Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methodslater used to construct the railways. They were eventually largely superseded as

profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840.

Britain's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most

enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain.

Chemicals:-

The Thames Tunnel (opened 1843) Cement was used in the world's first underwater

tunnel.

The large scale production ofchemicals was an important development during the

Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production ofsulphuric acid by the lead

chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck(James Watt's first partner)

in 1746. He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the

relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger, less expensive chambersmade ofriveted sheets oflead. Instead of making a small amount each time, he was able

to make around 100 pounds (50 kg) in each of the chambers, at least a tenfold increase.

These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host

of other inventions, replacing many small-scale operations with more cost-effective and

controllable processes. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and
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paper industries. Early uses for sulphuric acid included pickling (removing rust) iron and

steel, and forbleaching cloth.

In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayerturned builder, patented a chemical processfor making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades.

clayandlimestone to about 1,400 C (2,552 F),

mixed with water, sand and gravel

to produce concrete.

Agricultural Revolution:-

The agricultural revolution was a period of agricultural development between the 18th

century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase inagricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology. Listed below aremany of the inventions that were created or greatly improved during the agricultural

revolution.

Plow & Moldboard :- By definition a plow (also spelled plough) is a farm tool with one

or more heavy blades that breaks the soil and cut a furrow (small ditch) for sowing seeds.A moldboard is the wedge formed by the curved part of a steel plow blade that turns the

furrow.

Seed Drills :- Seed drills sow seeds, before drills were invented seeding was done by

hand. The basic ideas in drills for seeding small grains were successfully developed in

Great Britain, and many British drills were sold in the United States before one wasmanufactured in the States. American manufacture of these drills began about 1840. Seed

planters for corn came somewhat later, as machines to plant wheat successfully were

unsuited for corn planting. In 1701, Jethro Tull invented his seed drill and is perhaps the

best known inventor of a mechanical planter.

Machines That Harvest - Sickles, Reapers, & Harvesters :- By definition a sickle is a

curved, hand-held agricultural tool used for harvesting grain crops. Horse drawn

mechanical reapers later replaced sickles for harvesting grains. Reapers developed intoand was replaced by the reaper-binder (cuts grain and binds it in sheaves), which was in

turn was replaced by the swather and then the combine harvester. The combine harvester

is a machine that heads, threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field.

Military Technology :-

Technology during World War I reflected a trend toward industrialism and the

application ofmass production methods to weapons and to the technology of warfare in

general. This trend began fifty years prior to World War I during the U.S. Civil War, andcontinued through many smaller conflicts in which new weapons were tested.
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August 1914 marked the end of a relatively peaceful century in Europ

unprecedented invention and new science. The 19th century vision of a peaceful future

fed by ever-increasing prosperity through technology was largely shattered by the warand, after the technological escalation during World War II, it was apparent that whatever

the gains in prosperity and comfort due to technology applied to civilian uses, these

benefits would always be under the shadow of the horrors of technology applied towarfare.

Command and control

In the early days of the war, generals tried to direct tactics from headquarters many miles

from the front, with messages being carried back and forth by couriers on motorcycles. It

was soon realized that more immediate methods of communication were needed.

Radio sets of the period were too heavy to carry into battle, and phone lines laid were

quickly broken.

There were also aircraft (called "contact patrols") that could carry messages betweenheadquarters and forward positions, sometimes dropping their messages without landing.

Electronics, communications and intelligence

Digital electronics, particularly, were also given a massive boost by war-related research.The pressing need for numerous time-critical calculations for various projects like code-
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breaking and ballistics tables accentuated the need for the development of electronic

computer technology.

New medicines

One of the most dramatic single medical advances was probably the wide spread use ofpenicillin to treat.

Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear

reactions, eitherfission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vastquantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear

weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosioncomparable to the detonation of more than a billion kilograms of conventional highexplosive.

Thus, even single small nuclear devices no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an

entire city by blast, fire and radiation. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass

destruction, and their use and control has been a major focus ofinternational relationspolicy since their debut.

Disarmament

Beginning with the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty and continuing through the 1996Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, there have been many treaties to limit or reduce nuclearweapons testing and stockpiles. The 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty has as one of

its explicit conditions that all signatories must "pursue negotiations in good faith"

towards the long-term goal of "complete disarmament". However, no nuclear state hastreated that aspect of the agreement as having binding force.
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Nuclear poweris produced by controlled (i.e., non-explosive)nuclear reactions.

Commercial and utility plants currently use nuclear fission reactions to heat water to

produce steam, which is then used to generate electricity.

Technology during World War II played a crucial role in determining the outcome of

the greatest war of all. Much of it had begun development during the interwar years ofthe 1920s and 1930s, some was developed in response to lessons learned during the war,

and yet more was only beginning to be developed as the war ended. The massive researchand development demands of the war had a great impact on the scientific community.

Given the scope of the war and the rapid technological escalation which happened during

the war, a vast array of technology was employed, as different nations and different unitsfound themselves equipped with different levels of technology. Military technology

developments spanned across all areas of industry. After the war ended,

developments led to new sciences like cybernetics.

Areas of technology

Almost all types of technology were utilized, although main areas of technology whichsaw major developments were:

Weaponry; including ships, vehicles, aircraft, artillery, rocketry, small arms, and

biological, chemical and atomic weapons.

Logistical support; including vehicles necessary for transporting soldiers andsupplies, such as trains, trucks, and aircraft.

Communications and intelligence; including devices used for navigation,

communication, remote sensing and espionage.

Medicine; including surgical innovations, chemical medicines, and techniques

Industry; including the technologies employed at factories andproduction/distribution centers.

Conclusion:-

The Industrial Revolution was built on rapid advances in technology,

"Technology comprises all that bewilderingly varied body of knowledge and devices by

which man progressively masters his natural environment..."
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Development

of

Industries


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development of industries for ppt

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