Development Dilemnas

Year 11 revision

Key termsKey term Definition

Appropriate technology

Equipment that the local community is able to use easily and without much cost e.g. A water pump

Bottom up approach

Where development comes from the local community. This is because they can decide what best suits their needs e.g. A water pump for clean water or solar panels to provide electricity for the village.

BRICS The worlds 5 major developing economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa

Core region This is the centre of economic activity. It’s where the majority of jobs are and where the infrastructure is best. In India this place is Mumbai.

Dependency theory

The idea that something (e.g. a country or region) is only able to survive with outside support e.g. From another region or country.

Disparity When there is variation in the distribution of wealth e.g. There is disparity between the urban core and rural periphery.

Key termsKey term Definition

Environment impact

How something effects the environment e.g. Large hydro-electric dams cause flooding and can interfere with wildlife such as migrating fish.

Development indicator

These are factors that determine how developed a country is e.g. Life expectancy, access to clean water and GDP.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

This is the total value of goods and services within a country.

Gross National Income (GNI)

This is the total value of goods and services within a country.

Happy Planet Index (HPI)

A measure of a countries wellbeing i.e. How happy and content people are, based upon social and environmental indicators like access to clean water, ecological footprint and life expectancy.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZPYI8BfnBs#t=14

Key termsKey term DefinitionHydro-electric power (HEP)

When electricity is generated by water flowing over a turbine, which spins and generates electricity. Usually present in dams (Hydro-Electric Dam)

Human Development Index (HDI)

A development indicator based on four economic and social development indicators that allows comparisons between countries. Indicators include GDP, poverty line, access to clean water, adult literacy and life expectancy

Micro-hydro schemes

Small scale hydro-electric power (HEP) schemes that generate electricity locally.

Millennium Development Goals

The development goals agreed by world governments at the UN summit in September 2000 e.g. Halting the spread of HIV.

Rural periphery Impacts caused indirectly by the volcano/earthquake, for example ‘a knock on effect’ e.g. Fires caused by broken gas pipes.

Urban core The way and which people react to a situation.

Poverty cycle Help and aid provided to an area to prevent immediate loss of life because of shortages of basics, such as water, food and shelter.

Key termsKey term Definition

Multiplier effect How investment and job creation in turn creates more jobs , because people earn money and spend it, creating new businesses, which in turn create more new jobs.

Rostow model The theory that countries pass through 5 stages of development. 1. Traditional society 2. Pre-Take Off Society 3. Take off Stage 4. Drive to Maturity 5. High Mass Consumption

Top-down approach

When development is initiated by people from the top i.e. Government and big business e.g. In the form of large hydro-electric dams such as the Katse Dam in Lesotho.

Sustainable development

Development that takes into account the needs of people (social), the needs of the environment and the economy (money & jobs)

Development Indicators. These are ways of measuring a countries level ofdevelopment. The development indicator is in bold and an example of howit can be used is written next to it.

1. HDI (Human Development Index) a indicator that used a combination of GDP, life expectancy and adult literacy.

2. % with access to clean water: Do people have access to clean water?

3. GDP per capita: What is the average earnings in a country? (Draw back; it does not show the wealth distribution within a country, so all the wealth could be in the hands of a few people)

4. Number of doctors per 1000: Do people have access to doctors?

5. Daily calorie consumption: Do people get enough food?

6. Adult literacy rate: Can people read and write by their 16th birthday

7. What is the average life expectancy? Living on average to 80 8.9. % with access to clean water: Do people have access to clean water?

The Brandt line. This shows the development gap. The gap in wealth between the worlds richest and poorest countries. However, is this still relevant? Are there exceptions? E.g. South Korea is South of the Brandt line, however has a higher GDP than many Eastern European countries and Chile and Argentina and have a higher life expectancy than Russia.

Named example – Malawi. Why is it underdeveloped?

Malawi is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.Life expectancy: 54Access to clean water: 65%Literacy rate: 62.7%GDP per capita: $300

Reason 1:Malawi is landlocked. This means it has no access to the sea, which reduces it’s ability to export and import goods cheaply. This makes goods from Malawi expensive and uncompetitive so other countries often cannot afford to buy them.

Reason 2:Malawi has high levels of disease e.g. HIV and Malaria. This stops

people from working and earning money. It also means people end up

spending large sums of money on medicines and funerals which

pushes them further into debt.Diseases also create orphans and orphans have to work to support

themselves instead of going to school to get educated. This keeps

them trapped in poverty.

Reason 3:Unfair trade rules. Malawi is stuck selling unroasted coffee beans instead of roasted coffee beans or processed coffee. This is because Western countries place huge tariffs (taxes) on their finished goods, making them more expensive to sell and too expensive to buy. This is to protect the coffee manufacturers in countries like the UK.

Rostow Theory

You should know what this is and be able to explain each stage of development. You should also be ableto give examples of where a range of different countries fit onto it, with some justification.

The two diagrams above show the characteristics of each stage of Rostows theory of development.

Where would the countries in the above table fit into the model? Could you justify your answer?

Country GDP Literacy rate Doctors per 1000

% working in farming

% working in manufacturing

Australia 40,800 99 2991 3.6 21.1

Mali 1100 31 49 80.0 V.Few

Chile 17,400 96 1090 13.2 23.0

Sri Lanka 5700 8.3 91 492 32.7

Franks dependency theory

A chap called Frank had another theory about how some countries developed.

Frank said........• The development of the rich world was achieved by exploitation of the developing world. The

diagram to the right very simply shows how resources are moving from the periphery (developing) to the core (developed).

• That developing countries moved into production of cash crops (coffee, tea, cocoa) which meant that they were no longer subsistent and actually dependent on developed countries for food imports and food aid.

• That the development of many countries were slowed or stopped by the arrival of colonists. He points out that many countries were richer before colonisation than after.

Named example – Urban core, Mumbai in Maharashtra, India. Why is it so successful and what happens there?

Mumbai: Population 18 millionGDP: over 2 million rupeesLocation: West coast of India in the state of Maharashtra

Reason 1:Mumbai is on the coast so has always been a major centre for trade (import & export). This has generated jobs and money for the region. This in turn has lead to a multiplier effect which attracted investment, improved infrastructure and therefore attracted other industries to move into the city. These in turn created more jobs and wealth.

Reason 2:Mumbai is the centre of the Indian entertainment industry known as Bollywood. This employs thousands of people and generates huge taxes that get used to support the local area. The wealthy actors also create a demand for high end luxury goods such as cars, designer clothes and large homes.

Reason 3:Mumbai is a centre for clothes manufacturing, an industry which employs thousands of people.The government in Mumbai has also offered tax-breaks to large TNC’s to attract them to base themselves in the city. Many banks and telecommunications companies such as BT have offices in Mumbai

Multiplier effect

Named example – Rural periphery, Bihar India. Why is it so poor and what happens there?

Bihar:50% of people live below the poverty line.86% of people live in rural areas and work in low skilled / low paid jobs.Location: North East India.

Reason 1:Most people are subsistence farmers. This is because they do not own enough land to grow enough crops to be able to sell. This means they never make any money, further trapping them in poverty.

Reason 3:The area attracts very little outside investment from business and as a result job creation is low. This also means few taxes are paid so there is little infrastructure built, which in turn puts off business from locating there.

Reason 2:School attendance is poor. In some areas only 35% of children attend school and only 2% of children reach Y12. The literacy rate is 47%. This makes for an un-educated population that are stuck in low skilled and low paid jobs.

Women are particularly poor in Bihar and literacy rates amongst women are as low as 33%. Many marry very early, often have lots of children and then work in low paid jobs.

Cycle of poverty

Subsistence agriculture

No surplus farm

produce

Little or no income

No investment

in land, machinery or

materials.

Top down vs Bottom up approaches to development.

• There are two approaches to development and you should know the pros and cons of both. You should be able to give examples of both, but only a named example of top-down.

Bottom up development is a form of development that is small scale, is cheap and easy to fix and maintain and sustainable because it benefits poor local communities and has little environmental impact. Examples of bottom up. development are often known as appropriate technology e.g. a water pump in a rural village.

Provides clean water& improves

health

saves timecollecting

Water so benefits women and

children

Easy to use, cheap to

fix & maintain

More people goto school or

work becausethey are healthy

Empowers local communitiesand gives them a sense of pride,

as they have a say in howtheir village is run

A water pump

Katse Dam – Top Down developmentLesotho could sell their water to South Africa for £35 million p/year. They could re-invest this money in better schools and hospitals.

The dam also provided HEP (hydro-electric power) which could be used to power industry and help with development.

Thousands of jobs were created during the construction of the dam, benefitting many local people.

Infrastructure improved around the dam i.e. Better roads were built and phone lines were installed locally.

Lesotho could sell their water to South Africa for £35 million p/year. They could re-invest this money in better schools and hospitals.

South Africa had to borrow money to pay for the construction of the dam. This created debts that had to be paid with interest.

Peoples water bills increased, particularly for some of the poorer people in the townships.

Lots of water was lost on route to south Africa due to leaking pipes. This was an expensive waste.

Wildlife such as migrating fish and important wetland habitats were effected as the flow of rivers from the dam was affected.

Past Development Dilemmas Questions1. Other than income, identify two ways the level of development can be measured in a country. (2)2. What is meant by the term global development gap? (1)3. Identify two barriers to development some developing countries face and explain the problems they cause (4)

4. Explain why coastal regions, such as those in China, are often more economically developed than inland regions. (2)5. Suggest two reasons why some parts of a country are richer than others. (2)6. Suggest two reasons why urban incomes are often higher than rural incomes. (2)7. Explain why levels of development are often very low in rural areas in developing countries (4)8. Examine why levels of development vary between rural and urban areas in the developing world (6)

9. Identify one characteristic of top-down development projects. (1)10. Describe how a dam could help Ghana develop. (2)

11. Describe the impact of top-down development projects on two different groups of people. (2)12. Explain how a dam could have negative impacts on some people in Ghana. (2)13. Suggest TWO reasons why top-down projects have been criticised. (2)14. Using named examples, explain how bottom-up schemes meet the needs of developing countries, and how successful these have been. (6)15. Using examples, explain how bottom-up schemes have benefited developing countries. (6)

16. For a named developing country, explain why ‘bottom-up’ development projects have both advantages and disadvantages. (6)17. Using a named example, explain the impact of one ‘top-down’ project on different groups of people. (6)

18. Using examples, explain why top-down development schemes are sometimes seen as being inappropriate. (6)

19. Using examples, compare the success of bottom-up and top-down development projects. (6)20. For a named developing country, explain the differences between the urban cores and the rural periphery. (6)