determination of tectonic movements in the swiss alps using gnss and levelling

armasuisseSwiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo

Determination of Tectonic Movements in the Swiss Alps using GNSS and LevellingE. Brockmann, D. Ineichen, U. Marti, S. Schaer, A. Schlatter

2 Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo

Tectonic Movements in the Swiss Alps using GNSS + Levelling

Content

• Information sources for vertical tectonic movements- Swiss Permanent Network AGNES + analysis (10 years)- Levelling network + analysis (100 years)- Local ties (5-15 years)- GNSS-densification networks (16 years)

• Results and comparisons• Next steps and conclusions



Swiss Permanent Network AGNES

• 30 stations• since 1998 operational

(10-years anniversary)• 50 km spacing• GNSS since 2007.5

(20 antenna changed +but 10 double stations forreference frame monitoring)

• Analyzed by Bernese GNSSSoftware together with EUREF-and IGS stations (hourly +daily + weekly + annually)



Multi-annual solution: Transformation parameters of weekly solutions

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

973

987

1001

1015

1029

1043

1057

1071

1085

1099

1113

1127

1141

1155

1169

1183

1197

1211

1225

1239

1253

1267

1281

1295

1309

1323

1337

1351

1365

1379

1393

1407

1421

1435

1449

1463

1477

1491

1505

1519

1533

#Sites/10+40

rms [mm]+30

TX [cm]+20

TY [cm]+10

TZ [cm]

DX [deg/100]-10

DY[deg/100]-20

DZ[deg/100]-30

Scale [ppm/100]-40

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

larger network GNSS20 sites 100 sites"1400"

- Weekly updated and SINEX+plots available: http://www.swisstopo.ch/pnac

trafo-para.

# sites

rms

based on rel. antenna PCV model + results not (yet) based on a reprocessing



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10D

AV

O (

10.6

yrs

)JU

JO (

10.6

yrs

)E

TH

Z (

10.

3 y

rs)

LOM

O (

8.8

yrs

)H

OH

T (

8.6

yrs

)F

RIC

(8.

6 yr

s)F

HB

B (

8.5

yrs)

EX

WI (

8.5

yrs)

BO

UR

(8.

1 y

rs)

SA

AN

(7.

3 y

rs)

MA

RT

(7.

1 y

rs)

AR

DE

(7.

1 y

rs)

NE

UC

(6.

7 y

rs)

PA

YE

(6.

6 yr

s)G

EN

E (

6.6

yrs

)LU

ZE

(6.

5 yr

s)S

CH

A (

6.5

yrs

)S

TG

A (

6.4

yrs

)U

ZN

A (

6.2

yrs

)S

TA

B (

6.0

yrs)

HU

TT

(6.

0 y

rs)

SA

RG

(5.

9 y

rs)

FLD

K (

5.7

yrs)

LEC

H (

5.6

yrs)

RA

VE

(5.

6 y

rs)

SIG

M (

5.5

yrs)

ST

CX

(5.

5 yr

s)F

AL

E (

5.1

yrs)

SA

ME

(4.

9 y

rs)

SA

NB

(4.

9 y

rs)

AN

DE

(4.

8 y

rs)

KO

PS

(4.

8 y

rs)

SC

HW

(4.

7 y

rs)

KR

EU

(4.

5 y

rs)

LIN

D (

4.4

yrs)

EP

FL

(4.2

yrs

)F

RE

0 (3

.4 y

rs)

VA

RE

(2.

7 y

rs)

ER

DE

(2.

7 y

rs)

WE

HO

(2.

6 y

rs)

EP

FL

(2.5

yrs

)P

AY

E (

2.2

yrs)

EP

FL

(2.2

yrs

)F

HB

B (

2.2

yrs)

KR

EU

(2.

2 y

rs)

SC

HA

(2.

2 y

rs)

AN

DE

(2.

1 y

rs)

LOM

O (

2.1

yrs

)F

AL

E (

2.1

yrs)

NE

UC

(2.

1 y

rs)

SA

RG

(2.

1 y

rs)

HA

BG

(2.

1 y

rs)

ST

CX

(2.

1 yr

s)Z

ER

M (

2.1

yrs

)S

TG

A (

2.1

yrs

)E

TH

2 (2

.0 y

rs)

AN

DE

(2.

0 y

rs)

station

rep

eata

bil

ity

[m

m]

without vertical velocities: 2.9 mm std

with vertical velocities: 2.4 mm std

Height repeatability improvement due to vertical velocity estimation

Swiss sites> 2 years observations

16 % improvement



Example station: EPFL (Lausanne)

2.5 yr 2.2 yr4.2 yr

Equipment changes

Relative velocity constraints !

Remark: “worst” case station (monumentation + many equipment changes)



Combined multi-annual solutions: vertical velocities

• Reference: min. constraints for some IGS sites w.r.t. ITRF2005 at mean epoch of obs.

downward movementrise

1 mm/yr



Time series ZIMM-WTZR; comparisons

-> ITRF2005 ZIMM: + 2.3 mm / yr WTZR: + 1.5 mm / yr ZIMM-WTZR: + 0.8 mm / yr

-> EPN-densification (Dec. 08): ZIMM: + 2.3 mm / yr WTZR: + 0.8 mm / yr ZIMM-WTZR: + 1.5 mm / yr

-> ITRF2008: ???



National height network 95 (LHN95)

• National Levelling network (LHN95): 4000 km, 1100 points• Time span of data used: 1903 - 2004• approx. 10’000 km line measurements

initial measurement of 1st and 2nd order levelling lines 1903 - 1945

Second measurement 1943 -

Third m easurement 1991 -

Special additional measurements0 km 25 km 50 km 75 km 100 km

National Levelling NetworkMeasurements 1903 - 2004



Alpine Uplift determined from levelling

Defined with zero vertical motion

Levelling:

Alps are rising1.5 mm/yr



Alpine Uplift model RCM04

0 k m 2 5 k m 5 0 k m 7 5 k m 1 0 0 k m

- 0 . 4- 0 . 3- 0 . 2- 0 . 1- 0 . 00 . 10 . 20 . 30 . 40 . 50 . 60 . 70 . 80 . 91 . 01 . 11 . 21 . 31 . 4

Released 2004




Comparison: GNSS / Model (Levelling) vertical velocities

Re-scaled error ellipses from estimated formal rms




GNSS vertical rates by region

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

station height [m]

ve

rtic

al

rate

[m

m]

GNSS: regional means GNSS: northern regionGNSS: western region GNSS: midland + pre-alpsGNSS:Alps

north

west

midland + pre-Alps

Alps

GNSS shifted by -1.2 mm/yr (midland + pre-Alps = 0)

Re-scaled estimated formal rms



Comparison: GNSS / Model (Levelling) vertical velocities (2)

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

station height [m]

ve

rtic

al

rate

[m

m]

GNSS (shifted -1.2 mm) RCM04 model (Levelling)

GNSS: regional means RCM04 model: regional means

north

west

midland + pre-alps

Alps

JUJO

ZERM



Comparison: GNSS / Model (Levelling) vertical velocities (3)• 2 extreme alpine sites not considered (JUJO, ZERM)• systematic discrepancy between GNSS and Model of

roughly 1 mm/yr, which is a significant part (65-82%) of expected vertical movements

min. (mm/yr)

max.(mm/yr)

difference (mm/yr)

Model ind. -0.31 STCX 1.27 ARDE 1.58

GNSS ind. -1.10 FHBB 1.50 MAR2 2.60

Model region -0.11 north 0.93 Alps 1.04

GNSS region -1.08 north 0.81 Alps 1.89

1.0265%0.8582%



Local tie at Geostation Zimmerwald

ZIM2 antenna and terrestrial target

Local Tie (Sept. 2008): SLR – ZIMM – ZIM2

ZIM2 (1.5 yrs): +0.40 mm/yr

ZIMM (10 yrs): +0.93 mm/yr

Vertical velocities ZIMM/ZIM2 not relatively constrained

+2.1 mm/yr

CH-AarbergITRF05

+1.6 mm/yr

GNSS vertical velocities

-1.2 mm/yr shift



Local tie results: ZIMM - SLR

-14.735

-14.733

-14.731

-14.729

-14.727

-14.725

-14.723

4.179 4.181 4.183 4.185 4.187 4.189 4.191

east [m]

no

rth

[m

]

1995.2

1998

2003

2008

logfile

5.768

5.769

5.770

5.771

5.772

5.773

5.774

5.775

1994 1999 2004 2009

time

hei

gh

t [m

]

1995.2

1998

2003

2008

logfile

7 mm displacement 5 mm rising of GPS

horizontally vertically

(in 13 years)

local effect at the significance level to be detected with permanent networks; overall movement is with +2.1 mm/yr (in ITRF05) significant

≈ 0.5 mm/yr ≈ 0.4 mm/yr

Conclusion from local tie: Movement of top of the 9-meter mast



Densification (200 LV95 sites; since 1989)

627 stationshorizontally: homogeneous velocity results achieved (< 1mm/yr movements)vertically: possible problems due to antenna calibration inconsistencies

Next campaign planned in 2010

-> 21 years time span



Conclusions

• Analysis of 10 years of permanent GNSS data verified an Alpine rising which was derived from 100 years repeated levelling (3 epochs).

• Due to Swiss permanent sites and the usage of IGS/EUREF sites, the movements w.r.t the stable Eurasian plate were determined, showing a rising of all Swiss sites.

• The rates from GNSS are bigger: Alps are rising 2.6 mm/yr (GNSS) compared to 1.5 mm/yr (levelling).

• Not all permanent AGNES sites are “tectonically” suited sites; local effects of “class-A” / double stations are monitored with local ties.

• Additional info (GNSS densification campaign 2010, local tie results of additional 9 double stations, homogeneous reprocessing) will improve the results and its interpretation.



Thanks for your attention

downward movementrise

1 mm/yr

determination of tectonic movements in the swiss alps using gnss and levelling

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