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Developing and promoting legume based

cropping systems in Mozambique

S. Boahen

Legume Agronomist

IITA – Mozambique

Nampula

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Importance of grain legumes

- Major source of protein

- Cropping systems – N contribution

- Source of income

Growing demand for soybean

Domestic demand estimated at 45,000 tons/year

Current production ≈ 5,000

tons/yr; yields ≈ 700 kg/ha

Cowpea yields ≈ 300 kg/ha

Why Legumes?

Cowpea

Soybean

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Lack of high-yielding adapted varieties

Poor access to seeds and seed delivery system

Limited information on crop management practices

Pests and diseases

Low human and institutional capacity

Major Constraints

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Identify and promote high-yielding adapted genotypes

Develop appropriate crop management practices

Facilitate the development of community-based seed systems

Enhance capacity

Objectives

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Research Provinces

- Nampula

- Zambezia

- Manica

- Maputo

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Partial aerial view of IITA Research site at Ruace, Zambezia, 2008

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Soybean screening

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Cowpea screening

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Potential yield

- Genetically determined

- Management and Env’t

- Critical: Yield stability

Variety Selection

b

ab

ab

ab

a

ab

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Seed

yie

ld (

kg

/ha)

Storm TGx 1740-2F TGx 1904-6F TGx 1485-1D TGx 1910-10F TGx 1908-8F

Soybean genotype

Nampula - PD 19/01/08

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Table 1. Yields of early and medium to late maturing soybean genotypesscreened for desirable agronomic traits during the 2007/08 growing season.

Genotype Ruace Nampula Genotype Ruace Nampula

Early genotype (kg/ha) Medium to late genotype (kg/ha)

TGx 1932-1F 2824 2330 TGx 1935-5F 2263 1452

TGx 1935-3F 2700 2217 TGx 1936-2F 1633 1533

TGx 1945-1F 2652 2002 TGx 1937-1F 2691 1672

TGx 1951-3F 2902 2354 TGx 1939-2F 1194 1528

TGx 1951-4F 2498 1957 TGx 1949-7F 2367 1978

TGx 1954-1F 2446 2186 TGx 1949-8F 2043 1767

TGx 1965-7F 2694 1535 TGx 1949-10F 2246 2070

TGx 1971-1F 2635 2404 TGx 1950-8F 2306 2576

TGX 1972-1F 2856 2435 TGx 1955-4F 2765 1517

TGx 1977-2F 2585 2628 TGx 1956-1F 2224 1511

TGx 1977-4F 2743 1769 TGx 1963-3F 3129 1318

LSD(0.05) NS NS LSD(0.05) 613 917

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Table 2. Yields of early and early to medium maturing soybean genotype

screened for desirable agronomic traits during the 2008/09 growing season.

Yields of Early genotype (kg/ha) Yields of early to medium genotype (kg/ha)

TGx 1987-20F 3464 TGx 1986-3F 2144

TGx 1987-65F 3409 TGx 1985-2F 2020

TGx 1987-62F 3037 TGx 1984-8F 1879

TGx 1987-8F 2960 TGx 1985-7F 1847

TGx 1987-6F 2948 TGx 1985-8F 1783

TGx 1987-9F 2822 TGx 1985-3F 1704

TGx 1987-17F 2761 TGx 1985-9F 1583

TGx 1987-10F 2657 TGx 1986-1F 1572

TGX 1019-2EN 2610 TGx 1985-4F 1556

TGx 1987-34F 2570 TGx 1985-10F 1555

LSD(0.05) 491 LSD(0.05) 496

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Table 3. Yields of early and medium to late maturing soybean genotype

screened for desirable agronomic traits during the 2008/09 growing season.

Yields of Medium genotypes (kg/ha) Yield of Late genotype (kg/ha)

TGx 1986-38F 3180 TGx 1955-4F 2575

TGx 1986-14F 3002 TGx 1935-5F 2541

TGx 1986-19F 2756 TGx 1965-7F 2523

TGx 1986-40F 2536 TGx 1984-11F 1812

TGx 1986-37F 2525 TGx 1984-1F 1770

TGx 1987-3F 2410 TGx 1440-1E 1760

TGx 1986-15F 2380 TGx 1984-24F 1706

TGx 1986-35F 2338 TGx 1984-23F 1504

TGx 1985-12F 1306 TGx 1984-22F 1496

TGx 1985-2F 1274 TGx 1984-19F 1477

LSD(0.05) 442 LSD(0.05) 543

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Genotype

Location Yields (kg/ha)

Ruace Nampula Sussundenga

Year ‘08 Year ‘08 Year ‘09 Year ‘08 Year ‘09

IT 18 1582 1221 1055 1457 1027

IT 16 1334 1377 1057 1558 976

INIA-73 1472 1425 865 1484 1236

Sudan -1 1452 1224 1329 1553 830

Brown mixed 1621 1572 896 841 425

IT00K-126-3 1373 1644 1396 1803 1026

IT97K-1069-6 2048 1178 1058 1970 1476

IT98K-205-8 1025 290 589 1068 460

IT97K-499-35 1302 1084 669 1298 721

IT97K-390-2 - - 764 - 1470

IT98K-131-2 - 876 1133 1201 865

IT98K-412-13 - - 580 - 750

IT98K-494-6 1081 - - - -

LSD (0.05) 394 261 456 941 518

Table 4. Top yielding Cowpea lines during 2008 and 2009

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Variety

Yield (kg/ha)

Ruace

in 2008

Nampula

IT98K-128-3 1796 435

IT98-628 1544 413

IT97K-390-2 1997 473

IT98K166-4 1192 398

IT98K-412-13 1767 523

IT98K-491-4 1461 482

IT89KD-288 1440 380

IT97K-819-118 1461 481

IT99K-7-21-2-2 1265 537

IT99K-529-1 1567 458

IT99K-216-24-2 1414 477

IT97K-1069-6 1924 531

IT98K-311-8-2 1470 252

IT96D-610 1261 445

IT00K-126-3 1526 476

IT99K-112-2

LSD(0.05)

1331

335

331

171

Table 5. Cowpea lines selected under drought conditions

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Variety Selection

Diseases and pests

- Resistance and tolerance

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When is the best time to plant soybeans?

- Daylength sensitivity

- Temperature

- Early planting during the season

Crop Management

Effect of planting date on the yields of six of the twelve soybean

varieties planted in Ruace, Zambezia during the 2007/08 growing

season.

I4-day delay: Avg yield ≈ 47 kg/day

47x14MT = 658MT = $24.00/day

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Storm TGx 1740-2F TGx 1904-6F TGx 1485-1D 427/5/7 TGx 1908-8F

Soybean genotypes

Seed

yie

ld (

kg

/ha)

PD 27/12/07 PD 9/1/08

PD 24/1/08 PD 8/2/08

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Effect of planting date on the yields of seven of the sixteen soybean varieties

planted in Ruace, Zambesia during the 2008/09 growing season.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Se

ed

yie

ld (

ton

s/h

a)

Storm TGx 1904-6F TGx 1963-3F TGx 1908-8F TGx 1951-3F TGx 1932-1F TGx 1485-1D

Soybean genotypes

PD 11/12/08 PD 24/12/08PD 07/01/09 PD 21/01/09

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Planting

Date

Seed Yield Variables

Plant

stand/m2

Days to

Maturity

Pod-filling

duration (d)

No of

Pods/plant

No of

seeds/pod

100-seed

wt (g)

11 Dec ‘08 34.0 105.1 36.3 122.5 2.41 14.7

26 Dec ‘08 32.6 96.5 33.4 98.3 2.37 13.1

10 Jan ‘09 24.4 89.3 31.9 117.3 2.28 11.9

26 Jan ‘09 19.1 83.2 26.9 100.3 2.27 9.7

LSD(0.05) 2.6 0.11 0.45 17.1 0.09 0.15

R2 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.17 0.86 0.98

P-value 0.015 0.013 0.020 0.529 0.047 0.006

Table 6. Effect of planting date on seed yield variables and their

contribution seed yield

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B

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

IT00K-1263 INIA-73 IT-16 IT-18 IT97K-499-35

Cowpea Varieties

PD 2/1/08

PD 22/1/08

PD 18/2/08

A

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Se

ed

yie

ld (

kg

/ha

)

IT00K1263 Sudan-1 Brown mixed IT97K10696 IT-18

Cowpea Varieties

PD 26/1/08

PD 9/2/08

PD 4/3/08

PD 15/3/08

Effect of planting date on the yields of five of the ten cowpea varieties planted in Ruace (A) and Nampula

(B) during the 2008 growing season.

When is the best time to plant?

Ruace, Zambesia Nampula

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High nitrogen-fixing ability

- Promiscuous nodulators

- Inoculation methods

Biological nitrogen fixation

Liquid Peat-based Granular

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c

a

b

a

c

cb

c

b

b

a

cbb

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Nu

mb

er

of

no

du

les

/pla

nt

Ruace Nampula

Experimental Sites

Check Liquid A Peat A

Ganular A Liquid B Peat B

b

ab

ab

a

abab

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

Yie

ld (

kg

/ha

)

Check Liquid A Peat A Ganular A Liquid B Peat B

Inoculation Treatment

Nodule numbers from various

inoculation treatments average

over two soybean varieties.

Grain yield from various inoculation

treatments average over two soybean

varieties at Ruace.

Rhizobium

inoculation

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A

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 kg P/ha 20 kg P/ha 40 kg P/ha 60 kg P/ha

Phosphorous Application

Seed

yie

ld (

kg

/ha)

427/5/7

Ocepara

Solitaire

TGx 1740-2F

B

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 kg P/ha 20 kg P/ha 40 kg P/ha 60 kg P/ha

Phosphorous Application

Soybean

Cow pea

Soybean yields in Ruace in response to phosphorus application (A); and yields of cowpea and soybean

averaged over four varieties of each crop in response to P application at Nampula (B).

TGx 1740-2F selected for low P

tolerance

Optimum - 20kg P/ha

Response to Phosphorous

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Selected genotypes

Genotypes selected based on screening and evaluation:

-Soybean: TGx 1740-2F, TGx 1908-8F, TGx 1937-1F, TGx

1904-6F and TGx 1485-1D

-Cowpea: IT98K-128-3, IT97K-390-2, IT97K-1069-6,

IT98K-131-2, IT00K-126-3, IT-16 and IT-18

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Seed Multiplication

National Performance Trials

On-farm demonstration in collaboration with partners

Linkage with farmer organizations for community-based

seed production

Worked with IIAM on Varietal release

Seed Systems - Approaches

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Off-season seed multiplication- For on-farm demonstrations with partners

- To Facilitate community-based seed systems development

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Genotype

Location Yields (kg/ha)

Ruace Nampula Sussundenga Namialo Umbeluzi

TGx 1740-2F 3195 1372 1314 2442 2354

TGx 1908-8F 4369 1576 1718 1720 1344

TGx 1904-6F 4716 1947 1809 2280 1847

TGx 1937-1F 3693 1487 1214 1598 583

TGx 1485-1D 4153 1519 1236 1720 2175

Storm (Check) 3749 1130 1340 1042 1414

CV 8.8 48 35 39 21

LSD(0.05) 530 NS NS 1070 520

Table 7. Yields of selected soybean genotypes grown

in various agro-ecologies for NPT in 2008/09 growing

season.

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Genotype Ruace Umbeluzi

Days to

Flowering

Days to

Maturity

Days to

Flowering

Days to

Maturity

TGx 1740-2F 40.0 86.5 49.7 134.0

TGx 1908-8F 47.0 98.0 66.0 138.5

TGx 1904-6F 49.2 97.7 63.0 125.7

TGx 1937-1F 57.2 100.5 73.0 139.5

TGx 1485-1D 44.0 86.7 65.2 133.2

Storm (Check) 36.7 80.5 49.2 116.7

CV 1.36 1.18 1.49 0.91

LSD(0.05) 0.94 1.64 1.37 1.80

Table 8. Days to flowering and maturity of selected

soybean genotypes at Ruace and Umbeluzi

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S15o

S26o

S19o

Maturity duration- Select variety to fit the growing

season- TGx 1937-1F doesn’t fit lat >17o S

Daylength increases

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Table 9. Yield of selected cowpea genotypes in three agro-

ecologies.

Genotype

Location yields (kg/ha) and planting dates

Ruace Nampula Sussundenga

Feb 27

‘08

Mar 4,

‘08

Jan 2, ‘08 Jan 14

‘09

Jan 31,’08 Jan 13

‘09

IT00K-126-3 1527 1373 1644 1394 2087 1026

IT97K-1069-6 1924 2048 1178 1058 1580 1476

IT98K-128-3 1796 - - 644 - 460

IT97K-390-2 1997 - - 764 - 1470

IT98K-131-2 - 1051 876 1133 1083 865

IT-16 - 1334 1377 1045 748 976

IT-18 - 1582 1221 1048 1527 1027

CV 13.1 19.5 15.1 34.9 90 38.3

LSD 334 393 261 456 NS 518

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On-farm demonstrations – collaboration with CLUSA and IKURU

-Cowpea: 355 Farmers and 1065 demonstrations plots in 25 communities

- Soybean: 68 Farmers and 204 demonstration plots in 8 communities

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Location Yields (kg/ha) Genotype

Ruace Tetete Magige Lioma Serra

TGx 1740-2F 3348a 2100a 3117a 3013a 2431a

TGx 1908-8F 3129bc 1956ab 2883a 2904a 2171b

TGx 1904-6F 3002c 1839a 2925a 2652a 2065b

TGx 1937-1F 3083c 1904ab 2967a 2584a 2095b

TGx 1485-1D 3220ab 2075a 3033a 2719a 2212ab

Storm 2397d - - 2585a 1610c

Santa Rosa 1770e 1217c 1750b 1625b 1255d

Safari 1567e 1049c 251c - 1810bc

Lo

ca

l ch

eck

Santa 1771e 576d - 1734b -

LSMEANS within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P ˂ 0.05.

Table 10. Soybean yields from farmer managed trials across several

communities in Zambesia Province in the 2008/09 growing season.

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Genotype Location Yield (kg/ha)†

Rapale

Marranta

ne

Mogovol

as

Muatua

Angoche

Namapon

da

Angoche -

Serracao

Rapale

Anchilo-

Namigonha

Monapo

Neita-

Muapala

IT-18 461c 400c 502a 483a 548a 653b

IT00K-126-3 631a 550b 556a 478a 470b 832a

IT97K-1069-6 554b 925a 569a 568a 400c 534c

Namurua

(Check)

240d 365c 173b 192b 248d 127d

†LSMEANS within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P ˂ 0.05.

Table 11. Yields of improved and local cowpea lines from

farmer-managed trials in 2009

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Seeds of selected cowpea sent to Zimbabwe,

Zambia and Tanzania for testing

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Main season seed multiplication

Harvested 12.5 tons

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Main season seed multiplication

- Harvested 5.6 tons

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On-going off-season seed multiplication

of soybean rust tolerant linesTGx 1987-20F; TGx 1987-65F;

TGx 1987-62F; TGx 1987-8F;

TGx 1987-9F; TGx 1986-38F

TGx 1987-14F

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Seed Systems - Summary

12.5 tons Soybean and 5.6 tons cowpea seeds produced to

facilitate community seed production scheme

Data from NPT available

Data from on-farm demonstrations available

Conducted field days, TV program to promote technologies

5 soybean and 5 cowpea genotypes submitted for

registration and release

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Human capacity

– 2500 farmers and extension agents trained

- 1I non degree and 6 degree students from IITA and IIAM

Institutional capacity

- Water pump for off-season seed multiplication

- Physiological equipments and other basic lab equipments

- Tractor and farm implements

Capacity building

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Continue testing and identification of high-yielding adapted soybean

and cowpea for registration and release to provide more options to

producers

Asia soybean rust is a major priority for the SA region. I will collaborate

with the soybean breeder and pathologist to identify resistance varieties

Study the leaf gas exchange and water use efficiency of genotypes

selected for drought tolerance

Scale-up seed multiplication to facilitate the development of a

sustainable community-based seed system

Develop efficient inoculants application strategies through assessing

the need for rhizobial inoculant use; characterization of indigenous

bradyrhizobial populations, testing native and introduced strains for

host-strain compatibility and competitiveness

Quantify N and non-N benefits to crops following soybean and cowpea

in rotation.

Future plans

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USAID

Tropical Legume II Project

Research Technicians

Acknowledgements

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THANK YOU