development and functional anatomy of the urogenital...
TRANSCRIPT
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DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONAL
ANATOMY of the UROGENITAL
APPARATUS
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Urogenital System (apparatus urogenitalis) :
urinary organs (organa uropoetica)
the genitals (organa genitalia).
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The urinary system consists of
• 2 kidney
• 2 ureter
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra
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kidney function
• Filtration of blood plasma
• Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
• production of renin
• production of erythropoietin
• Regulation of acid-base balance
• Participation in vitamin D metabolism
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Topography of kidney
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Topography of kidney
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Fixing apparatus of kidney
• intra-abdominal pressure
• renal bed
• Renal crus
• Kidney coats
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renal bed
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kidney fascia
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Renal crus
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The internal structure of kidney
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Segments of kidney
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The internal structure of kidney
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Lobulus corticalis
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kidney blood supply
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kidney blood supply
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Structure of nephron
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Peculiarities of the blood supply of
the kidneys • Arterial "miracle" kidney network
• The secondary capillary network
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The formation of urine includes:
• Filtration in the body of the nephron
• Reabsorption in the tubules of the nephron (regulated by ADH)
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Microscopic structure of kidney • Juxtaglomerular apparatus - is involved in the regulation of
blood pressure, juxtaglomerular cells produce renin
- Located close to the glomerulus, in the wall of the afferent and efferent arterioles at the endothelium,
- is involved in the regulation of blood flow and urine formation in the kidneys,
- it affects the overall hemodynamics and water-salt metabolism.
- Secrete renin, which catalyzes the formation of the angiotensin, aldosterone in the adrenal glands and antidiuretic hormone in the hypothalamus.
- Is composed of three main parts - macula densa, juxtaglomerular and juxtavascular cells).
• Macula densa - part of the wall of the ascending part of the loop of
the nephron, cells are chemoreceptors.
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Juxtamedullary nephrons (10-15%),
- their glomeruli are located at the border of the cortex
and medulla kidney,
- efferent arterioles are wider then afferent,
- loops of Henle are the longest and descend almost to
the top of the papilla of the pyramids.
- Efferent arterioles form a straight descending and
ascending capillary vessels, reaching deep medulla
parallel loops of Henle.
Juxtamedullary nephrons play a leading role in the
processes of concentration and dilution of urine.
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renal pelvis and kidney cups
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Kidney Development Stages
• Pronephros (head kidney) pronephros - 3rd
week
• Primary kidney (trunk) mesonephros - 4-8
weeks
• Final kidney (pelviс) metanephros
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development of kidney
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development of kidney
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Branching of the ureteral outgrowth of
mezonefral duct - forming urinary tract
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metanephros
of TISSUE of mesonephric duct OF METANEFRIC TISSUE
- Collecting ducts
- Papillary ducts
- Renal calices
- Pelvis
- Ureter
• Capsule of renal corpuscles
• - Loop of Henle
• - Convoluted departments of tubules
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CLASSIFICATION OF KIDNEY
ANOMALIES
• 1. SHAPE anomaly
• 2. POSITION anomaly
• 3. NUMBER anomaly
• 4. COMBINED anomaly
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SHAPE
anomaly
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Anomalies of the urinary system
• kidney aplasia
• kidney hypoplasia
• Ectopic kidney
• horseshoe kidney
• S- shaped kidney
• Additional renal arteries
• The doubling of the urinary tract (renal pelvis, ureter)
• Congenital polycystic kidney disease
• Lobed (Bear) kidney
• Bladder exstrophy
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Ureteric Anomalies
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Ureteric Anomalies
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newborn kidney
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The bladder develops from
• Urogenital sinus,
• the surrounding mesenchyme of allantois and
• caudal parts of mezonephral ducts.
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the bladder and the peritoneum
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the ratio of the bladder to the peritoneum
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Bladder exstrophy
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The topography and structure of
the uterus
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The topography of the uterus and its
ligaments
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Fixing uterine apparatus
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The topography of the small pelvis
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Mail genitals
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Shell of the spermatic cord and the
testicle
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development of internal male genital organs
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development of internal male genital organs
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development of internal male genital organs
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Urogenital derivatives
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abnormalities of the uterus
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Derivatives of mesonephric duct
men
-the epididymal duct – deferens duct
-ejaculatory duct
-the seminal vesicles
• Women
• epoophoron
• paroophoron
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Anomalies of development of male
sex organs • hydrocele testis
• Hydrocele of the spermatic cord
• Cryptorchism (3%) unilateral and bilateral
• Ectopic testis
• Hypospadias
• epispadias
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Anomalies of the testes Anomalies of number: • Monorchism - absence of one testicle
• Anorchia - absence of both testes
• Poliorchizm - the presence of three or more testes
Anomalies of the structure: • Hypoplasia of one or both testicles
Anomalies of position: • Cryptorchism – delay descent of testes (abdominal and inguinal)
• Ectopic testis - Testicular deflection on the way into the scrotum after leaving of the inguinal canal (under the thigh skin, inguinal region, perineum, the opposite side of the scrotum)
• Hydrocele – no obliteration of processus vaginalis of the peritoneum
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Ectopic testis
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Anomalies of the external male genitals
• Hypospadias - no back wall of the urethra in its distal parts.
• Epispadias - the splitting of the front wall of the urethra.
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Hypospadias
and
epispadias