developing student researchers part 4 dr. gene and ms. tarfa al- naimi research skills development...

Developing Student Researchers

Part 4

Dr. Gene and Ms. Tarfa Al-Naimi

Research Skills Development UnitEducation Institute

Research Skills Development Unit

Enquiry Cycle

1. Getting Ideas and Motivating Students

3. Collecting and Analyzing

2. Defining and

Shaping Ideas

4. Reporting and

Sharing Ideas


The goal of this session:

To know the resource of qualitative data and quantitative data

To know how to analyze quantitative and qualitative data

To know how to report research

To know different type of reports


Qualitative Data

Information in the form of words rather than numbers.


Sources of Qualitative Data

Information are collected from• Video.• Audio recording• Field observation• Reports.• interviews• survey comments • historical records• photos, paintings, songs


Types of Qualitative Data

• Structured text, (writings, stories, survey comments, news articles, books etc)

• Unstructured text (transcription, interviews, focus groups, conversation)

• Audio recordings, as above, music • Visual displays, as above (graphics, art, pictures,

video)


Quantitative data analysis


• So now you have collected your raw data,. How do you go from piles of raw data to summaries that can help you analyze your data and support your conclusions?

• Tally Chart: a table that uses tally marks to record data, it shows you how many time each value occurred


Favorite School Lunches

Hamburger

Pizza

Salad

Hotdog


Two types of descriptive statistics that are generally most useful:

• summaries that calculate the "middle" or "average" of your data; these are called measures of central tendency, and

• summaries that indicate the "spread" of the raw measurements around the average, called measures of dispersion.


Measures of Central Tendency• Mean: The mean is the arithmetic average.

• Median: The median is the middle value.

• Mode: The mode is the value that occurs most often.


Example:

• Number of people living in each of nine three bed-room houses:

3 5 1 3 7 5 5 5 2

Mean= 3+5+1+3+7+5+5+5+2 = 36/9=4 Median comes halfway between 1and 7.Values in ascending order: 1 2 3 3 5 5 5 5 7 So the median = 5The mode is the value that occurs most often.So the mode = 5


Symmetric Data and Skewed Data


Mean, Median, or Mode: Which Measure Should I Use?

What are you trying to describe?What does your data look like?


Mode:

• This measure of central tendency is the only one appropriate for nominal data.

• Example: What is your favorite football team? Alsaad - Alrayaan - Aletihad


Mode:


Median:


Mean:• Used when data is Symmetric.


Mean:


Measures of Dispersion: Variance and Standard Deviation • Another important type of quantitative analysis is to look at

how measurements "spread out." For example, if a research group took a test, did everyone get scores that are bunched up near the middle or average of the group, or did some people get really high or really low scores, making the distribution more spread out? We call this "spreading out" of scores variability.


Variance and Standard Deviation

• There are two common measures of variability – variance and standard deviation. There are formulas for calculating these statistics. Computer programs can be used to do the calculations quickly and easily..


Normal Curve A normal distribution is a very

important statistical data distribution pattern occurring in many natural phenomena, such as height, blood pressure, lengths of objects produced by machines, etc. Certain data, when graphed as a histogram (data on the horizontal axis, amount of data on the vertical axis), creates a bell-shaped curve known as a normal curve, or normal distribution.


Standard Deviation

The rule statesApproximately 68% of the values will lie within one standard deviation of the mean Approximately 95% of the values will lie within two standard deviations of the mean Approximately 99.7% of the values will lie within three standard deviations of the mean


Example:• Two groups (A and B) of students took the same test.• The test was out of 20• The average for group A was 12 and the standard

deviation 1• The average for group B was also 12 but the standard

deviation was 2

Are they the same ?!


95.5% of Students in Group A are between 10 and 14

While

95.5% of Students in Group B are between8 and 16


Let’s Practice


Reporting Research

• What should the report include?

• How should the information be reported?


Contents of a Research Report

• Title (the title of the research).• Introduction (background information).• Review of literature (what others have done).• Aims and purposes (what I intend to do).• Methods and materials (how I will do it).• Results (findings; what I found out).• Discussion and conclusions (what does it all mean)• References (list of sources I consulted).


Contents of a Research Report

• Adjust the contents to suite the age/grade levelFor young children, simply the contents

• Title• Purpose• Method• Findings• Discussion

For older children, require complete contents


Research Report Writing Frame• See Lesson 12, Reporting Research, for a Research

Report Writing Frame• Use as a guide to students• Gives them a structure to follow


Methods of Reporting Research

Traditional, formal written report

Advantages:• Prepares students for university• Teaches scholarship and discipline• Teaches reading and writing skillsDisadvantages:• Students may lack language skills• May appear dull and boring to students• ??


Methods of Reporting Research

Multimedia Report (includes text, photos, music, audio, video)

Advantages:• More interesting and engaging for some students• Less dependent on language (good for ESL students)• Increases the ways to “tell the story”Disadvantages:• Students must learn how to use the multimedia tools• May not be as thorough as a written report


Alternative Ways of Reporting Research• Oral presentation with PPT• Create a Website• Write an article for a local newspaper• Write and present a play• Stage an exhibition• Design a portfolio


Digital Tools for Sharing and Communicating• Writing research reports online• Photo presentations• Video presentations• Audio presentations• Bogs and Websites


Writing a research report onlineGoogle Docs Arabic and

English!


Photo presentationsMS Photo Story 3 for Windows


Photo presentationsSlideshare www.slideshare.net


Video presentationsChewTV www.chewtv.com


Video presentationsWindows Movie Maker 2.1


Video presentationsAnimoto http://education.animoto.com


Audio editing and presentingAudacity http://audacity.sourceforge.net


Audio Podcastswww.ipodined.org


Blogs and WebsitesTumblr www.tumblr.com


Blogs and WebsitesBlogger www.blogger.com


Blogs and WebsitesPiczo www.piczo.com


Thank you for listening!

If you have questions about researchor need additional information,

feel free to contact us.

Dr. [email protected] Phone: 456-0153

Mobile: 681-3987

[email protected] Pone: 456-0l69

developing student researchers part 4 dr. gene and ms. tarfa al- naimi research skills development...

Documents

symmetric data

nominal data

resource of qualitative

piles of raw data

aletihad mode

measures of dispersion

middle value

measure of central tendency