Developing National Action Plans Developing National Action Plans and National Communicationsand National Communications

Procedures -Principles -Criteria

Anastasia Sitara

EPEM S.A.

Structure of the presentation

Obligations of the Non – Annex I parties Steps towards the elaboration of the

National Action Plan and the National Communication

Principles and criteria for the selection of GHG emissions reduction measures

The Greek experience

Reporting obligations of all Parties

Article 4.1 of the UNFCCC: “all parties are required to develop,

periodically update and make available to the Conference of the Parties, in accordance with Article 12, national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all GHG not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties”

Reporting obligations of Non Annex I

countries

Article 12.1 of the UNFCCC:“Each Non Annex I country should communicate to the COP:

A national inventory of anthropogenic emissions and removals by the sinks

A general description of the steps taken or envisaged to implement the Convention

Any other information that the Party considers relevant…”

Timing of reporting

Initial NC: 3 years from the time of entry into force of the Convention (or subject to the availability of financial resources)

Entry into force of the Convention: 90th day after the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession

Steps for developing the NC

Establishing a National Climate Committee

Establishing a Project Steering Committee

Creating a Climate Change Team Developing work plan

National Climate Committee - Members

President’s/ Prime Minister’s Office Ministry of Environment Ministry of Forestry Ministry of Energy Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Industry Ministry of Science & Technology Meteorology Department Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Finance and Planning NGO for environment Private sector associations

National Climate Committee - Responsibilities

Overseeing of the National Policy and the implementation of the FCCC

Overseeing of all the climate change related projects, programs and research activities

Ensuring the consistence of the climate change policies and the national development priorities

Ensuring the information of all the stakeholders Developing the negotiating positions and strategies

for the Country Reviewing and finalizing the various components of

the NC

Project Work plan

Development of Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory

Greenhouse Gas Abatement Analysis Vulnerability and adaptation

assessment Initial National Communication

Development of GHG emission inventory

Training Identification of data gaps Review and adaptation of existing

methodologies Establishment of data collection and

management system Preparation and circulation of draft inventory National consultation workshop Finalisation of inventory

Greenhouse Gas Abatement Analysis

Training Development of baseline scenario Evaluation of GHG abatement options Finalisation of GHG abatement analysis Draft National Action Plan National consultation workshop Finalisation of National Action Plan for abatement Formulation of programmes and policy

frameworks for implementing the response measures

Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment

Review and adaptation of existing methods

Vulnerability assessment Identification of adaptation options Evaluation of adaptation options National consultation workshop Finalisation of National Action Plan for

adaptation

Initial National Communication

Preparation of the draft initial National Communication

Circulation of the draft NC Finalisation of the draft NC Submission of the draft NC to national

government Finalisation, translation and publication of the

NC Submission of the initial NC to the UNFCC

Secretariat

Yugoslavian inventory - Methodology

Emissions Direct Greenhouse Gases: CO2, CH4, N2O F-Gases: HFC, PFC, SF6

GHG precursors: NOX, CO, NMVOC SO2

Activity sectors Energy: For the Base Year 1990 Industrial Processes: For the period 1990 – 1998 Solvents and Other Product Use: For the period 1990 – 1998 Agriculture: For the period 1990 - 1998 Land Use Change and Forestry: For the period 1990 – 1998 Waste: For the period 1990 – 1998

IPCC Methodology has been used for Energy, Agriculture, Land Use Change and Forestry, Waste

CORINAIR Methodology has been used for Industrial Processes, Solvents and Other Product Use

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Base Year

Energy92.32%

Solvent and Other Product

Use0.06%

Industrial Processes

7.62%

Total CO2 emissions: 72624 kt CO2

Industrial Processes

0.06%

Land-Use Change and

Forestry0.03%

Waste15.31%

Energy38.79%

Agriculture45.82%

Total CH4 emissions: 480 kt CH4

Energy1.12%

Industrial Processes

12.22%Agriculture

86.66%

Total N2O emissions: 68 kt N2O

Energy Sector

Oil0.37%

Venting Flaring0.51%

Natural Gas47.85%

Coal Mining51.27%

Commercial Residential Agriculture

17.64%

Manufacturing Industries

3.77%

Transport12.71%

Other 1.44%

Energy Industries64.43%

CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Total emissions:

67049 kt CO2

CH4 Fugitive Emissions

Total emissions: 161 kt CH4

Industrial Processes

Chemical Industry 4.85%

Mineral Products35.18%

Metal Production

59.98%

CO2 Emissions from Industrial Processes

Total Emissions in Base Year: 5534 kt CO2

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

CO

2 E

mis

sion

s (k

t)

Mineral Products Chemical Industry Metal Production

Agriculture

0

40

80

120

160

200

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

CH

4 E

mis

sion

s (k

t)

Enteric Fermentation Manure Management

Field Burning of Agricultural Residues

CH4 Emissions from Agriculture

Total Emissions in Base Year: 220 kt CH4

N2O Emissions from Agriculture

Total Emissions in Base Year: 59 kt N2O

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

N2O

Em

issi

ons

(kt)

Manure Management Agricultural Soils

Field Burning of Agricultural Residues

Land Use Change and Forestry

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998C

O2

(kt)

Emissions Removals Net

CO2 Emissions and Removals

Net Removals in Base Year: 5461 kt CO2

Waste

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

CH

4 E

mis

sion

s (k

t)

CH4 Emissions from Disposal of Solid Wastes

Total Emissions in Base Year: 73 kt CH4

Projections for Yugoslavia

The energy network has been modeled in the ENPEP software package

The final sectors are : 1.Industry 2.Transport 3.Domestic (Residential, Tertiary, Agriculture) 4.District Heating

All the final demand sectors have been modeled in a very aggregated way without including specific energy uses (e.g. lighting, boilers)

Basic assumptions / average annual growth rate 2000-2010 2010-2020

GDP 5.3% 6.4% Population 0.02% 0.02%

Primary Energy Consumption for the baseline scenario (Mtoe)

1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Solid Fuels

9.12 7.18 8.86 10.38 11.14 13.33

Liquid Fuels

3.54 2.79 3.23 3.54 4.36 5.29

Gaseous Fuels

2.61 0.75 3.88 4.21 4.63 5.20

RES 4.32 3.07 2.93 3.55 4.29 5.01 Total 19.60 13.79 18.90 21.67 24.42 28.83

Mean Annual Rate : 1.7%

Primary Energy Consumption for the baseline scenario (Mtoe)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

ktoe

Solid Fuel Liquid Fuel Gaseous Fuel RES

Electricity Generation by fuel for the baseline scenario (ktoe)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

ktoe

lignite natural gas hydro

Final Energy Consumption for the baseline scenario (Mtoe)

1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Total 12.19 7.47 11.54 13.79 16.27 19.53 Per Sector

Industry 2.46 2.08 2.69 3.50 4.44 5.74 Transport 1.20 0.86 1.18 1.71 2.29 3.05 Domestic 6.28 4.48 4.66 5.58 6.54 7.74

District Heating

2.27 0.05 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Per Fuel Solid Fuel 0.13 0.23 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.37

Liquid Fuel 3.12 1.73 2.13 3.05 4.05 5.41 Gaseous Fuel 2.61 0.75 3.88 4.21 4.63 5.20

Electricity 2.95 2.65 3.41 3.91 4.46 5.10 RES 3.38 2.11 1.91 2.37 2.83 3.44

Final Energy Consumption for the baseline scenario (Mtoe)

Distribution per sector

0

5

10

15

20

25

1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Mtoe

Transport District Heating Industry Domestic

Projections of CO2 emissions per sector (Mt)

Sector 1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Electric Power 38.32 35.58 44.27 51.78 52.96 59.38

Industry 3.55 2.80 3.75 5.33 7.15 9.68 Transport 3.27 2.35 3.25 4.73 6.36 8.50 Domestic 3.62 2.77 2.46 3.17 3.96 5.06

District Heating

5.29 0.12 7.01 7.01 7.01 7.01

Refineries/ Extractions

0.59 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46

Total Emissions

54.64 44.01 61.19 72.48 77.91 90.09

Projections of CO2 emissions per sector (Mt)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Mt

Electricity Industry Transport

Domestic District Heating Refineries/Extraction

GHG emissions mitigation options

Building sector Transport sector Industry sector Agricultural sector Waste management sector Energy supply sector

Mitigation options in the building sector

Improvement of energy efficiency Lighting Air conditioning Appliances Space heating Insulation

Passive solar design Integrated building design Fuel switching

Mitigation options in the transport sector

Improvement of energy efficiency of vehicles

Use of alternative fuel vehicles LPG Natural Gas Hydrogen Electricity Biofuels

Traffic and fleet management

Mitigation options in the industry sector

Improvement of energy efficiency Material efficiency improvement

Recycling More efficient product design Material substitution

Fuel switching

Mitigation options in the agricultural sector

Conservation tillage and reduction of land use intensity

Use of slow release fertilizers, organic manure etc (for N2O reduction)

Mitigation options in the waste management sector

Use of landfill gas for heat and electricity

Recycling of waste Use of waste as biofuel

Mitigation options in the Energy Supply sector

Use of low cost combined cycle turbines Development of Combined Heat and

Power Systems Development of RES Fuel switching

Measures to reduce GHG emissions

Technical Potential—The amount by which it is possible to reduce GHG emissions or improve energy efficiency by using a technology or practice in all applications in which it could technically be adopted, without consideration of its costs or practical feasibility.

Economic Potential—The portion of the technical potential for GHG emissions reductions or energy efficiency improvements that could be achieved cost-effectively in the absence of market barriers.

Market Potential—The portion of the economic potential for GHG emissions reductions or energy efficiency improvements that currently can be achieved under existing market conditions, assuming no new policies and measures.

Criteria for evaluation of measures

GHG and Other Environmental Considerations

GHG reduction potential (Tons of carbon equivalent)

Other environmental considerations Percentage change in emissions of other

gases/particulates Biodiversity, soil conservation, watershed

management, indoor air quality, etc.

Criteria for evaluation of measures (2)

Economic and Social Considerations Cost-effectiveness

Average and marginal costs Project-level considerations

Capital and operating costs, opportunity costs, incremental costs

Macro-economic considerations GDP, jobs created or lost, effects on inflation or interest

rates, implications for long-term development, foreign exchange and trade, other economic benefits or drawbacks

Equity considerations Differential impacts on countries, income groups or

future generations

Criteria for evaluation of measures (3)

Administrative, Institutional and Political Considerations

Administrative burden Institutional capabilities to undertake necessary

information collection, monitoring, enforcement, permitting, etc.

Political considerations Capacity to pass through political and bureaucratic

processes and sustain political support Consistency with other public policies

Replicability Adaptability to different geographical and socio-

economic-cultural settings

Policy measures

Energy or carbon taxes Tradable permit systems Standards (e.g. energy efficiency

standards)

The Greek NAP – an overview

Major potential Energy sector Building sector Restructuring of the chemical industry

Emission abatement potential (up to 2010) 17314 ktn CO2 – eq

Building and tertiary sector

Measure Emissions (ktn CO2 eq)

Improvement of the thermal behavior of the buildings 106

Maintenance / replacement of diesel heaters 191

Fans etc 57

Use of high efficiency equipment (air conditioning, appliances, light bulbs) 1874

Use of automated lighting systems 23

Solar collectors (water heating, space-water heating) 1302

Roof top photovoltaic systems 8

District heating (biomass) 318

Use of NG for space heating and cooling 188

TOTAL 4066

Transport sector

Measure Emissions (ktn CO2 eq)

Maintenance of private vehicles and LDT

76

Use of NG buses 2

Improvements of lights 58

Promotion of the use of public urban transportation means

461

Soft interventions

Promotion of biofuels 319

TOTAL 916

Energy sector

Measure Emissions (ktn CO2 eq)

Use of RES 4027 Wind energy 1850 Small hydro 1033 Central photovoltaic units 21 Geothermal energy 50 Biomass

Use of Natural gas 3350

Cogeneration with Natural Gas

222

TOTAL 7599

Industrial sector

Measure Emissions (ktn CO2 eq)

Use of natural gas 163

Use of solar energy 340

Use of biomass 46

Energy conservation 238

TOTAL 787

Policy measures

Law 2244/94 - promotion of RES Energy efficiency standards and energy

labeling Operational program of Energy

Operational Program for Development

Support for the investments in cogeneration, RES and energy conservation Dissemination of information actions Infrastructure development Financial incentives for private energy

investments Special support status

Voluntary agreements Third Party Financing

Total budget foreseen: 1071 million Euros

Operational Program for Development (2)

Support to private investments Access to Natural Gas

Connection of the Greek pipeline with the Italian and the Turkish

Reinforcement of the flexibility and the reliability of the Natural Gas system Upgrading of the LNG station in Revithousa Upgrading of the network Construction of reservoirs

Operational Program for Development (3)

Development of energy infrastructure for RES and small islands

Operation of the free energy market Penetration of NG in the households, the

tertiary sector, new industrial consumers and transport

Law for the development (2601/98)

Subsidies for investments and programs in the field of electricity production by RES by electricity production industries and other types of enterprises

Support to investments of RES exploitation and energy conservation